Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology

10 pages, 240 KiB

Open AccessReview

Efficacy of Age-Specific High-Intensity Stretch-Shortening Contractions in Reversing Dynapenia, Sarcopenia, and Loss of Skeletal Muscle Quality

by Brent A. Baker

Health Effects Laboratory Division, Toxicology and Molecular Biology Branch, Systems Mechanophysiology and Aging Research Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2018, 3(2), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk3020036 - 19 Jun 2018

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4988

Abstract

During the aging process, skeletal muscle performance and physiology undergoes alterations leading to decrements in functional capacity, health-span, and independence. Background: The utility and implementation of age-specific exercise is a paramount research agenda focusing on ameliorating the loss of both skeletal muscle performance [...] Read more.

During the aging process, skeletal muscle performance and physiology undergoes alterations leading to decrements in functional capacity, health-span, and independence. Background: The utility and implementation of age-specific exercise is a paramount research agenda focusing on ameliorating the loss of both skeletal muscle performance and physiology; yet, to date, no consensus exists as to the most appropriate mechanical loading protocol design or overall exercise prescription that best meets this need. Thus, the purpose of this review is to highlight the most optimal type of exercise presently available and provide the most current, evidence-based findings for its efficacy. The hypothesis that high-intensity, stretch-shortening contractions (SSCs)—a form of “resistance-type exercise” training—present as the preferred exercise mode for serving as an intervention-based modality to attenuate dynapenia, sarcopenia, and decreased muscle quality with aging, even restoring the overall youthful phenotype, will be demonstrated. Conclusions: Appreciating the fundamental evidence supporting the use of high-intensity SSCs in positively impacting aging skeletal muscle’s responsivity and their use as a specific and sensitive countermeasure is crucial. Moreover, from an applied perspective, SSCs may improve skeletal muscle quality and rejuvenate health-span and, ultimately, lead to augmented functional capacity, independence, and quality of life concomitant with decreased morbidity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sarcopenia, Muscle Wasting and Exercise)

13 pages, 1889 KiB

Open AccessConcept Paper

Multiparametric Approach to Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy: Clinical, Instrumental, and Lifestyle Indications

by Laura Stefani^*

, Benedetta Tosi and Giorgio Galanti

Clinical and Experimental Medicine Department, School of Sports Medicine, Sports Medicine and Exercise Center, 50141 Florence, Italy

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2018, 3(2), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk3020035 - 13 Jun 2018

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3542

Abstract

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is a genetic disorder with an autosomal dominant inheritance and incomplete penetrance. It predominantly affects the right ventricle (RV), predisposing to the origin of ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death (SD). The structural basis of the disease consists of [...] Read more.

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is a genetic disorder with an autosomal dominant inheritance and incomplete penetrance. It predominantly affects the right ventricle (RV), predisposing to the origin of ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death (SD). The structural basis of the disease consists of the progressive loss of myocardium with fibro-adipose replacement. ARVC is a “desmosomes” disease involving mutations of proteins such as placoglobin, desmoplachine, placophylline, desmoglein, and desmocollin. In the “classical” form, the disease mainly implicates the RV chamber, while the left ventricle (LV) is involved in advanced stages. Genotype-phenotype correlation studies have identified some phenotypic variants characterized by an early participation of the LV, which can proceed in parallel toward the two ventricles (“biventricular” variant) or prevails over the RV (variant to “left dominance”). These data led to the evolution of the initial definition of ARVC, which is currently considered a genetic disease of both ventricles and, therefore, deserves the denomination “arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy”. Many aspects of diagnosis, treatment, and indications for a correct lifestyle are important in sports medicine. This paper will discuss the clinical management of ARVC, with particular reference to diagnosis, risk stratification, therapy, and indications for physical activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Arrhythmic Events in Sports Medicine and Kinesiology)

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6 pages, 197 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

The Epidemic of Obesity and Poor Physical Activity Participation: Will We Ever See a Change?

by Sarah L. West^1,2,*, Jessica Caterini^2,3

, Laura Banks³ and Greg D. Wells²

¹ Department of Biology, Trent/Fleming School of Nursing, Trent University, LHS, D231, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON K9L 0G2, Canada

² Translational Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada

³ Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2W6, Canada

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2018, 3(2), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk3020034 - 10 Jun 2018

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 7991

Abstract

n/a Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health Promotion in Children and Adolescents through Sport and Physical Activities)

9 pages, 569 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Morphotypological Prevalence of Individuals Assessed by the Method of Global Postural Reeducation by Proprioceptive and Muscular Rebalancing (GPR/PMR)

by Nélio Silva de Souza^1,*, Renan Ramos Barcellos¹, Ana Carolina G. Martins¹, Glória M. M. Vianna da Rosa¹, Marco A. Araújo Leite², Carla P. Ayres da Silva³, Silmar Teixeira³ and Victor Hugo Bastos³

¹ School of Physiotherapy, Serra dos Órgãos University Center (UNIFESO), Teresópolis, 25964-330 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

² Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Federal Fluminense University/University Antônio Pedro Hospital (UFF/HUAP), Niterói, 24033-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

³ Department of Biomedical Sciences and Brain Mapping and Funcionality, Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Parnaíba, 64202-020 Piauí, Brazil

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2018, 3(2), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk3020033 - 1 Jun 2018

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3604

Abstract

Introduction: Postural control integrates information from the visual, vestibular, and proprioceptive systems, controlling the body position in space. Global Posture Reeducation (GPR) is a clinically well-accepted method that mainly addresses the proprioceptive component of this postural system. Although the GPR presents relevant evidence, [...] Read more.

Introduction: Postural control integrates information from the visual, vestibular, and proprioceptive systems, controlling the body position in space. Global Posture Reeducation (GPR) is a clinically well-accepted method that mainly addresses the proprioceptive component of this postural system. Although the GPR presents relevant evidence, the postural morphotypology prevalence in the general population is not yet known. Objective: To investigate the morphotypological profile prevalence of individuals evaluated with the GPR method by proprioceptive and muscular rebalancing (GPR/PMR). Methodology: A retrospective cross-sectional study was performed (prevalence analysis) of patients evaluated by the GPR/PMR method at the Physiotherapy School Clinic of the Serra dos Órgãos University Center. The morphotypological evaluation data were collected and stored in a spreadsheet using the Microsoft Office Excel® program, where the prevalence of each morphotypology (opening, closing, and mixed) was calculated. Results: A total of 123 evaluation sheets were analyzed, of which 50 were men (41%) and 74 were women (59%) with a mean age of 46 years. In the morphotypological diagnosis, the following values were observed: closing (n = 107; 87%); opening (n = 6; 5%) and mixed (n = 9; 7%). The postural diagnosis in closing (87%) presented a statistically significant difference, when compared to the morphotypologies in opening (p < 0.0001) and mixed (p < 0.0001). Few subjects in the sample (n = 5), presented a relation between the mixed work position (standing and sitting) and the mixed morphotypology (p < 0.005). Conclusion: The morphotypological profile of the analyzed population appears to be in closing and does not correlate with the individual’s work position. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Human Posture and Movement)

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9 pages, 564 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Changes in Endothelial Function after Acute Resistance Exercise Using Free Weights

by Yu Lun Tai, Erica M. Marshall, Jason C. Parks, Xian Mayo, Alaina Glasgow and J. Derek Kingsley^*

Cardiovascular Dynamics Laboratory, Exercise Physiology, 161F MACC Annex, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2018, 3(2), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk3020032 - 1 Jun 2018

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4446

Abstract

We determined the effects of an acute bout of free-weight resistance exercise (ARE) on cardiovascular hemodynamics and endothelial function in resistance-trained individuals. Nineteen young, healthy, resistance-trained individuals performed two randomized sessions consisting of ARE or a quiet control (CON). The ARE consisted of [...] Read more.

We determined the effects of an acute bout of free-weight resistance exercise (ARE) on cardiovascular hemodynamics and endothelial function in resistance-trained individuals. Nineteen young, healthy, resistance-trained individuals performed two randomized sessions consisting of ARE or a quiet control (CON). The ARE consisted of three sets of 10 repetitions at 75% 1-repetition maximum for the squat, bench press, and deadlift. Cardiovascular hemodynamics was assessed using finger photoplethysmography. Forearm blood flow (FBF), and vasodilatory capacity markers, were assessed using venous occlusion plethysmography. Forearm vascular conductance was calculated by the division of mean FBF by mean arterial pressure. A two-way ANOVA was used to compare the effects of condition (ARE, CON) across time (rest, recovery). There were significant (p ≤ 0.05) decreases in mean arterial pressure and total peripheral resistance across conditions and time. There were significant condition-by-time interactions (p ≤ 0.05) for heart rate, stroke volume, and cardiac output after the ARE compared to the CON and rest. FBF was significantly (p = 0.001) increased during the recovery from ARE, as well as vasodilatory capacity markers such as peak blood flow (p = 0.05) and reactive hyperemia-induced blood flow (p = 0.0001). These data suggest that whole-body free-weight exercises acutely reduced blood pressure while simultaneously augmenting FBF, and vasodilatory capacity markers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resistance Training for Performance and Health)

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12 pages, 459 KiB

Open AccessReview

How Exercise and Dietary Intervention Affect the Outcome of Osteosarcopenic Obesity Syndrome?

by Pegah JafariNasabian

Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2018, 3(2), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk3020031 - 28 May 2018

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4758

Abstract

Osteosarcopenic obesity (OSO) is described as the simultaneous presence of osteopenia/osteoporosis, sarcopenia, and increased adiposity. Over time, older adults with OSO syndrome might be at greater risk for loss of physical function and bone fractures. Furthermore, a sedentary lifestyle, inadequate nutrition, pharmaceutical drugs, [...] Read more.

Osteosarcopenic obesity (OSO) is described as the simultaneous presence of osteopenia/osteoporosis, sarcopenia, and increased adiposity. Over time, older adults with OSO syndrome might be at greater risk for loss of physical function and bone fractures. Furthermore, a sedentary lifestyle, inadequate nutrition, pharmaceutical drugs, and chronic conditions encompass the multifactorial nature of OSO syndrome. Physical activity and a healthy diet play a crucial role in management and treatment of OSO syndrome. Research has shown that even low-intensity physical activity or daily habitual activity can maintain bone mineral density, muscle strength, and improve muscle quality, and reduce adiposity. However, older adults with high risk of fall and injuries require tailored exercise intensity. Also, balanced daily intake of vitamin D, calcium, and protein is important in prevention and treatment of OSO syndrome in postmenopausal women. Effective measurement of bone mass, muscle mass, and strength is required when detecting OSO syndrome and to evaluate the balance, strength and endurance of elder individuals and severity of the condition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Exercises in Musculoskeletal Disorders)

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8 pages, 1518 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Surgical and Rehabilitative Treatment of Misdiagnosed Posterior Dislocation of the Shoulder: Case Series

by Vito Pavone^*

, Vincenzo Fabrizio Caruso, Emanuele Chisari

, Sebastiano Mangano, Danilo Costa, Giuseppe Sessa and Gianluca Testa

Department of General Surgery and Medical Surgical Specialties, Section of Orthopedics and Traumatology, AOU Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele, University of Catania, 95100 Catania, Italy

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2018, 3(2), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk3020030 - 26 May 2018

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 5269

Abstract

Background: Posterior gleno-humeral joint (GHJ) dislocation is a rare injury accounting for 2.7–3% of all shoulder dislocations. Early detection is the key for an effective treatment. Poor clinical outcomes or prosthetic solutions depend on the severity of the lesions at the time of [...] Read more.

Background: Posterior gleno-humeral joint (GHJ) dislocation is a rare injury accounting for 2.7–3% of all shoulder dislocations. Early detection is the key for an effective treatment. Poor clinical outcomes or prosthetic solutions depend on the severity of the lesions at the time of trauma and worsening of the McLaughlin lesion during the months when the dislocation remains unrecognized or untreated. The aim of the study is to report our experience in treating, and clinically and radiographically evaluate the outcomes of, four neglected posterior GHJ dislocations. Methods: Four patients with inveterate posterior dislocation of the shoulder were evaluated. In three cases, the technique of McLaughlin was performed, and in one case, plication of the subscapularis tendon was performed. During the follow up, patients were clinically evaluated using the Constant shoulder score; an imaging investigation, using X-ray integrated with computed tomography(CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), was assessed. Results: Following the Constant criteria, treated shoulders reported an excellent outcome with an average score of 91. The mean score of untreated shoulders was 92.5. The humeral appearance that resulted was radiographically well-structured. Surgical treatment with McLaughlin lesion or transposition of the subscapularis were satisfactory from a subjective and objective point of view. To perform surgery soon as possible after the traumatic episode is considered a positive prognostic factor. Full article

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6 pages, 195 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Psychological Pressure Distorts High Jumpers’ Perception of the Height of the Bar

by Yoshifumi Tanaka^1,*, Joyo Sasaki², Kenta Karakida^3,4, Kana Goto⁵, Yufu M. Tanaka⁶ and Takayuki Murayama⁷

¹ Department of Health and Sports Sciences, Mukogawa Women’s University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 6638558, Japan

² Department of Sports Research, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, 3-15-1 Nishigaoka, Kita-ku, Tokyo 1150056, Japan

³ Graduate School of Osaka University of Health and Sport Sciences, 1-1 Asashirodai, Kumatori-cho, Sennan-gun, Osaka 5900496, Japan

⁴ Gender Equality Promotion, Mukogawa Women’s University, 6-46 Ikebiraki-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 6638558, Japan

⁵ Junior College Division, Mukogawa Women’s University, 6-46 Ikebirakicho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 6638558, Japan

⁶ Faculty of Business Administration, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 5778502, Japan

⁷ Section of Sport and Health Science, Institute of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 9201192, Japan

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2018, 3(2), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk3020029 - 26 May 2018

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4563

Abstract

The effects of psychological pressure on perceiving the height of a jump bar just before starting a high jump run was investigated. University students (n = 14) training for a high jump event performed 15 trials (3 practice, 6 high-pressure, and 6 [...] Read more.

The effects of psychological pressure on perceiving the height of a jump bar just before starting a high jump run was investigated. University students (n = 14) training for a high jump event performed 15 trials (3 practice, 6 high-pressure, and 6 low-pressure) in counterbalanced order in their daily practice environment. The height of the bar was judged as significantly higher on high-pressure trials compared to low-pressure trials (p = 0.030). A regression analysis indicated that participants who reported increased subjective perceived pressure tended to judge the bar to be higher (r = 0.468, p = 0.091). There was no significant difference between high-pressure and low-pressure trials for the performance index, defined as the success rate (p = 0.209). This study provides the first evidence that environmental perceptions prior to executing a motor task under pressure may make performance of the task appear to be more difficult. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Human Posture and Movement)

10 pages, 681 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Triceps Brachii Muscle Strength and Architectural Adaptations with Resistance Training Exercises at Short or Long Fascicle Length

by Angeliki-Nikoletta Stasinaki¹, Nikolaos Zaras¹, Spyridon Methenitis^1,*

, Stavroula Tsitkanou¹

, Argyro Krase², Angeliki Kavvoura¹ and Gerasimos Terzis¹

¹ Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education & Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Ethnikis Antistassis 41, Daphne, Athens 17237, Greece

² Department of Physical Education & Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Karies, Trikala 42100, Greece

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2018, 3(2), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk3020028 - 22 May 2018

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 24463

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate whether resistance training at short or long triceps brachii fascicle length induces different muscular strength and architectural adaptations. Nine young, novice, female participants, were trained for 6 weeks (two sessions/week) performing 6 sets × 6-RM [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to investigate whether resistance training at short or long triceps brachii fascicle length induces different muscular strength and architectural adaptations. Nine young, novice, female participants, were trained for 6 weeks (two sessions/week) performing 6 sets × 6-RM (repetition maximum) unilateral cable exercises either with push-downs at short fascicle length (S) or overhead extensions with the contralateral arm at long fascicle length (L) of triceps brachii. Before and after training, 1-RM elbow extension and triceps brachii muscle architecture were evaluated. Muscle architecture was analyzed at 50% and 60% of the upper-arm length. Two-dimensional longitudinal muscle area of the triceps long head was also analyzed. The results indicated that 1-RM increased 40.1 ± 21.3% and 44.5 ± 20.1% (p < 0.01) after S and L, respectively. Muscle thickness at 50% length was increased 10.7 ± 15.3% (p < 0.05) and 13.7 ± 9.0% (p < 0.01) after S and L, while at 60% it was increased 15.5 ± 18.8% (p < 0.05) and 19.4 ± 16.3% (p < 0.01), respectively. Longitudinal muscle area increased similarly after S and L (p < 0.01). Fascicle angle and length were not altered with training. These results indicate that muscle strength and architecture of elbow extensors adapt similarly during the first six weeks of resistance training at either long or short fascicle length. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resistance Training for Performance and Health)

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6 pages, 388 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in a Primary Healthcare Center in Goiania City

by Carlos Alexandre Vieira^*, Paulo Gentil

, Mário Hebling Campos

, Wanderson Divino Nilo dos Santos

, Gustavo De Conti Teixeira Costa

, Claudio André Barbosa De Lira

, Elen Cristine Gomes Prado and Tadeu João Ribeiro Baptista

College of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goias–UFG, 74690-900 Goiania, Brazil

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2018, 3(2), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk3020027 - 8 May 2018

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3515

Abstract

Background: The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity in volunteers supported by a primary healthcare center in Goiania city. Methods: The prevalence of overweight and obesity was calculated using data from a public primary healthcare [...] Read more.

Background: The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity in volunteers supported by a primary healthcare center in Goiania city. Methods: The prevalence of overweight and obesity was calculated using data from a public primary healthcare center in the city of Goiania, Brazil, which serves approximately 10,000 patients. Data were collected between September and October 2011 from individuals aged 20 years or older via medical records. Seven hundred and eighty-nine patients participated in the present study, 546 women (43.9 ± 16.4 years, 66.2 ± 13.3 kg, 1.6 ± 0.1 m) and 243 men (46.0 ± 17.2 years, 73.7 ± 14.7 kg, 1.7 ± 0.1 m). RESULTS: The analysis of variance indicated no significant difference in BMI distribution between genders (p = 0.0763), however, there was a significant difference between age groups (p = 0.0000) and a significant association between gender and age (p = 0.0196). The percentage of overweight and obesity was above 40% and the percentage of obese was 15% in the population studied. The results show a high prevalence of overweight and obesity among adults, especially the elderly. Conclusions: There is a high prevalence of overweight and obesity among adults and the elderly, with a significant difference between age groups and an increase in BMI with age. Full article

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10 pages, 248 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biochemical Profile and Body Composition Alteration of Amateur Bodybuilders during the Pre-Contest Period

by Daniel Costa De Souza¹

, José Alexandre Barbosa dos Santos², Daniery Marques De Jesus³ and Paulo Gentil^4,*

¹ Departamento de Educação Física, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 59072-970 Natal, Brazil

² Universidade Estadual de Roraima, 69306-530 Boa Vista, Brazil

³ Instituto Federal de Roraima, 69000-000 Boa Vista, Brazil

⁴ Faculdade de Educação Física e Dança, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74690-900 Goiânia, Brazil

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2018, 3(2), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk3020026 - 8 May 2018

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 9817

Abstract

The paper aims to analyze body composition and biochemical profile alterations in amateur bodybuilders during the cutting phase of a contest preparation, and to discuss them in light of scientific evidence. For the purpose of this study, bodybuilders and coaches provided details of [...] Read more.

The paper aims to analyze body composition and biochemical profile alterations in amateur bodybuilders during the cutting phase of a contest preparation, and to discuss them in light of scientific evidence. For the purpose of this study, bodybuilders and coaches provided details of drug administration, supplement use and training schedule. The four participants were two men competing in different Men’s Physique categories, one woman in the Wellness category, and one woman competing in the Bikini category. Participants were evaluated for anthropometry and body composition before and after the cutting phase. There was an evident decrease in body fat for most of the participants during the cutting phase without evident loss of fat-free mass. In general, participants performed high volume resistance training combined with aerobic training. Regarding drug administration, participants used high doses of anabolic androgen steroids (AAS), combined with clenbuterol, thyroid hormone, and ephedrine. Blood analysis revealed alterations in lipid profiles, with increased total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and reduced high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels. There were marked alterations in markers of liver (aspartate aminotransferase) and cardiac (MB isoenzyme creatine kinase) damage. Our analysis suggests that the strategies adopted by bodybuilders during the pre-contest phase (high use of AAS and stimulant-based substances) may result in an increased risk of heart disease and liver dysfunction. Full article

3 pages, 197 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Preventing Violence and Social Exclusion through Sport and Physical Activity: The SAVE Project

by Ambra Gentile^1,*

, Irena Valantine²

, Inga Staskeviciute-Butiene², Rasa Kreivyte³, Dino Mujkic⁴, Aela Ajdinovic⁴, Ana Kezić⁵, Đurđica Miletić⁵, Almir Adi Kovačević⁶, Dejan Madic⁷, Patrik Drid⁷

and Antonino Bianco¹

¹ Department of Psychological, Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 15, 90128 Palermo, Italy

² Department of Sport Management, Economics and Sociology, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania

³ Department of Coaching Sciences, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania

⁴ Faculty of Sport ad Physical Education, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo 71000, Bosnia and Herzegovina; dmujkic@fasto.unsa.ba (D.M.)

⁵ Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia

⁶ World University Service (WUS) Austria, 8010 Graz, Austria

⁷ Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad 21000, Serbia

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2018, 3(2), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk3020025 - 21 Apr 2018

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 5021

Abstract

Sport Against Violence and Exclusion (SAVE), a project cofounded by the Erasmus + Program of the European Union, seeks to prevent violent and socially exclusive behaviors through physical activity. The current editorial shows a range of possible interpretations of these two phenomena from [...] Read more.

Sport Against Violence and Exclusion (SAVE), a project cofounded by the Erasmus + Program of the European Union, seeks to prevent violent and socially exclusive behaviors through physical activity. The current editorial shows a range of possible interpretations of these two phenomena from both a psychological and sociological point of view, offering helpful methods to coaches who train children (ages 6 to 12)in grass-root sport clubs. Following a thorough analysis, partners from seven EU countries (Lithuania, Italy, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Austria, and Spain) will be able to identify skills and techniques for coaches to ensure inclusive training methods as well as to provide them with effective conflict resolution tools. Furthermore, both trainers and parents will have access to an online platform with useful information regarding these issues. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health Promotion in Children and Adolescents through Sport and Physical Activities)

10 pages, 4380 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Use of 3D Scanning to Determine Whole-Body Volume While Wearing a Triathlon Wetsuit

by Leland Barker, Diego Mendoza and John A. Mercer^*

Department of Kinesiology & Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89101, USA

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2018, 3(2), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk3020024 - 12 Apr 2018

Viewed by 4473

Abstract

Background: Commercial 3 Dimension (3D) scanners are relatively new to anthropometry. The purpose of this study was to explore ability of using a 3D imaging instrument to measure body volume with and without wearing a wetsuit. Three experiments were conducted to achieve this [...] Read more.

Background: Commercial 3 Dimension (3D) scanners are relatively new to anthropometry. The purpose of this study was to explore ability of using a 3D imaging instrument to measure body volume with and without wearing a wetsuit. Three experiments were conducted to achieve this purpose: (1) to determine if the 3D imaging instrument could accurately measure volume of static objects; (2) to determine the resolution of accuracy of measuring volume of static objects; and (3) to compare whole-body volume of wearing a wetsuit using 3D imaging as well as another body volume measure (air displacement technique). Methods: Three experiments were performed: (1) measurement of volume of a mannequin head and a box using a 3D scanner, water displacement (for mannequin head), and dimension measurements (for box) techniques for determining volume, (2) volume measurements of 1, 2, and 3 layers of neoprene to assess the resolution capabilities of the 3D scanner, and (3) body volume with and without wearing a wetsuit using a 3D scanner and BodPod (air displacement instrument). Results: (1) Mannequin head volume using the 3D scanner was 1.46% greater than a water displacement technique; the box volume from scanning was significantly greater than volume calculated by measuring dimensions of a box. (2) The volume of a single layer of neoprene was 25.3% less with scanning than the criterion; the volume of two layers was 27.2% less than the criterion; the volume of three layers was not significantly different from the criterion. (3) Body volume was not influenced by the interaction of wetsuit and device; body volume was on average 5% greater with wetsuit than without regardless of instrument. Conclusions: We demonstrated that body volume as measured by a 3D scanner increased when a wetsuit was worn. Full article

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7 pages, 269 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

The “Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology” Journal Club Series: Highlights on Recent Papers in Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior

by Elena Barbieri^1,2

, Elisabetta Falcieri¹, Mauro De Santi¹

, Valentina Natalucci¹, Luciana Vallorani¹

, Deborah Agostini¹

, Giosuè Annibalini¹

, Laura Stefani³

, Marta A. Szychlinska⁴

and Giuseppe Musumeci^4,*

¹ Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy

² Interuniversity Institute of Myology (IIM), University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy

³ Sport Medicine Center, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy

⁴ Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 87, 95123 Catania, Italy

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2018, 3(2), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk3020023 - 9 Apr 2018

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3316

Abstract

We are glad to introduce the sixth Journal Club. This edition is focused on several relevant studies published in the last years in the field of physical activity and sedentary behavior, chosen by our Editorial Board members and their colleagues. We hope to [...] Read more.

We are glad to introduce the sixth Journal Club. This edition is focused on several relevant studies published in the last years in the field of physical activity and sedentary behavior, chosen by our Editorial Board members and their colleagues. We hope to stimulate your curiosity in this field and to share with you the passion for the sport seen also from the scientific point of view. The Editorial Board members wish you an inspiring lecture. Full article

9 pages, 4273 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Fatigue on Electromyographic Activity Patterns of the Knee Joint Muscles in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstructed and Deficient Patients during Landing Task

by Komeil Dashti Rostami^1,*, Mohammad Hossein Alizadeh¹, Hooman Minoonejad¹, Hamidreza Yazdi² and Abbey Thomas³

¹ Department of health and sports medicine, Faculty of physical education and sports sciences, University of Tehran, 1417614418 Tehran, Iran

² Neuromusculoskeletal research center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, 1449614535 Tehran, Iran

³ Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2018, 3(2), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk3020022 - 5 Apr 2018

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 5968

Abstract

Lower extremity fatigue causes a number of neuromuscular alterations that may increase the risk of knee (re)injury. It has therefore been suggested that fatigue-resistance training be incorporated into injury prevention and rehabilitation programs. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects [...] Read more.

Lower extremity fatigue causes a number of neuromuscular alterations that may increase the risk of knee (re)injury. It has therefore been suggested that fatigue-resistance training be incorporated into injury prevention and rehabilitation programs. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of fatigue on knee-muscle activity patterns after anterior cruciate ligament injury (ACL). Twelve healthy, 12 ACL reconstructed (ACLR) and 12 ACL deficient (ACLD) recreationally active male volunteers participated in this case-control study. Fatigue was induced via repetitive sets of double-leg squats and drop landings. Muscle activity was assessed via surface electromyography during a single-leg drop landing task pre- and post-fatigue. After fatigue, medial hamstring, lateral hamstring and vastus lateralis muscles turned on significantly earlier in ACLR compared to the control group. Significantly greater vastus medialis muscle activity was observed in ACLD compared to ACLR and control participants post-fatigue. Finally, fatigue decreased lateral gastrocnemius muscle activity in ACLD and control participants. It seems ACLR patients rely on earlier muscle pre-activation to establish knee joint stability upon landing after fatigue. This feed-forward strategy should be emphasized during post-operative rehabilitation in ACLR patients. Furthermore, according to our results, quadriceps and gastrocnemius muscles play an important role in establishing knee joint stability post impact in ACLD patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Movement Analysis)

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9 pages, 10185 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Restrictions in the Ankle Sagittal- and Frontal-Plane Range of Movement during Simulated Walking with Different Types of Orthoses

by Frank Thiele^1,†, Sebastian Schuhmacher^1,*,†, Christoph Schwaller¹, Stefan Plüss², Joël Rhiner², Renate List^2,3 and Silvio Lorenzetti^2,4

¹ Kantonspital Olten, SoH Solothurn, Baslerstrasse 150, 4600 Olten, Switzerland

² Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Leopold-Ruzicka-Weg 4, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland

³ Human Performance Lab, Schulthess Clinic, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland

⁴ Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM, CH-2532 Magglingen, Switzerland

^† Both authors contributed equally to this work and should both be considered as first authors.

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2018, 3(2), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk3020021 - 1 Apr 2018

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 5392

Abstract

Different types of orthoses are available to clinicians for non-surgical treatment of acute ankle sprains. The goal of this study was to scientifically compare the movement restrictions in the sagittal and frontal plane during simulated walking between one adaptable semi-rigid brace (OrthoTri-Phase^TM [...] Read more.

Different types of orthoses are available to clinicians for non-surgical treatment of acute ankle sprains. The goal of this study was to scientifically compare the movement restrictions in the sagittal and frontal plane during simulated walking between one adaptable semi-rigid brace (OrthoTri-Phase^TM), four non-adaptable semi-rigid braces (OrthoStandard^TM, MalleoLoc^TM, MalleoSprint^TM, VACOankle^TM), and one rigid cast. Predefined time sequences of rotational moments and axial loading during gait were applied via an ankle joint simulator, with the pneumatic pressure inside the orthoses kept constant to ensure the same condition for different trials and orthoses. The peak ranges of motion (RoMs) in the frontal and sagittal plane during gait were analyzed for statistically significant differences using single-factorial ANOVA with post-hoc Bonferroni analysis. Significant differences in peak plantar-/dorsiflexion and in-/eversion RoM during gait were found between different types of orthoses. In the sagittal plane, the rigid cast most significantly restricted overall RoM followed by the Ortho Tri-Phase^TM in Phase 1 and the Ortho Standard^TM. The peak restriction in-/eversion RoM of the VACOankle^TM came closest to the rigid cast, with a shift towards inversion. The VACOankle^TM allowed for significantly larger dorsiflexion movement compared to all other orthoses. The present results may help clinicians in the decision-making process of finding the optimal orthosis for individual patients. Full article

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10 pages, 523 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Actual vs. Perceived Motor Competence in Children (8–10 Years): An Issue of Non-Veridicality

by Cain C. T. Clark^1,2,3,*, Jason Moran^1,2, Benjamin Drury^1,2, Fotini Venetsanou⁴

and John F. T. Fernandes^1,2

¹ Higher Education Sport, University Centre Hartpury, Gloucester GL19 3BE, UK

² Sport, Exercise and Well-Being Research Arena, University Centre Hartpury, Gloucester GL19 3BE, UK

³ Engineering Behaviour Analytics in Sports and Exercise (E-BASE) Research Group, Swansea University, Wales SA1 8EN, UK

⁴ School of Physical Education and Sport Science National, Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Athens, Greece

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2018, 3(2), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk3020020 - 22 Mar 2018

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 5682

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the between- and within-sex differences in actual and perceived locomotor and object control skills in children (8–10 year). All participants (58 children (29 boys; 9.5 ± 0.6 years; 1.44 ± 0.09 m; 39.6 ± 9.5 [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the between- and within-sex differences in actual and perceived locomotor and object control skills in children (8–10 year). All participants (58 children (29 boys; 9.5 ± 0.6 years; 1.44 ± 0.09 m; 39.6 ± 9.5 kg; body mass index; 18.8 ± 3.1 kg·m²)) completed the Test of Gross Motor Development (2nd edition) and the Pictorial Scale of Perceived Movement Skill Competence for Young Children. Between- and within-sex differences were assessed using independent and paired samples t-tests, respectively. For all tests, effect sizes and Bayes factors were calculated. There were significant differences (p < 0.001) between sexes for perceived locomotor and perceived object control skills (boys > girls), with Bayes factors extremely in favour of the alternate hypothesis (_BF: 55,344 and 460, respectively). A significant difference (p < 0.001) was found between girls’ actual and perceived locomotor skills (d = −0.88; 95% confidence interval: −0.46 to −1.34), with Bayes factors extremely in favour of the alternate hypothesis (_BF: 483). A significant difference (p < 0.001) was found between boys’ actual and perceived object control skills (d = 0.69; 95% CI: 0.2 to 1.12), with Bayes factors very strongly in favour of the alternate hypothesis (_BF: 41). These findings suggest that there exists an issue of non-veridicality between actual and perceived motor competence skills, and their subsets, and a sex-mediated discord in children (8–10 years). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health Promotion in Children and Adolescents through Sport and Physical Activities)

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8 pages, 842 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Reliability and Validity of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Mitochondrial Capacity Measurement in Skeletal Muscle

by Anna M. La Mantia, Leslie E. Neidert and Heidi A. Kluess^*

School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Auburn, AL 36849, USA

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2018, 3(2), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk3020019 - 21 Mar 2018

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 5020

Abstract

Establish reliability of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) mitochondrial capacity measurement and assess validity using heating and cooling interventions. We recruited 13 participants for four visits. Two visits consisted of a series of blood pressure occlusions proximal to the NIRS probe and electrical stimulation to [...] Read more.

Establish reliability of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) mitochondrial capacity measurement and assess validity using heating and cooling interventions. We recruited 13 participants for four visits. Two visits consisted of a series of blood pressure occlusions proximal to the NIRS probe and electrical stimulation to the thigh, calf and forearm for reliability. Visits 3 and 4 required heating or cooling of the three muscles, using the protocol above. The between day reliability coefficient of variation (CV) in the forearm was 3% and time constant (TC) average was 41.9 ± 9.2 seconds (s). The within day CV in the forearm = 4.5%, the calf = 5.5% and the thigh = 4.6% (n = 13). Within day reliability for the cold condition in the forearm = 5.9%, calf = 4.3% and thigh = 4.4% and within day for the hot condition in the forearm = 6.4%, calf = 5.3% and thigh = 4.6%. The cold condition increased TC in the forearm, but decreased TC with heat (p < 0.05). The thigh decreased mitochondrial capacity with heat (p < 0.05), but cold was no different from control. These results suggest NIRS mitochondrial capacity has good within and between day reliability and temperature changes the mitochondrial capacity time constant. Full article

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J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol., Volume 3, Issue 2 (June 2018) – 18 articles

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