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Medicines
Volume 13
Issue 3
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Medicines, Volume 13, Issue 3 (September 2026) – 4 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): Medicines (ISSN: 2305-6320) is an international, peer-reviewed, and open access journal focused on drug discovery and clinical application. This journal welcomes manuscripts covering a wide range of aspects, including (but not limited to) drug development, pharmacology, clinical translational research, clinical pharmacy, and drug regulations. Our aim is to encourage scientists to publish their experimental and theoretical results in as much detail as possible. Full details of materials and methods must be provided when publishing an experimental data so that the results can be reproduced.
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22 pages, 3095 KB  
Article
Paracetamol Responses Depend on Temperature, Life Stage, and Genetic Background in Drosophila melanogaster Across Generations
by Birk N. R. G. Hundebøl and Jesper G. Sørensen
Medicines 2026, 13(3), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines13030024 - 30 Jul 2026
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Abstract
Background: A key obstacle in toxicological research is investigating long-lasting or inherited effects and addressing the potential interaction between exposure and genetic background of the test subject. Such effects can be effectively investigated in short-lived and genetically managed model organisms. Methods: To illustrate [...] Read more.
Background: A key obstacle in toxicological research is investigating long-lasting or inherited effects and addressing the potential interaction between exposure and genetic background of the test subject. Such effects can be effectively investigated in short-lived and genetically managed model organisms. Methods: To illustrate the biological complexity of the outcomes of toxicological experiments, we investigated the influence of life stages, sex, and temperatures in a generational study using paracetamol exposure as an example of drug toxicology. To also include genetic background, we used five highly inbred Drosophila melanogaster lines from the Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel (DGRP). First, we assessed acute survival to paracetamol exposure at 19 °C and 25 °C, revealing clear genotype-specific dose–response curves and increased toxicity at lower temperature. We then conducted a generational experiment across three generations, in which flies were exposed during either the larval or adult life stage, and measured starvation tolerance and spontaneous activity to capture direct, intergenerational, and transgenerational effects. Results: Results show that life stage, sex, and genotype each shaped the phenotypic outcome of paracetamol exposure. Adult exposure consistently decreased activity and increased starvation resistance, whereas juvenile exposure produced more variable and sex-dependent responses. Genotype further modulated these patterns, including markedly elevated lethality in one line at high paracetamol concentrations. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that exposure timing and biological context critically influence toxicological outcomes, underscoring the need for methodological awareness when interpreting generational studies in model organisms and beyond. Full article
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Correction
Correction: Nasser et al. Potency of Combining Eucalyptus camaldulensis subsp. camaldulensis with Low-Dose Cisplatin in A549 Human Lung Adenocarcinomas and MCF-7 Breast Adenocarcinoma. Medicines 2020, 7, 40
by Mohamad Nasser, Raghida Damaj, Othmane Merah, Akram Hijazi, Christine Trabolsi, Nour Wehbe, Malak Nasser, Batoul Al-Khatib and Ziad Damaj
Medicines 2026, 13(3), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines13030023 - 14 Jul 2026
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Abstract
There was an error in the original publication [...] Full article
79 pages, 13723 KB  
Review
FDA-Approved Drugs Containing Amide Functionality in the Last Five Years (2021–2025): Pharmaceutical Use, Trends and Synthetic Approaches
by Davide Benedetto Tiz
Medicines 2026, 13(3), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines13030022 - 7 Jul 2026
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Abstract
The amide functional group remains a cornerstone of medicinal chemistry, serving as an indispensable scaffold in the design of modern therapeutics. This review presents an analysis of FDA-approved drugs (small molecules and peptides with MW < 1300 Da) containing amide functionality between 2021 [...] Read more.
The amide functional group remains a cornerstone of medicinal chemistry, serving as an indispensable scaffold in the design of modern therapeutics. This review presents an analysis of FDA-approved drugs (small molecules and peptides with MW < 1300 Da) containing amide functionality between 2021 and 2025, highlighting its continued and evolving role in addressing contemporary medical challenges. An analysis of these novel therapeutics reveals the remarkable functional versatility of the amide bond. In antiviral agents like nirmatrelvir (Paxlovid®), amides form the structural backbone of peptidomimetics, enabling high-affinity binding to a viral protease. In precision oncology, as seen with adagrasib (Krazati®), the amide acts as a critical, metabolically stable linker that positions a covalent warhead for selective inhibition of a mutant kinase. This analysis underscores that amide’s unique combination of planarity, resonance stabilization, and capacity for robust hydrogen bonding continues to make it an essential element in the medicinal chemist’s toolkit, underpinning the development of next-generation therapeutics across oncology, infectious diseases, and neurology. To provide a practical framework for drug discovery, the synthetic routes for each drug are detailed, with particular emphasis placed on the key amide-forming strategies employed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic New Compounds Discovery and Development in Medicine — Advances in Research on Potential Therapeutic Agents and Drug Candidates, 2nd Edition)
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Article
Beyond Weight Loss: Early Real-World Evidence of Semaglutide in Obesity
by Steluța Constanța Boroghină, Amalia-Ioana Arhire, Teodora Papuc, Miruna Sînziana Chiper, Diana-Andreea Meluță, Sorana Maria Pîrcălabu, Roxana Andreea Dănăilă, Mădălina Cristache and Carmen Gabriela Barbu
Medicines 2026, 13(3), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines13030021 - 28 Jun 2026
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Abstract
Background: Obesity is a chronic, relapsing disease that often proves resistant to lifestyle measures alone. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs), are reshaping treatment, yet prospective real-world data remain limited. Objective: To prospectively assess the effects of once-weekly Semaglutide on weight, body composition, [...] Read more.
Background: Obesity is a chronic, relapsing disease that often proves resistant to lifestyle measures alone. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs), are reshaping treatment, yet prospective real-world data remain limited. Objective: To prospectively assess the effects of once-weekly Semaglutide on weight, body composition, and metabolic health in obesity. Methods: An exploratory observational study of 37 patients initiating Semaglutide (mean age 31 years; 11 children and adolescents; 22 females) was conducted. All met obesity criteria (baseline BMI 34.7 kg/m2). Anthropometry, bioimpedance body composition, and fasting biochemistry were obtained at baseline and 3 months. Variables were reported as mean ± SD or median (IQR) according to normal/non-normal distribution, whether a parametric test or a Wilcoxon one was used. Parametric or non-parametric paired tests (two-sided α = 0.05) were applied. We also explored tri-ponderal mass index (TMI, kg/m3) and its correlations with metabolic markers. Results: At 3 months, body weight decreased by a median 8.0 kg (p < 0.001), BMI by 1.6 kg/m2 (p < 0.001). Body fat percentage declined: 43.4% to 42.8% (p = 0.009), with a small reduction in skeletal muscle mass (−0.6 kg; p = 0.035). Fasting glucose improved (p = 0.030) and HOMA-IR fell significantly. HbA1c changes were minimal, consistent with near-normal baseline values. Triglycerides decreased, while total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, liver enzymes, creatinine, uric acid, and 25-OH vitamin D remained stable. Baseline TMI (median 20.13 kg/m3; IQR 3.80) correlated strongly with HOMA-IR (r = 0.766, p < 0.001) and moderately-to-strongly with body fat percentage (r = 0.621, p < 0.001). Conclusions: In this real-world cohort, Semaglutide produced rapid, clinically meaningful improvements in weight, adiposity, and insulin resistance within 3 months. Findings suggest that Semaglutide may represent a promising adjunct to lifestyle therapy in obesity management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Research in Pharmacological Therapies, 2nd Edition)
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