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Nanomaterials
Volume 15
Issue 8
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Nanomaterials, Volume 15, Issue 8 (April-2 2025) – 68 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): The results of our study demonstrate that silver nanoparticles can be obtained in the presence of apple extract, which is a non-toxic, biodegradable, and safe reducing and stabilizing agent. The usage of a natural extract and the reduction of synthesis time make the entire process environmentally friendly. Furthermore, we aimed to investigate the effect of different silver nitrate concentrations as well as solution pH on the size of the resulting nanoparticles. The green synthesis approach did not limit the biocidal effect of Ag nanoparticles. Apple extract yields well-dispersed nanoparticles, making it a superior alternative to other green synthesis methods. View this paper
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10 pages, 1634 KiB  
Review
Electrocatalytic Innovations at Atomic Scale: From Single-Atom to Periodic Ensembles for Sustainable Energy Conversion
by Longlu Wang and Yang Liu
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(8), 634; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15080634 - 21 Apr 2025
Viewed by 193
Abstract
Atomically dispersed catalysts, including single-atom, dual-atom, and periodic single-metal site catalysts, have revolutionized electrocatalysis by merging atomic precision with heterogeneous stability. This review traces their evolution from pioneering stabilization strategies to advanced microenvironment engineering, enabling breakthroughs in oxygen reduction, hydrogen evolution, and CO [...] Read more.
Atomically dispersed catalysts, including single-atom, dual-atom, and periodic single-metal site catalysts, have revolutionized electrocatalysis by merging atomic precision with heterogeneous stability. This review traces their evolution from pioneering stabilization strategies to advanced microenvironment engineering, enabling breakthroughs in oxygen reduction, hydrogen evolution, and CO2 reduction. SACs maximize atom utilization but face multi-step reaction limits, addressed by DACs through synergistic dual-site mechanisms. PSMSCs further enhance activity via ordered atomic arrangements, ensuring uniform active sites and mechanistic clarity. Key breakthroughs include microenvironment engineering to tailor active sites, as well as advanced characterization techniques revealing dynamic restructuring under operando conditions. The transition from isolated atoms to ordered ensembles highlights the importance of atomic-level control in unlocking new catalytic mechanisms. This work underscores the transformative potential of ADCs in sustainable energy technologies and provides a roadmap for future research in rational catalyst design, dynamic behavior analysis, and scalable synthesis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Energy and Catalysis)
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55 pages, 12018 KiB  
Review
Antimicrobial Nanotubes: From Synthesis and Promising Antimicrobial Upshots to Unanticipated Toxicities, Strategies to Limit Them, and Regulatory Issues
by Silvana Alfei and Gian Carlo Schito
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(8), 633; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15080633 - 21 Apr 2025
Viewed by 145
Abstract
Nanotubes (NTs) are nanosized tube-like structured materials made from various substances such as carbon, boron, or silicon. Carbon nanomaterials (CNMs), including carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene/graphene oxide (G/GO), and fullerenes, have good interatomic interactions and possess special characteristics, exploitable in several applications because of [...] Read more.
Nanotubes (NTs) are nanosized tube-like structured materials made from various substances such as carbon, boron, or silicon. Carbon nanomaterials (CNMs), including carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene/graphene oxide (G/GO), and fullerenes, have good interatomic interactions and possess special characteristics, exploitable in several applications because of the presence of sp2 and sp3 bonds. Among NTs, CNTs are the most studied compounds due to their nonpareil electrical, mechanical, optical, and biomedical properties. Moreover, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) have, in particular, demonstrated high ability as drug delivery systems and in transporting a wide range of chemicals across membranes and into living cells. Therefore, SWNTs, more than other NT structures, have generated interest in medicinal applications, such as target delivery, improved imaging, tissue regeneration, medication, and gene delivery, which provide nanosized devices with higher efficacy and fewer side effects. SWNTs and multi-walled CNTs (MWCNTs) have recently gained a great deal of attention for their antibacterial effects. Unfortunately, numerous recent studies have revealed unanticipated toxicities caused by CNTs. However, contradictory opinions exist regarding these findings. Moreover, the problem of controlling CNT-based products has become particularly evident, especially in relation to their large-scale production and the nanosized forms of the carbon that constitute them. Important directive rules have been approved over the years, but further research and regulatory measures should be introduced for a safer production and utilization of CNTs. Against this background, and after an overview of CNMs and CNTs, the antimicrobial properties of pristine and modified SWNTs and MWCNTs as well as the most relevant in vitro and in vivo studies on their possible toxicity, have been reported. Strategies and preventive behaviour to limit CNT risks have been provided. Finally, a debate on regulatory issues has also been included. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Carbon Nanotubes: Synthesis, Properties, and Cutting-Edge Applications)
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15 pages, 3880 KiB  
Article
Flexible Solar Interfacial Evaporators with Photocatalytic Function for Purification of High-Salinity Organic Wastewater
by Yucheng Li, Xia Zhao, Tao Hu, Lingxiao Li, Xiaopeng Huang and Junping Zhang
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(8), 632; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15080632 - 21 Apr 2025
Viewed by 175
Abstract
Solar-driven interfacial water evaporation technology coupled with photocatalytic function is regarded as an emerging approach for treating high-salinity organic wastewater, but it remains challenging to design high-performance solar evaporators with excellent photocatalytic properties. Here, we designed a two-dimensional flexible solar interfacial evaporator with [...] Read more.
Solar-driven interfacial water evaporation technology coupled with photocatalytic function is regarded as an emerging approach for treating high-salinity organic wastewater, but it remains challenging to design high-performance solar evaporators with excellent photocatalytic properties. Here, we designed a two-dimensional flexible solar interfacial evaporator with photocatalytic function for the purification of high-salinity organic wastewater. The solar evaporator was prepared by the deposition of Cu-based metal organic frameworks (Cu-MOFs) onto a polyester fabric by solvothermal reaction, during which graphitic carbon nitride was also deposited as carried by Cu-MOFs. The solar evaporator achieves an outstanding evaporation rate of 1.95 kg m−2 h−1 for simulated seawater (3.5 wt% NaCl) under 1 sun. The evaporator also shows efficient evaporation performance and salt resistance for high-concentration saline water due to its outstanding water transport capacity and efficient light absorption ability. Furthermore, salt ions and organic pollutants can be simultaneously removed from high-salinity organic wastewater by the evaporator due to the synergistic effects of adsorption, the photothermal effect and photocatalytic performance. This study successfully integrated photocatalytic technology with solar-driven interfacial evaporation, extending the multifunctionality of solar evaporators for treating high-salinity organic wastewater. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Energy and Catalysis)
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31 pages, 7019 KiB  
Review
Intelligent Systems for Inorganic Nanomaterial Synthesis
by Chang’en Han, Xinghua Dong, Wang Zhang, Xiaoxia Huang, Linji Gong and Chunjian Su
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(8), 631; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15080631 - 21 Apr 2025
Viewed by 160
Abstract
Inorganic nanomaterials are pivotal foundational materials driving traditional industries’ transformation and emerging sectors’ evolution. However, their industrial application is hindered by the limitations of conventional synthesis methods, including poor batch stability, scaling challenges, and complex quality control requirements. This review systematically examines strategies [...] Read more.
Inorganic nanomaterials are pivotal foundational materials driving traditional industries’ transformation and emerging sectors’ evolution. However, their industrial application is hindered by the limitations of conventional synthesis methods, including poor batch stability, scaling challenges, and complex quality control requirements. This review systematically examines strategies for constructing automated synthesis systems to enhance the production efficiency of inorganic nanomaterials. Methodologies encompassing hardware architecture design, software algorithm optimization, and artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled intelligent process control are analyzed. Case studies on quantum dots and gold nanoparticles demonstrate the enhanced efficiency of closed-loop synthesis systems and their machine learning-enabled autonomous optimization of process parameters. The study highlights the critical role of automation, intelligent technologies, and human–machine collaboration in elucidating synthesis mechanisms. Current challenges in cross-scale mechanistic modeling, high-throughput experimental integration, and standardized database development are discussed. Finally, the prospects of AI-driven synthesis systems are envisioned, emphasizing their potential to accelerate novel material discovery and revolutionize nanomanufacturing paradigms within the framework of AI-plus initiatives. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Inorganic Materials and Metal-Organic Frameworks)
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14 pages, 3125 KiB  
Article
Mechanical Improvement of Graphene Oxide Film via the Synergy of Intercalating Highly Oxidized Graphene Oxide and Borate Bridging
by Yiwei Quan, Peng He and Guqiao Ding
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(8), 630; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15080630 - 20 Apr 2025
Viewed by 125
Abstract
Converting graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets into high-performance paper-like GO films has significant practical value. However, it is still challenging because the mechanical properties significantly decreased when the nanosheets are assembled into films. The simultaneous attainment of high tensile strength, high modulus, and relatively [...] Read more.
Converting graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets into high-performance paper-like GO films has significant practical value. However, it is still challenging because the mechanical properties significantly decreased when the nanosheets are assembled into films. The simultaneous attainment of high tensile strength, high modulus, and relatively high toughness remains a formidable challenge. Here, we demonstrated an effective approach involving the incorporation of high oxidized graphene oxide (HOGO) and borate, to enhance the mechanical properties of GO films. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements and thermogravimetric analysis-differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC) revealed the synergistic effects of hydrogen and covalent bonding from HOGO and borate, respectively. Additionally, wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) analysis indicated a notable enhancement in the orientation of the GO in the resulting films, characterized by the Herman’s orientation factor (ƒ = 0.927), attributable to the combined action of hydrogen and covalent bonding. The borate-crosslinked GO+HOGO films exhibited exceptional mechanical properties, with an impressive strength (417.2 MPa), high modulus (43.8 GPa), and relatively high toughness (2.5 MJ m−3). This innovative assembly strategy presents a promising avenue for achieving desirable mechanical properties, thereby enhancing the potential for commercial applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Carbon-Based Materials)
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27 pages, 7566 KiB  
Article
Toxicological Effects of Silver-Modified Bentonite Nanocomposites on Microalgae: Impact on Cell Growth, Antioxidant Enzymes, and Gene Expression
by Oumayma Ghariani, Jihen Elleuch, Anna Maria Ferretti, Stefano Econdi, Chiara Bisio, Philippe Michaud, Imen Fendri, Matteo Guidotti and Slim Abdelkafi
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(8), 629; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15080629 - 20 Apr 2025
Viewed by 349
Abstract
The increasing use of nanostructured silver-containing inorganic materials raises concerns about their impact on aquatic organisms. This study assessed the toxicity of silver-modified bentonite composites on Chlamydomonas sp. Two materials were tested: silver-exchanged bentonite (Ben-Ag) and its reduced form (Ben-Ag (H2)).Microalgae [...] Read more.
The increasing use of nanostructured silver-containing inorganic materials raises concerns about their impact on aquatic organisms. This study assessed the toxicity of silver-modified bentonite composites on Chlamydomonas sp. Two materials were tested: silver-exchanged bentonite (Ben-Ag) and its reduced form (Ben-Ag (H2)).Microalgae were exposed to 0.5 IC50, 1.5 IC50, and 2 IC50. Ben-Ag showed higher toxicity than Ben-Ag (H2), which even promoted algal growth at low doses. Fluorescence microscopy revealed morphological shrinkage in treated cells. Increased phenol content, elevated malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and altered antioxidant enzyme activities further confirmed Ben-Ag toxicity, along with reduced growth and photosynthetic pigments. Transcriptomic analysis revealed significant changes in gene expression under Ben-Ag exposure. Genes involved in photosynthesis (petB, psbL), caspase activity (casp), and carotenoid metabolism (Q2CHY) were down-regulated, indicating stress-induced damage. In contrast, genes encoding stress response enzymes (SOD, peroxidase), carbon metabolism enzymes (rbcL, PGQ1), and β-carotene biosynthesis (Q2BKT) were up-regulated, reflecting cellular defense mechanisms. Overall, the study highlights the high toxicity of Ben-Ag to Chlamydomonas sp., emphasizing the importance of evaluating environmental risks before using such materials in aquatic environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nanocomposite Materials)
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14 pages, 4138 KiB  
Article
First-Principles Study on the CO2 Reduction Reaction (CO2RR) Performance of h-BN-Based Single-Atom Catalysts Modified with Transition Metals
by Xiansheng Yu, Can Zhao, Qiaoyue Chen, Lai Wei, Xucai Zhao, Lili Zhang, Liqian Wu and Yineng Huang
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(8), 628; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15080628 - 20 Apr 2025
Viewed by 173
Abstract
The reasonable design of low-cost, high-activity single-atom catalysts (SACs) is crucial for achieving highly efficient electrochemical CO2RR. In this study, we systematically explore, using density functional theory (DFT), the performance of transition metal (TM = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn)-doped [...] Read more.
The reasonable design of low-cost, high-activity single-atom catalysts (SACs) is crucial for achieving highly efficient electrochemical CO2RR. In this study, we systematically explore, using density functional theory (DFT), the performance of transition metal (TM = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn)-doped defect-type hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) SACs TM@B−1N (B vacancy) and TM@BN−1 (N vacancy) in both CO2RR and the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Integrated crystal orbital Hamiltonian population (ICOHP) analysis reveals that these catalysts weaken the sp orbital hybridization of CO2, which promotes the formation of radical-state intermediates and significantly reduces the energy barrier for the hydrogenation reaction. Therefore, these theoretical calculations indicate that the Mn, Fe, Co@B−1N, and Co@BN−1 systems demonstrate excellent CO2 chemical adsorption properties. In the CO2RR pathway, Mn@B−1N exhibits the lowest limiting potential (UL = −0.524 V), and its higher d-band center (−0.334 eV), which aligns optimally with the adsorbate orbitals, highlights its excellent catalytic activity. Notably, Co@BN−1 exhibits the highest activity in HER, while UL is −0.217 V. Furthermore, comparative analysis reveals that Mn@B−1N shows 16.4 times higher selectivity for CO2RR than for HER. This study provides a theoretical framework for designing bifunctional SACs with selective reaction pathways. Mn@B−1N shows considerable potential for selective CO2 conversion, while Co@BN−1 demonstrates promising prospects for efficient hydrogen production. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Semiconductor-Based Nanomaterials for Catalytic Applications)
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12 pages, 16337 KiB  
Article
Microwave-Assisted Solvothermal Synthesis of Cesium Tungsten Bronze Nanoparticles
by Jingyi Huang, Na Ta, Fengze Cao, Shuai He, Jianli He and Luomeng Chao
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(8), 627; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15080627 - 20 Apr 2025
Viewed by 215
Abstract
Cesium tungsten bronzes (CsxWO3), as functional materials with excellent near-infrared shielding properties, demonstrate significant potential for applications in smart windows. However, traditional synthesis methods, such as solid-state reactions and solvothermal/hydrothermal approaches, typically require harsh conditions, including high temperatures (above [...] Read more.
Cesium tungsten bronzes (CsxWO3), as functional materials with excellent near-infrared shielding properties, demonstrate significant potential for applications in smart windows. However, traditional synthesis methods, such as solid-state reactions and solvothermal/hydrothermal approaches, typically require harsh conditions, including high temperatures (above 200 °C), high pressure, inert atmospheres, or prolonged reaction times. In this study, we propose an optimized microwave-assisted solvothermal synthesis strategy that significantly reduces the severity of reaction conditions through precise parameter control. When benzyl alcohol was employed as the solvent, CsxWO3 nanoparticles could be rapidly synthesized within a relatively short duration of 15 min at 180 °C, or alternatively obtained through 2 h at a low temperature of 140 °C. However, when anhydrous ethanol, which is cost-effective and environmentally friendly, was substituted for benzyl alcohol, successful synthesis was also achieved at 140 °C in 2 h. This method overcomes the limitations of traditional high-pressure reaction systems, achieving efficient crystallization under low-temperature and ambient-pressure conditions while eliminating safety hazards and significantly improving energy efficiency. The resulting materials retain excellent near-infrared shielding performance and visible-light transparency, providing an innovative solution for the safe, rapid, and controllable synthesis of functional nanomaterials. Full article
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10 pages, 5857 KiB  
Article
Lithium Intercalation Chemistry in TaS2 Nanosheets for Lithium-Ion Batteries Anodes
by Xuelian Wang, Jin Bai, Xian Zhang, Xiaobo Shen, Zhengrong Xia and Haijun Yu
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(8), 626; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15080626 - 19 Apr 2025
Viewed by 180
Abstract
Exploring novel two-dimensional layered transitional metal dichalcogenides and elucidating their reaction mechanism are critical to designing promising anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Herein, a novel layered TaS2 nanosheet was obtained via a typical solid-phase reaction method followed by a simple ball-milling [...] Read more.
Exploring novel two-dimensional layered transitional metal dichalcogenides and elucidating their reaction mechanism are critical to designing promising anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Herein, a novel layered TaS2 nanosheet was obtained via a typical solid-phase reaction method followed by a simple ball-milling treatment, and first explored experimentally as an anode for LIBs. The TaS2 nanosheet anode delivered an excellent cycling stability, with 234.6 mAh g−1 after 500 cycles at 1 A g−1. The optimized performance could be attributed to the large interlayer spacing, high conductivity, and reduced size of the TaS2 nanosheet, which effectively alleviated the volume change during the reaction process and accelerated the Li+ or e− transport. Especially, the TaS2 nanosheet anode presented an unusual intercalation reaction mechanism, accompanied with a reversible phase transition from the 2H to the 1T phase during the first de-lithiation process, which is evidenced by the multiple ex situ characterizations, further revealing the enhanced electrochemical performance results from the 1T phase with the larger interlayer spacing and higher electrical conductivity. This work provides a novel insight into the intercalation reaction mechanism of TaS2, which shows potential in high-performance LIBs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue High Performance of Nanomaterials in Metal-Ion Batteries)
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16 pages, 10435 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Fluorescent Carbon Nanodots Synthesized from Spices Through Thermal Processes Treatment
by David Semsey, Duyen H. H. Nguyen, Gréta Törős, Vivien Papp, János Pénzes, Tamás Vida, Áron Béni, Mahendra Rai and József Prokisch
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(8), 625; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15080625 - 19 Apr 2025
Viewed by 182
Abstract
Spices contain abundant essential oils and active compounds, which can be difficult to introduce into living cells due to their apolar, lipophilic nature. Carbon nanoparticles, produced through the Maillard reaction during food heat treatment, are small enough to enter cells easily. This study [...] Read more.
Spices contain abundant essential oils and active compounds, which can be difficult to introduce into living cells due to their apolar, lipophilic nature. Carbon nanoparticles, produced through the Maillard reaction during food heat treatment, are small enough to enter cells easily. This study explores how thermal processing affects the formation of carbon nanodots (CNDs) in spices, revealing that higher temperatures boost CND synthesis, thus enhancing bioavailability and biological effectiveness. Interestingly, turmeric and black pepper enriched with CNDs notably influenced yeast fermentation, with an overall increase in antioxidant capacity, especially in turmeric and chili pepper. However, excessive heat occasionally reduced antioxidant activity, suggesting the breakdown of sensitive compounds. These findings highlight the potential of CND-enriched spices for health and nutrition applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials and Nanostructures for Food Processing and Preservation)
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18 pages, 10368 KiB  
Article
Molecular Dynamics Simulation of the Dynamic Mechanical Behavior of FeNiCrMn High-Entropy Alloy
by Haorui Liu, Nana Yang, Shu Xiao, Hu Zhang, Sheng Zhao, Kai Ma and Ning Mi
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(8), 624; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15080624 - 19 Apr 2025
Viewed by 239
Abstract
High-entropy alloys (HEAs) exhibit excellent properties such as high strength, good ductility, superior corrosion resistance, and thermal stability, making them highly promising for applications in the aerospace, energy, and automotive industries. Among them, the FeNiCrMn HEA demonstrates outstanding corrosion resistance while eliminating the [...] Read more.
High-entropy alloys (HEAs) exhibit excellent properties such as high strength, good ductility, superior corrosion resistance, and thermal stability, making them highly promising for applications in the aerospace, energy, and automotive industries. Among them, the FeNiCrMn HEA demonstrates outstanding corrosion resistance while eliminating the expensive Co element present in the “Cantor” alloy, significantly reducing costs. However, current research on the FeNiCrMn HEA has primarily focused on its corrosion resistance, with relatively limited studies on its mechanical properties. This paper investigated the effects of different crystal orientations, temperatures, and strain rates on the mechanical properties and plastic deformation mechanisms of an equiatomic FeNiCrMn HEA using molecular dynamics simulations. The results revealed that the FeNiCrMn HEA exhibited significant anisotropy under loading along different orientations, with the maximum yield stress observed along the <11-1> direction. During the elastic stage, all crystals maintained a single FCC structure. As strain increased, yielding occurred, accompanied by a sudden drop in stress, which was attributed to the generation of dislocations. The mechanical properties of the FeNiCrMn HEA were highly sensitive to temperature variations. Elevated temperatures intensify atomic thermal vibrations, making it easier for atoms to deviate from their equilibrium positions and facilitating dislocation nucleation and movement. Consequently, the yield strength and yield strain decreased with increasing temperature. In contrast, the yield strength of the FeNiCrMn HEA was relatively insensitive to strain rate variations. Instead, the strain rate primarily affected the alloy’s flow stress. During tensile loading, higher strain rates led to higher dislocation densities. When the stress stabilized, the flow stress increased with the strain rate. These findings provide a theoretical foundation for the future development of FeNiCrMn HEAs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Computational Materials Sciences)
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17 pages, 8405 KiB  
Review
Stealth Materials Based on Laser-Induced Graphene: Developments and Challenges
by Xinjian Lu, Ruige Su, Guiyong Chen, Wenxin Li, Misheng Liang and Rui You
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(8), 623; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15080623 - 18 Apr 2025
Viewed by 208
Abstract
Laser-induced graphene (LIG) has become a promising stealth material due to its excellent electromagnetic loss characteristics in the terahertz and microwave bands (2–18 Ghz) and the advantages of low-cost large-scale manufacturing. With the rapid advancement of electromagnetic detection technologies toward multispectral and high-dynamic-range [...] Read more.
Laser-induced graphene (LIG) has become a promising stealth material due to its excellent electromagnetic loss characteristics in the terahertz and microwave bands (2–18 Ghz) and the advantages of low-cost large-scale manufacturing. With the rapid advancement of electromagnetic detection technologies toward multispectral and high-dynamic-range capabilities, there is an increasing demand for LIG-based stealth materials with superior absorption performance. The synergistic design of functional material doping and structural configurations has been identified as a critical approach to achieve high electromagnetic shielding performance in LIG-based composites. This article briefly reviews the developmental progress of LIG-based electromagnetic stealth materials, with a particular emphasis on doping technologies and shielding mechanisms tailored for stealth applications. Furthermore, we propose potential future development pathways for LIG-based stealth materials to facilitate their transition toward broader practical applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nonlinear Optics in Low-Dimensional Nanomaterials)
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10 pages, 6579 KiB  
Article
Conformal Retinal Image Sensor Based on Electrochemically Exfoliated MoS2 Nanosheets
by Tianxiang Li, Hao Yuan, Wentong Cai, Qi Su, Lingxian Kong, Bo Sun and Tielin Shi
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(8), 622; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15080622 - 18 Apr 2025
Viewed by 135
Abstract
Retina-like photoimaging devices with features such as a wide-field-of-view and high spatial resolution have wide application prospects in retinal prosthetics and remote sensing. However, the fabrication of flexible and conformal surfaces is hindered by the incompatible microfabrication processes of traditional rigid, silicon-based substrates. [...] Read more.
Retina-like photoimaging devices with features such as a wide-field-of-view and high spatial resolution have wide application prospects in retinal prosthetics and remote sensing. However, the fabrication of flexible and conformal surfaces is hindered by the incompatible microfabrication processes of traditional rigid, silicon-based substrates. A kirigami strategy for hemispherical surface assembly is proposed to construct a MoS2-based retina-like photodetector array. The device is first fabricated on a flat polyimide (PI) substrate and then tailored using a laser. By approximating the spherical surface using planar sectors, the laser-cut PI film can tightly adhere to the PDMS spherical shell without significant wrinkles. The responsivity and specific detectivity of our conformal photodetector can reach as high as 247.9 A/W and 6.16 × 1011 Jones, respectively. The array integrates 180 pixels on a spherical crown with a radius of 11 mm, and a hollow letter “T” is successfully recognized. Comprehensive experimental results in this work reveal the utility of our device for photoelectric detection and imaging. We believe that our work provides a new methodology for the exploitation of 2D material-based retinal image sensors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nanoelectronics, Nanosensors and Devices)
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22 pages, 6552 KiB  
Article
Citrate-Stabilized Amorphous Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticles as an Effective Adsorbent for Defluorination
by Ruojiao Su, Miaomiao Wang, Yuwei Jiang, Shuang Zhang and Junjun Tan
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(8), 621; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15080621 - 18 Apr 2025
Viewed by 131
Abstract
Amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP), one of the most important calcium–phosphorus compounds, is widely used in dentistry, orthopedics, and medicine, but is rarely reported for fluoride removal from water. In view of this, sodium citrate-stabilized amorphous calcium phosphate (Cit-ACP) and Cit-ACP calcinated at different [...] Read more.
Amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP), one of the most important calcium–phosphorus compounds, is widely used in dentistry, orthopedics, and medicine, but is rarely reported for fluoride removal from water. In view of this, sodium citrate-stabilized amorphous calcium phosphate (Cit-ACP) and Cit-ACP calcinated at different temperatures were successfully prepared for fluoride removal. The results showed that the adsorption data of the Cit-ACP sample could be well described by the Langmuir model, and the adsorption kinetic followed the pseudo-second-order model. The maximum adsorption capacity was 27.48 mg/g at pH 7.0 when the fluoride concentration is 100 mg/L. The thermodynamic parameters suggested that the adsorption of fluoride was a spontaneous endothermic process. The XRD, XPS, and Zeta potential analysis of the Cit-ACP sample before and after fluoride removal revealed that, owing to the core–shell structure of the Cit-ACP nanoparticles, the fluoride ions in solution and the calcium ions in shell layer of the Cit-ACP nanoparticles co-promoted the transformation of the core of the Cit-ACP nanoparticles into fluorapatite. Given the simplicity of its preparation and effectiveness of its fluoride removal properties, Cit-ACP would be a potentially economical, efficient, and biocompatible adsorbent for fluoride removal. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Nanoscience and Nanotechnology)
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17 pages, 4524 KiB  
Article
Resultant Incidence Angle: A Unique Criterion for Controlling the Inclined Columnar Nanostructure of Metallic Films
by Aurélien Besnard, Hamidreza Gerami, Marina Raschetti and Nicolas Martin
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(8), 620; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15080620 - 18 Apr 2025
Viewed by 172
Abstract
The original Glancing Angle Deposition (GLAD) technique was developed using the evaporation process, i.e., in high vacuum, with a nearly punctual source, and with the substrate aligned with the source axis. In this specific case, the substrate tilt angle can be assumed to [...] Read more.
The original Glancing Angle Deposition (GLAD) technique was developed using the evaporation process, i.e., in high vacuum, with a nearly punctual source, and with the substrate aligned with the source axis. In this specific case, the substrate tilt angle can be assumed to be equal to the impinging incidence angle of evaporated atoms. With the sputtering process, the deposition pressure is higher, sources are larger, and substrates are not intrinsically aligned with the source. As a result, deviations from the growth models applied for evaporation are reported, and the substrate tilt angle is no longer relevant for describing the impinging atomic flux. To control the inclined nanostructure of metallic films, a relevant description of the atomic flux is required, applicable across all deposition configurations. In this work, transport simulation is used to determine the resultant incidence angle, a unique criterion relevant to each specific deposition condition. The different representations of the flux are described and discussed, and some typical examples of the resultant angles are presented. Ten elements are investigated: three hcp transition metals (Ti, Zr, and Hf), six bcc transition metals (V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, and W), and one fcc post-transition metal (Al). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Innovations in Glancing Angle Deposition and Related Nanostructures)
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11 pages, 4665 KiB  
Article
High-Quality GaP(111) Grown by Gas-Source MBE for Photonic Crystals and Advanced Nonlinear Optical Applications
by Karine Hestroffer, Kelley Rivoire, Jelena Vučković and Fariba Hatami
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(8), 619; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15080619 - 18 Apr 2025
Viewed by 138
Abstract
The precise fabrication of semiconductor-based photonic crystals with tailored optical properties is critical for advancing photonic devices. GaP(111) is a material of particular interest due to its high refractive index, wide optical bandgap, and pronounced optical anisotropy, offering unique opportunities for photonic applications. [...] Read more.
The precise fabrication of semiconductor-based photonic crystals with tailored optical properties is critical for advancing photonic devices. GaP(111) is a material of particular interest due to its high refractive index, wide optical bandgap, and pronounced optical anisotropy, offering unique opportunities for photonic applications. Its near-lattice matching with silicon substrates further facilitates integration with existing silicon-based technologies. In this study, we present the growth of high-quality GaP(111) thin films using gas-source molecular-beam epitaxy (GSMBE), achieving atomically smooth terraces for the homo-epitaxy of GaP(111). We demonstrate the fabrication of photonic crystal cavities from GaP(111), employing AlGaP(111) as a sacrificial layer, and achieve a quality factor of 1200 for the cavity mode with resonance around 1500 nm. This work highlights the potential of GaP(111) for advanced photonic architectures, particularly in applications requiring strong light confinement and nonlinear optical processes, such as second-harmonic and sum-frequency generation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Light-Matter Interaction in Nano Systems: Fundamentals and Applications)
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18 pages, 9250 KiB  
Article
Defect-Engineered Z-Scheme Heterojunction of Fe-MOFs/Bi2WO6 for Solar-Driven CO2 Conversion: Synergistic Surface Catalysis and Interfacial Charge Dynamics
by Ting Liu, Yun Wu, Hao Wang, Jichang Lu and Yongming Luo
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(8), 618; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15080618 - 17 Apr 2025
Viewed by 270
Abstract
The urgent need for sustainable CO2 conversion technologies has driven the development of advanced photocatalysts that harness solar energy. This study employs a CTAB-assisted solvothermal method to fabricate a Z-scheme heterojunction Fe-MOFs/VO-Bi2WO6 (FM/VO-BWO) for photocatalytic [...] Read more.
The urgent need for sustainable CO2 conversion technologies has driven the development of advanced photocatalysts that harness solar energy. This study employs a CTAB-assisted solvothermal method to fabricate a Z-scheme heterojunction Fe-MOFs/VO-Bi2WO6 (FM/VO-BWO) for photocatalytic CO2 reduction. Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) was employed to confirm the existence of oxygen vacancies, while spherical aberration-corrected transmission electron microscope (STEM) characterization verified the successful construction of heterointerfaces. X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectra confirmed that the defect configuration and heterostructure changed the surface chemical valence state. The optimized 1.0FM/VO-BWO composite demonstrated exceptional photocatalytic performance, achieving CO and CH4 yields of 60.48 and 4.3 μmol/g, respectively, under visible-light 11.8- and 1.5-fold enhancements over pristine Bi2WO6. The enhanced performance is attributed to oxygen vacancy-induced active sites facilitating CO₂ adsorption/activation. In situ molecular spectroscopy confirmed the formation of critical CO2-derived intermediates (COOH* and CHO*) through surface interactions involving four-coordinated and two-coordinated hydrogen-bonded water molecules. Furthermore, the accelerated interfacial charge transfer efficiency mediated by the Z-scheme heterojunction has been conclusively demonstrated. This work establishes a paradigm for defect-mediated heterojunction design, offering a sustainable route for solar fuel production. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Applications of Metal-Organic Framework Based Materials and Related Porous Materials (2nd Edition))
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17 pages, 2896 KiB  
Article
Individual ZnO–Ag Hybrid Nanorods for Synergistic Fluorescence Enhancement Towards Highly Sensitive and Miniaturized Biodetection
by Marion Ryan C. Sytu and Jong-in Hahm
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(8), 617; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15080617 - 17 Apr 2025
Viewed by 249
Abstract
Hybrid nanostructures can be engineered to exhibit superior functionality beyond the level attainable from each of the constituent nanomaterials by synergistically integrating their unique properties. In this work, we designed individual hybrid nanorods (NRs) of ZnO–Ag in different heterojunction configurations where each hybrid [...] Read more.
Hybrid nanostructures can be engineered to exhibit superior functionality beyond the level attainable from each of the constituent nanomaterials by synergistically integrating their unique properties. In this work, we designed individual hybrid nanorods (NRs) of ZnO–Ag in different heterojunction configurations where each hybrid NR consists of a single ZnO NR forming a junction with a single Ag NR. We subsequently employed the ZnO–Ag hybrid NRs in the fluorescence detection of the model chemical and biological analytes, rhodamine 6G (R6G), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), that undergo simple as well as more complex immunoreaction steps on the hybrid NRs. We determine how parameters such as the analyte concentration, ZnO–Ag heterojunction configuration, and NR length can influence the fluorescence signals, enhancement factors (EFs), as well as changes in EFs (%EFs) at different positions on the hybrid NRs. We provide much needed insights into the fluorescence enhancement capability of single hybrid NR systems using a signal source located external to the NRs. Moreover, we identify key consideration factors that are critical to the design and optimization of a hybrid NR platform for achieving high signal enhancements. We show that higher EFs are consistently observed from the junction relative to other positions in a given hybrid NR, from the end–end relative to other heterojunction configurations, and from longer than shorter ZnO NRs. Our research efforts demonstrate that the synergistic interplay of the two component NRs of ZnO and Ag escalates the fluorescence detection capability of the ZnO–Ag hybrid NR. A superior enhancement level surpassing those attainable by each component NR alone can be obtained from the hybrid NR. Hence, our work further substantiates the potential utility of individual semiconductor-metal hybrid NRs for highly miniaturized and ultra-trace level detection, especially by leveraging the critical consideration factors to achieve a higher detection capability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanostructured Materials and Their Composites for Biosensing Applications (2nd Edition))
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14 pages, 32807 KiB  
Article
CO2 and SO2 Capture by Cryptophane-111 Porous Liquid: Insights from Molecular Dynamics Simulations and Computational Chemistry
by Pablo Collado, Manuel M. Piñeiro and Martín Pérez-Rodríguez
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(8), 616; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15080616 - 17 Apr 2025
Viewed by 275
Abstract
A computational study of the encapsulation of a gaseous mixture of CO2 and SO2 in a Type II porous liquid is performed under different conditions. The system is composed of cryptophane-111 molecules dispersed in dichloromethane, and it is described using classic [...] Read more.
A computational study of the encapsulation of a gaseous mixture of CO2 and SO2 in a Type II porous liquid is performed under different conditions. The system is composed of cryptophane-111 molecules dispersed in dichloromethane, and it is described using classic molecular dynamics at atomistic resolution. Gaseous CO2 tends to almost fully occupy cryptophane-111’s cavities during the first phases of simulation, and, afterwards, it is surpassed by SO2’s tendency for occupation. Calculations are performed at five different temperatures in the range of 273 K–310 K, finding a positive correlation between SO2 adsorption and temperature. An evaluation of the radial distribution function of SO2 and CO2 with respect to cryptophane-111 is employed to quantify the number of captured molecules, and an energy study using Density Functional Theory methods is also performed to evaluate the relative stability of the two gases inside the porous liquid. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Theory and Simulation of Nanostructures)
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14 pages, 7647 KiB  
Article
Encapsulation of Sulforaphane from Cruciferous Vegetables in mPEG-PLGA Nanoparticles Enhances Cadmium’s Inhibitory Effect on HepG2 Cells
by Ren Li and Yi Zhu
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(8), 615; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15080615 - 16 Apr 2025
Viewed by 223
Abstract
Sulforaphane (SFN) is a natural isothiocyanate compound with multiple bioactive effects, abundantly found in cruciferous vegetables. SFN and cadmium (Cd) were limited in their application as chemotherapeutic agents due to insufficient cellular uptake, low bioavailability, and high systemic toxicity, respectively. In this study, [...] Read more.
Sulforaphane (SFN) is a natural isothiocyanate compound with multiple bioactive effects, abundantly found in cruciferous vegetables. SFN and cadmium (Cd) were limited in their application as chemotherapeutic agents due to insufficient cellular uptake, low bioavailability, and high systemic toxicity, respectively. In this study, mPEG-PLGA nanoparticles were used as a carrier to load Cd-γ-PGA conjugates and SFN, enabling favorable drug release under acidic microenvironments with excellent pH responsiveness. The NP-Cd-SFN nanoparticles exhibited a particle size of 102.1 nm, a zeta potential of -14.48 mV, and a PDI value of 0.257. These characteristics contribute to the nanoparticles’ prolonged circulation in the bloodstream and their ability to passively target tumors. Compared to the single-dose groups and the combined Cd + SFN group, the NP-Cd-SFN group significantly reduced the viability of HepG2 cells and increased their apoptosis rate by inducing mitochondrial oxidative stress and promoting cell apoptosis. Overall, the addition of SFN and the encapsulation of mPEG-PLGA enhanced the therapeutic effects of Cd on HepG2 cells. Full article
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20 pages, 13042 KiB  
Article
Biomass Cellulose-Derived Carbon Aerogel Supported Magnetite-Copper Bimetallic Heterogeneous Fenton-like Catalyst Towards the Boosting Redox Cycle of ≡Fe(III)/≡Fe(II)
by Qiang Zhao, Jiawei Yang, Jiayi Xia, Gaotian Zhao, Yida Yang, Zongwei Zhang, Jing Li, Fang Wei and Weiguo Song
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(8), 614; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15080614 - 16 Apr 2025
Viewed by 226
Abstract
To degrade high-concentration and toxic organic effluents, we developed Fe-Cu active sites loaded on biomass-source carbon aerogel (CA) to produce a low-cost and high-efficiency magnetic Fenton-like catalyst for the catalytic oxidative decomposition of organic pollutants. It exhibits excellent performance in catalytic Fenton-like reactions [...] Read more.
To degrade high-concentration and toxic organic effluents, we developed Fe-Cu active sites loaded on biomass-source carbon aerogel (CA) to produce a low-cost and high-efficiency magnetic Fenton-like catalyst for the catalytic oxidative decomposition of organic pollutants. It exhibits excellent performance in catalytic Fenton-like reactions for RhB removal at an ultrahigh initial concentration of up to 1000 ppm. To be specific, Fe3O4 and Cu nanoparticles are generated in situ on a mesoporous CA support, denoted as an Fe3O4-Cu/CA catalyst. Experimentally, factors including initial dye concentration, catalyst dosage, H2O2 dosage, pH, and temperature, which significantly influence the oxidative degradation rate of RhB, are carefully studied. The RhB (1000 ppm) degradation ratio reaches 93.7% within 60 min under low catalyst and H2O2 dosage. The catalyst also shows slight metal leaching (almost 1.4% of total Fe and 4.0% of total Cu leached after a complete degradation of 25 μmol RhB under conditions of 15 mg catalyst dosage, 20 mL RhB solution (600 ppm), and 200 μL 30 wt% H2O2 dosage, at pH of 2.5, at 40 °C), good catalytic activity for degrading organic pollutants, excellent reusability, and good catalytic stability (the degradation ratio is nearly 82.95% in the 8th cycle reaction). The synergistic effect between Fe and Cu species plays a vital role in promoting the redox cycle of Fe(III)/Fe(II) and enhancing the generation of ·OH. It is suitable for ultrahigh-concentration organic pollutant degradation in practical wastewater treatment applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoporous Materials for Electrochemical Charge Transfer and Electrocatalysis)
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28 pages, 4534 KiB  
Review
Progress and Developments in the Fabrication and Characterization of Metal Halide Perovskites for Photovoltaic Applications
by Faouzia Tayari, Silvia Soreto Teixeira, Manuel Pedro F. Graca and Kais Iben Nassar
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(8), 613; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15080613 - 16 Apr 2025
Viewed by 372
Abstract
Metal halide perovskites have emerged as a groundbreaking material class for photovoltaic applications, owing to their exceptional optoelectronic properties, tunable bandgap, and cost-effective fabrication processes. This review offers a comprehensive analysis of recent advancements in synthesis, structural engineering, and characterization of metal halide [...] Read more.
Metal halide perovskites have emerged as a groundbreaking material class for photovoltaic applications, owing to their exceptional optoelectronic properties, tunable bandgap, and cost-effective fabrication processes. This review offers a comprehensive analysis of recent advancements in synthesis, structural engineering, and characterization of metal halide perovskites for efficient solar energy conversion. We explore a range of fabrication techniques, including solution processing, vapor deposition, and nanostructuring, emphasizing their impact on material stability, efficiency, and scalability. Additionally, we discuss key characterization methods, such as X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, impedance spectroscopy, and optical analysis, that provide insights into the structural, electrical, and optical properties of these materials. Despite significant progress, challenges related to long-term stability, degradation mechanisms, and environmental sustainability persist. This review delves into current strategies for enhancing the durability and performance of perovskite-based photovoltaics and highlights emerging trends in device integration and commercialization. Finally, we provide future perspectives on optimizing material design and overcoming existing limitations to guide continued research in this rapidly advancing field. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Solar Energy and Solar Cells)
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11 pages, 6888 KiB  
Communication
Facile Immunoassay Constructed by Gold Nanostar-Labeled Rabbit-AFP Antibody and Gold Nanoparticle-Conjugated Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG
by Kang Yang, Fang Yang, Xiaoling Lu, Hao Li, Zeng Yang, Qi Yin, Lin Zhang, You Long, Chao Shen, Liya Chen, Bo Yao and Chenghong Huang
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(8), 612; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15080612 - 16 Apr 2025
Viewed by 142
Abstract
Simple and accurate analysis of cancer-related biomarkers is very important for disease screening and auxiliary diagnosis. This study proposed a facile immunoassay that used gold nanostar-labeled rabbit anti-AFP as a capture antibody and gold nanoparticle-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG as an enhance antibody for [...] Read more.
Simple and accurate analysis of cancer-related biomarkers is very important for disease screening and auxiliary diagnosis. This study proposed a facile immunoassay that used gold nanostar-labeled rabbit anti-AFP as a capture antibody and gold nanoparticle-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG as an enhance antibody for the construction of a detection strategy for AFP analysis. Investigations indicated that the 50 nm diameter GNS-labeled capture antibody can specifically catch AFPs by direct detection profile or by further signal amplification through AuNP-tagged enhance antibody combination. Results showed that the developed method holds 8.6 ng/mL sensitivity, 20.0–110.0 ng/mL detection range, acceptable precision and fine accuracy, as well as favorable specificity. Results of application to real serum determination by the proposed method are highly related to those of the ECLIA method (correlation coefficient is 0.931). The proposed method has simple-operation merit and is very suitable for clinical screening of large-scale serum samples of cancers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials for Bioelectronics and Energy Harvesting)
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20 pages, 5154 KiB  
Article
Impact of Dry Chemical-Free Mechanical Pressing on Deagglomeration of Submicron-Sized Boron Carbide Particles
by Mahmoud Elkady and Timo Sörgel
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(8), 611; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15080611 - 16 Apr 2025
Viewed by 306
Abstract
Submicron particles are widely used in industrial applications due to their unique physical and mechanical properties that enhance the performance of composite materials. In particular, boron carbide particles are valued for their exceptional hardness and high wear resistance and are especially valuable in [...] Read more.
Submicron particles are widely used in industrial applications due to their unique physical and mechanical properties that enhance the performance of composite materials. In particular, boron carbide particles are valued for their exceptional hardness and high wear resistance and are especially valuable in protective coatings and aerospace applications. However, these particles can agglomerate, significantly impairing their effectiveness. When this occurs during the development of composite materials, physical and mechanical properties are negatively affected. In this paper, a chemical-free method using a non-destructive, open-system dry mechanical deagglomeration technique is developed, leaving the primary particles unaltered, while breaking up strong adhesions between primary particles resulting from the manufacturing process. This method was tested for the deagglomeration of as-received boron carbide submicron particles, with an average primary particle diameter of d50 = 300 nm, and its effect on particle size distribution is presented. Furthermore, X-ray diffraction and true density measurements were carried out on the raw powder. Submicron particles in the dry and as-received state were poured into an experimental mold without a dispersing agent or a protective atmosphere. Static pressure was applied up to 141 MPa to produce tablets at room temperature, finding that 70 MPa yielded the best results in terms of homogeneity, dispersibility, and reproducibility. In order to break apart the densified pressed tablets, ultrasonication was applied before running particle size measurements in the wet dispersed state. Using a tri-laser diffraction light scattering technique, it was determined that particle size distribution followed a Gaussian curve, indicating that this method is suitable to regain the primary submicron particles with uniform properties. It is also shown that applying ultrasound on the as-received powder alone failed to cause the complete deagglomeration of strongly adhering primary particles. These findings suggest that there is no significant wear on the primary particles and no alteration of their surface chemistry, due to the lack of any chemically supported mechanisms such as the alteration of surface charge or the adsorption of surfactants. Furthermore, as the static pressure exerts an immediate impact on all particles in the mold, there is a clear economical advantage in terms of a shorter processing time over other deagglomeration methods such as high shear mixing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Synthesis, Interfaces and Nanostructures)
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17 pages, 540 KiB  
Article
Linear Stability of a Viscoelastic Liquid Film on an Oscillating Plane
by Jing Zhang, Quansheng Liu, Ruigang Zhang and Zhaodong Ding
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(8), 610; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15080610 - 16 Apr 2025
Viewed by 188
Abstract
This paper investigates the linear stability of the liquid film of Oldroyd-B fluid on an oscillating plate. The time-dependent Orr–Sommerfeld boundary-value problem is formulated through the assumption of a normal modal solution and the introduction of the stream function, which is further transformed [...] Read more.
This paper investigates the linear stability of the liquid film of Oldroyd-B fluid on an oscillating plate. The time-dependent Orr–Sommerfeld boundary-value problem is formulated through the assumption of a normal modal solution and the introduction of the stream function, which is further transformed into the Floquet system. A long-wavelength expansion analysis is performed to derive the analytical solution of the Orr–Sommerfeld equation. The results indicate that long-wave instability occurs only within specific bandwidths related to the Ohnesorge number (Oh). Fixing the elasticity parameter (El) and increasing the relaxation-to-delay time ratio (λ˜) from 2 to 4 or fixing (λ˜) and increasing (El) from 0.001 to 0.01 decreases the number of unstable bandwidths while enhancing the intensity of unstable modes. Increasing the surface-tension-related parameter (ζ∗) from 0 to 100 suppresses the wave growth rate, stabilizing the system. Additionally, increasing (λ˜) from 2 to 4 reduces the maximum values of the coupling of viscoelastic, gravitational, and surface-tension forces, as well as the maximum value of the Floquet exponent, further stabilizing the system. These findings provide supplements to the theoretical research on the stability of viscoelastic fluids and also offer a scientific basis for engineering applications in multiple fields. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends and Prospects in Nanoscale Thin Films and Coatings)
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33 pages, 9407 KiB  
Review
Hydrothermal ZnO Nanomaterials: Tailored Properties and Infinite Possibilities
by Muhammad Zamir Hossain, S. M. Abu Nayem, Md. Shah Alam, Md. Imran Islam, Gimyeong Seong and Al-Nakib Chowdhury
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(8), 609; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15080609 - 15 Apr 2025
Viewed by 925
Abstract
This review presents a comprehensive and precise summary of the hydrothermal synthesis and morphology control of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanomaterials, the advantages of hydrothermal synthesis, and the wide range of applications. ZnO nanomaterials have garnered significant attention in recent years for their diverse [...] Read more.
This review presents a comprehensive and precise summary of the hydrothermal synthesis and morphology control of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanomaterials, the advantages of hydrothermal synthesis, and the wide range of applications. ZnO nanomaterials have garnered significant attention in recent years for their diverse applications across various industries owing to their unique properties and versatility, with practical applications in healthcare, cosmetics, textiles, automotive, and other sectors. Specifically, the ability of ZnO-based nanomaterials to promote the production of reactive oxygen species, release of Zn2+ ions, and induce cell apoptosis makes them well-suited for bio-medicinal applications such as cancer treatment and microorganism control. Hydrothermal technique offers precise control over the synthesis of ZnO, metal/non-metal-doped ZnO, and related composites, enabling the tailoring of properties for specific applications. The significant feature of the hydrothermal technique is the use of water as a solvent, which is cheap, available, and environmentally benign. In the last section, we discussed the potential future direction of ZnO-based research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrothermal Synthesis of Nanoparticles: 2nd Edition)
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11 pages, 4694 KiB  
Article
Plasmon-Enhanced Photo-Luminescence Emission in Hybrid Metal–Perovskite Nanowires
by Tintu Kuriakose, Hao Sha, Qingyu Wang, Gokhan Topcu, Xavier Romain, Shengfu Yang and Robert A. Taylor
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(8), 608; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15080608 - 15 Apr 2025
Viewed by 293
Abstract
Semiconductor photonic nanowires are critical components for nanoscale light manipulation in integrated photonic and electronic devices. Optimizing their optical performance requires enhanced photon conversion efficiency, for which a promising solution is to combine semiconductors with noble metals, using the surface plasmon resonance of [...] Read more.
Semiconductor photonic nanowires are critical components for nanoscale light manipulation in integrated photonic and electronic devices. Optimizing their optical performance requires enhanced photon conversion efficiency, for which a promising solution is to combine semiconductors with noble metals, using the surface plasmon resonance of noble metals to enhance the photon absorption efficiency. Here, we report plasmon-enhanced light emission in a hybrid nanowire device composed of perovskite semiconductor nanowires and silver nanoparticles formed using superfluid helium droplets. A cesium lead halide perovskite-based four-layer structure (CsPbBr3/PMMA/Ag/Si) effectively reduces the metal’s plasmonic losses while ensuring efficient surface plasmon–photon coupling at moderate power. Microphotoluminescence and time-resolved spectroscopy techniques are used to investigate the optical properties and emission dynamics of carriers and excitons within the hybrid device. Our results demonstrate an intensity enhancement factor of 29 compared with pure semiconductor structures at 4 K, along with enhanced carrier recombination dynamics due to plasmonic interactions between silver nanoparticles and perovskite nanowires. This work advances existing approaches for exciting photonic nanowires at low photon densities, with potential applications in optimizing single-photon excitations and emissions for quantum information processing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Halide Perovskite Nanomaterials)
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11 pages, 2996 KiB  
Review
Recent Developments in Automated Reactors for Plasmonic Nanoparticles
by Shan He, Tong Luo, Xiao’e Chen, David James Young and Matt Jellicoe
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(8), 607; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15080607 - 15 Apr 2025
Viewed by 283
Abstract
Automated reactors are transforming nanomaterial synthesis by enabling precise, multistep control over morphology and reaction pathways. This review discusses recent advancements in robotic batch and continuous-flow platforms, highlighting their role in expanding chemical space exploration and adaptive manufacturing. Despite progress, challenges remain in [...] Read more.
Automated reactors are transforming nanomaterial synthesis by enabling precise, multistep control over morphology and reaction pathways. This review discusses recent advancements in robotic batch and continuous-flow platforms, highlighting their role in expanding chemical space exploration and adaptive manufacturing. Despite progress, challenges remain in integrating automation for complex, multistep syntheses due to the intricate interplay of chemical and physical processes. Emerging process analytical technologies and advanced control software are enhancing real-time monitoring, adaptive feedback loops, and self-optimizing synthesis strategies. We categorize these developments, emphasizing their impact on plasmonic nanomaterial fabrication and outlining future directions for autonomous synthesis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Inorganic Materials and Metal-Organic Frameworks)
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20 pages, 5035 KiB  
Article
Magnetic, Electronic Structure and Micromagnetic Properties of Ferrimagnetic DyCo3 as a Platform for Ferrimagnetic Skyrmions
by Radu George Hategan, Andrei Aldea, Razvan Dan Miclea, Razvan Hirian, Ioan Botiz, Roxana Dudric, Lokesh Rasabathina, Olav Hellwig, Georgeta Salvan, Dietrich R. T. Zahn, Romulus Tetean and Coriolan Tiusan
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(8), 606; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15080606 - 15 Apr 2025
Viewed by 283
Abstract
We demonstrate tunable ferrimagnetic properties in both bulk and thin film ferrimagnetic DyCo3 compatible with the hosting of topological magnetic chiral textures, namely skyrmions suitable for integration into spintronic applications with classic, neuromorphic and quantum functionalities. The bulk samples were prepared by [...] Read more.
We demonstrate tunable ferrimagnetic properties in both bulk and thin film ferrimagnetic DyCo3 compatible with the hosting of topological magnetic chiral textures, namely skyrmions suitable for integration into spintronic applications with classic, neuromorphic and quantum functionalities. The bulk samples were prepared by arc-melting of stoichiometric mixtures under purified argon atmosphere and the thin films by Ultra-High-Vacuum magnetron sputtering from a stoichiometric target. Magnetometry allows us to extract the main magnetic properties of bulk and thin films: the saturation magnetization, the magnetic anisotropy and their variation with temperature. These results are successfully complemented by band structure ab initio DFT calculations. Based on the critical magnetic parameters extracted from experiments, we performed micromagnetic simulations that reveal the skyrmionic potential of our samples in both continuous thin film and nano-patterned architectures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoscale Spintronics and Magnetism: From Fundamentals to Devices)
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9 pages, 4438 KiB  
Article
Nonlinear Optical Response of Tungsten Carbide Thin Film as Saturable Absorber at 1 μm and Its Application for Passively Q-Switched Nd:YAG Lasers
by Zhonglin Zhang, Liang Xie, Zhengwu Liu, Xu Wang, Jiang Wang, Guodong Zhang, Xinwei Zhang, Zongcheng Miao and Guanghua Cheng
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(8), 605; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15080605 - 15 Apr 2025
Viewed by 192
Abstract
Pulsed lasers have a wide range of applications in scientific and industrial fields, and the saturable absorber (SA) is the core device of pulsed lasers. Tungsten carbide (WC) has garnered significant attention due to its exceptional physicochemical properties, making it a promising candidate [...] Read more.
Pulsed lasers have a wide range of applications in scientific and industrial fields, and the saturable absorber (SA) is the core device of pulsed lasers. Tungsten carbide (WC) has garnered significant attention due to its exceptional physicochemical properties, making it a promising candidate for optoelectronic applications, particularly as an SA in pulse lasers. This study is the first to report the nonlinear optical properties of WC thin film at a 1064 nm wavelength and its use as an SA device to generate pulsed lasers. A high damage threshold of 472.4 mJ/cm2 was achieved, which is a critical parameter for high-power laser applications. The constructed laser demonstrated pulsed output with a central wavelength of 1064.12 nm, an average output power of 185 mW, and a narrow pulse width of 684 ns. Our research has provided a strong candidate for the development of future economically stable high-power laser systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nanophotonics Materials and Devices)
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