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Vaccines, Volume 13, Issue 8

August 2025 - 112 articles

Cover Story: Vaccines are a cost-effective and effective strategy to control infectious diseases, benefitting overall public health. In humans, vaccines are almost exclusively administered parenterally, namely intramuscularly and subcutaneously. This elicits strong systemic immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody response, but generally poor immunity at other mucosal sites, which typically utilize immunoglobulin A (IgA). In this paper, we investigated systemic and mucosal IgG and IgA responses to bacteriophage virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines administered via intramuscular, intranasal, and periocular routes, with various prime-boost strategies, performed in both systemic and mucosal contexts. This work holds promise for expanding the utility of bacteriophage VLP vaccines by highlighting possible methods for vaccine candidate optimization. View this paper
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Vaccines - ISSN 2076-393X