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Antioxidants
Volume 14
Issue 10
10.3390/antiox14101234
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent (NaDES) Extraction, HPLC-DAD Analysis, and Antioxidant Activity of Chilean Ugni molinae Turcz. Fruits

by
Javier Antileo-Laurie
1,
Verónica Olate-Olave
2,
Valentina Fehrmann-Riquelme
3,
Camila Anabalón-Alvarez
3,
Luis Cid-Carrillo
3,
Javier Campanini-Salinas
4,
Carlos Fernández-Galleguillos
5,* and
Luisa Quesada-Romero
3,*
1
Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad San Sebastián, General Lagos 1163, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
2
Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunohematología, Universidad de Talca, Avenida Lircay s/n, Talca 3460000, Chile
3
School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Rehabilitation and Quality of Life Sciences, Universidad San Sebastían, General Lagos 1163, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
4
Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad San Sebastián, Lago Panguipulli 1390, Puerto Montt 5501842, Chile
5
Departamento Biomédico, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta 1270300, Chile
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Antioxidants 2025, 14(10), 1234; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14101234 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 4 September 2025 / Revised: 8 October 2025 / Accepted: 13 October 2025 / Published: 14 October 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant Research in Chile—2nd Edition)
Versions Notes

Abstract

The demand for sustainable methods to extract bioactive compounds from native fruits is increasing. We evaluated the potential of natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDES) combined with ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) to recover phenolic compounds from Ugni molinae Turcz. (murta), a Chilean fruit with recognized ethnopharmacological and antioxidant value. Seven choline chloride-based NaDESs (M1-M7) were assessed and compared with conventional methanol: formic acid extraction (M8). The choline chloride: 1,2-propanediol system (1:2, M2) achieved the highest recovery of total phenolics (64.87 mg GAE/g) and flavonoids (35.38 mg QE/g), together with strong antioxidant activity (DPPH IC50: 1.05 µg/mL; ORAC: 40,291 µmol TE/g). When comparing the different NaDES formulations (M1–M8), M8 displayed superior FRAP and ORAC values, although its phenolic and flavonoid yields were lower, reflecting differences in solvent selectivity. HPLC-DAD analysis further revealed that NaDES, particularly M5 (choline chloride: oxalic acid, 1:1), favored the extraction of flavonoid and anthocyanin-type compounds. Multivariate and PCA analyses showed distinct chemical profiles in NaDES extracts, forming two clusters apart from M8. Pearson correlation analysis linked antioxidant capacity with major flavonoids. Overall, NaDES combined with UAE represents an efficient, green strategy for selectively recovering bioactives, supporting applications in foods, nutraceuticals, and health products from Chilean native fruits.
Keywords: polyphenols; murta; Ugni molinae; edible native fruits; antioxidant activity; NaDES; HPLC-DAD polyphenols; murta; Ugni molinae; edible native fruits; antioxidant activity; NaDES; HPLC-DAD

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MDPI and ACS Style

Antileo-Laurie, J.; Olate-Olave, V.; Fehrmann-Riquelme, V.; Anabalón-Alvarez, C.; Cid-Carrillo, L.; Campanini-Salinas, J.; Fernández-Galleguillos, C.; Quesada-Romero, L. Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent (NaDES) Extraction, HPLC-DAD Analysis, and Antioxidant Activity of Chilean Ugni molinae Turcz. Fruits. Antioxidants 2025, 14, 1234. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14101234

AMA Style

Antileo-Laurie J, Olate-Olave V, Fehrmann-Riquelme V, Anabalón-Alvarez C, Cid-Carrillo L, Campanini-Salinas J, Fernández-Galleguillos C, Quesada-Romero L. Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent (NaDES) Extraction, HPLC-DAD Analysis, and Antioxidant Activity of Chilean Ugni molinae Turcz. Fruits. Antioxidants. 2025; 14(10):1234. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14101234

Chicago/Turabian Style

Antileo-Laurie, Javier, Verónica Olate-Olave, Valentina Fehrmann-Riquelme, Camila Anabalón-Alvarez, Luis Cid-Carrillo, Javier Campanini-Salinas, Carlos Fernández-Galleguillos, and Luisa Quesada-Romero. 2025. "Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent (NaDES) Extraction, HPLC-DAD Analysis, and Antioxidant Activity of Chilean Ugni molinae Turcz. Fruits" Antioxidants 14, no. 10: 1234. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14101234

APA Style

Antileo-Laurie, J., Olate-Olave, V., Fehrmann-Riquelme, V., Anabalón-Alvarez, C., Cid-Carrillo, L., Campanini-Salinas, J., Fernández-Galleguillos, C., & Quesada-Romero, L. (2025). Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent (NaDES) Extraction, HPLC-DAD Analysis, and Antioxidant Activity of Chilean Ugni molinae Turcz. Fruits. Antioxidants, 14(10), 1234. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14101234

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