Brain Sciences, Volume 13, Issue 2

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder, where differences are often present relating to the performance of motor skills. Our previous work elucidated unique event-related potential patterns of neural activity...

Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) antibody-related encephalitis is an autoimmune disease associated with intracellular neuronal antigens. We report on a rare case of GAD antibody-associated encephalitis complicated with focal segmental stiffness-pers...

Cardiovascular disease (CVD), including heart disease and stroke, continues to be the leading cause of death worldwide. Patients with mental health disorders, including schizophrenia (SCZ) are known to have an increased risk for CVD. Given the associ...

Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) and Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) are closely associated with Tau proteins accumulation. In this study, we aimed to implement radiomics analysis to discover high-order features from pathological biomarker and improve...

Background: As essential techniques, intraoperative indocyanine green video angiography (ICG-VA) and FLOW 800 have been widely used in microsurgery for arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). In the present report, we introduced a supplementary technical...

Language influences how we process information from multiple domains. Thus, working in first (L1) or second language (L2) can modulate bilinguals’ performance on basic activities, such as visual search, decision-making, or reading. However, few...

(1) Background: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood biomarkers are emerging tools used to obtain information on secondary brain damage and to improve diagnostic and prognostic accuracy for patients with prolonged post-traumatic disorders of conscious...

Background: Brainstem tumors are rare and extremely heterogeneous and present significant challenges in surgical treatment. Thus, biopsies often set the foundation for the diagnosis of brainstem tumors. Multimodal, image-guided, robot-assisted framel...

Objective: To investigate the association between income and post-stroke cognition at 3 months, and the underlying neuroanatomical mechanism. Methods: Patients with first-ever ischemic stroke were enrolled and analyzed. Baseline information on income...

Pseudotumor cerebri (PTC) in children is a rare condition whose underlying cause remains largely unknown. No study has yet systematically examined viral infection as a cause of PTC. The current study aimed to characterize PTC in children and investig...

This study examined the prevalence of illegal drug use in UK students and motivators behind such behavior. Additionally, we explored possible relationships between substance use, psychosocial motivators, and psychiatric distress. A group (n = 543) of...

‘Jumping to Conclusions’, or hasty decision making, is widely studied within clinical and computational psychology. It is typically investigated using the ‘beads task’, a sequential information sampling paradigm, and defining...

Vocal identity processing depends on the ability to tell apart two instances of different speakers whilst also being able to tell together two instances of the same speaker. Whilst previous research has examined these voice processing capabilities un...

Objectives: Pregnancy is often associated with reduced sleep quality and an increase in sleep disorders, such as restless leg syndrome, obstructive sleep apnea, and insomnia. There are few studies investigating the prevalence of parasomnias in pregna...

We propose a hyperscanning research design, where electroencephalographic (EEG) data were collected on an instructor and teams of learners. We compared neurophysiological measures within the frequency domain (delta, theta, alpha, and beta EEG bands)...

COVID-19 remains a significant clinical issue worldwide, with frequent neurological manifestations. In this study, the authors combine data obtained from the patient’s medical history, physical examinations, and additional test results in the p...

Understanding how the human brain recognizes faces is a primary scientific goal in cognitive neuroscience. Given the limitations of the monkey model of human face recognition, a key approach in this endeavor is the recording of electrophysiological a...

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with dysfunctional self-reported interoception (i.e., abnormal perception of the body’s physiological state) and systemic inflammation, both of which adversely affect treatment response. In this stu...

Functional paralysis (FP) or limb weakness is a common presentation of functional movement disorders (FMD), accounting for 18.1% of the clinical manifestations of FMD. The pathophysiology of FP is not known, but imaging studies have identified change...

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common malignant primary brain tumor in adults. Despite multimodal therapy, median survival is poor at 12–15 months. At the molecular level, radio-/chemoresistance and resulting tumor progression are at...

This study referred to the standard of electroencephalography (EEG) collection of normative databases and collected the Taiwan normative database to examine the reliability and validation of the Taiwan EEG normative database. We included 260 healthy...

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has emerged as an invasive neuromodulation technique for the treatment of several neurological disorders, but the mechanisms underlying its effects remain partially elusive. In this context, the application of Transcrania...

Purpose: Brain tumors are diagnosed and classified manually and noninvasively by radiologists using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) data. The risk of misdiagnosis may exist due to human factors such as lack of time, fatigue, and relatively low exper...

Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, we demonstrated the efficacy of a novel Cognitive Behavioural Therapy programme for the treatment of Non-Rapid Eye Movement Parasomnias (CBT-NREMP) in reducing NREM parasomnia events, insomnia and associated mood sever...

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder that can be associated with intellectual disability (ID) and epilepsy (E). The etiology and the pathogenesis of this disorder is in most cases still to be clarified. Several stud...

Background: Children with obesity have a higher risk of future health and psychological problems. Executive functions (EFs) play a key role in successful dietetic and exercise planning; therefore, new treatments aimed at improving EFs may optimize ou...

Data linking heart rate variability (HRV) and cognitive status remains controversial and scarce, particularly in cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) patients. Whether the association between HRV and cognitive performance exists in CSVD patients is u...

Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a significant consequence that is becoming more common in COVID-19 patients. The current study sought to determine the prevalence and risk factors for PE in a study population of COVID-19 patients, as well as the relationsh...

In certain circumstances, speech and language therapy is proposed in telepractice as a practical alternative to in-person services. However, little is known about the minimum quality requirements of recordings in the teleassessment of motor speech di...

Anhedonia, a central depression symptom, is associated with impairments in reward processing. However, it is not well understood which sub-components of reward processing (anticipation, motivation, consummation, and learning) are impaired in associat...

In the rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) paradigm, sound affects participants’ recognition of targets. Although many studies have shown that sound improves cross-modal processing, researchers have not yet explored the effects of sound sem...

Cortical visual system dysfunction is closely related to the progression of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), while retinal vascular structures play an important role in the integrity of the function of the visual network and are a potential biomarker of AD....

Stroke is one of the primary causes of motor disorders, which can seriously affect the patient’s quality of life. However, the assessment of the upper limb affected by stroke is commonly based on scales, and the characteristics of brain reorgan...

Developmental prosopagnosia (DP) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by face recognition problems. Psychometrically sound self-report measures of face recognition problems are important tools in classification of DP. A widely used measure...

In recent studies with the masked priming lexical decision task, matched-case identity-priming effects occur for nonwords but not for words (e.g., nonwords: ERTAR-ERTAR faster than ertar-ERTAR; words: ALTAR-ALTAR produces similar response times as al...

Multidomain interventions based on bio-/neurofeedback have proven useful in improving executive functions. The present study aimed to explore the potential efficacy and feasibility of an intervention that combined Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback (...

The pathological mechanisms of neural tube defects (NTDs) are not yet fully understood. Although the dysregulation of histone modification in NTDs is recognized, it remains to be fully elucidated on a genome-wide level. We profiled genome-wide H3K27m...

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a complex psychiatric disorder that, presented alone or with other comorbidities, requires different adjustments of antidepressant treatments. Some investigations have demonstrated that psychoactive drugs, such as s...

“Advances in Autism Research: Series II” is a continuation of the important Special Issue (SI) published in 2020 that collected 50 articles [...]

Previous clinical and basic studies have shown that migraine is associated with cognitive impairment, anxiety, and depression. It severely affects the quality of life. In this study, C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into four groups: IS group, IS+M...

Intraoperative electrocochleography (ECOG) is performed using a single low-frequency acoustic stimulus (e.g., 500 Hz) to monitor cochlear microphonics (CM) during cochlear implant (CI) electrode insertion. A decrease in CM amplitude is commonly assoc...

Transplantation of immature dopaminergic neurons or neural precursors derived from embryonic stem cells (ESCs) into the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) is a potential therapeutic approach for functional restitution of the nigrostriatal pathway...

Developmental dyslexia can be viewed as the result of the effects of single deficits or multiple deficits. This study presents a test of the applicability of a multifactor-interactive model (MFi-M) with a preliminary set of five variables correspondi...

Few data about the electroencephalogram and its calculated indices, such as the bispectral index (BIS), have been reported in rabbits. We aimed to evaluate whether a clinically stable anesthesia was mirrored by consistent and stable BIS values and to...

Brain tumor-related epilepsy (BTRE) is a common comorbidity in patients with brain neoplasms and it may be either the first symptom or develop after the tumor diagnosis. Increasing evidence suggests that brain tumors and BTRE share common pathophysio...

Background: There is a growing liberalization of cannabis-based preparations for medical and recreational use. In multiple instances, anxiety and depression are cited as either a primary or a secondary reason for the use of cannabinoids. Aim: The pur...

Genetic generalized epilepsies (GGEs) are thought to represent disorders of thalamocortical networks. There are currently no well-established non-pharmacologic treatment options for patients with drug-resistant GGE. NeuroPace’s Responsive Neuro...

Despite the overlapping neural circuits underlying natural and drug rewards, several studies have suggested different behavioral and neurochemical mechanisms in response to drug vs. natural rewards. The strong link between hippocampal theta oscillati...

Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), or concussion, can lead to persistent cognitive and functional symptoms that impede quality of life to a varying extent. This condition is referred to as post-concussive syndrome (PCS). Sleep disturbances are part...

Background: Reaction time is an important measure of sensorimotor performance and coordination and has been shown to improve with training. Various training methods have been employed in the past to improve reaction time. Tactile imagery (TI) is a me...