Applied Sciences

10 pages, 3922 KB

Open AccessArticle

Aerodynamic Characteristics of a Micro Multi-Rotor Aircraft with 12 Rotors Considering the Horizontal Wind Disturbance

by Yao Lei, Wenjie Yang and Hengda Wang

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(20), 7387; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10207387 - 21 Oct 2020

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3359

Wind disturbance posed difficulties for the stability of the micro air vehicles (MAVs) with attitude variation. In this paper, the aerodynamic performance of a MAV with six coaxial rotor pairs considering the horizontal wind is investigated by both experiments and numerical simulations. First, [...] Read more.

Wind disturbance posed difficulties for the stability of the micro air vehicles (MAVs) with attitude variation. In this paper, the aerodynamic performance of a MAV with six coaxial rotor pairs considering the horizontal wind is investigated by both experiments and numerical simulations. First, the effect of the horizontal wind on the multi-rotor aircraft is analyzed in detail. Then, low-speed wind tunnel tests were performed to obtain the thrust and power consumption and the aerodynamic performance of the multi-rotor aircraft (l/D = 1.2 and h/D = 0.19) with the rotational speed of 1500–2300 r/min in the horizontal wind ranged from 0 to 5 m/s. Finally, the distribution of streamline, the pressure of the blade tip, and the velocity and the vortices in the flow field of a multi-rotor aircraft with horizontal wind disturbance, were simulated and studied using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. Through the comparison of experimental results and simulation results, it can be seen that the horizontal wind disturbance will increase power consumption to weaken the aerodynamic performance at higher rotor speeds. However, larger thrust and better hover performance are obtained at lower rotational speeds with good wind resistance. Additionally, due to the mutual induction between rotor wakes, the interactions of downwash flows become more intense at higher rotational speeds or larger wind speeds where the vortexes at the blade tip deformed and moved along with the wind. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Robotics, Control and Automations)

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12 pages, 4715 KB

Open AccessReview

The Design Development of the Sliding Table Saw Towards Improving Its Dynamic Properties

by Kazimierz A. Orlowski, Przemyslaw Dudek, Daniel Chuchala, Wojciech Blacharski and Tomasz Przybylinski

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(20), 7386; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10207386 - 21 Oct 2020

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 7640

Abstract

Cutting wood with circular saws is a popular machining operation in the woodworking and furniture industries. In the latter sliding table saws (panel saws) are commonly used for cutting of medium density fiberboards (MDF), high density fiberboards (HDF), laminate veneer lumber (LVL), plywood [...] Read more.

Cutting wood with circular saws is a popular machining operation in the woodworking and furniture industries. In the latter sliding table saws (panel saws) are commonly used for cutting of medium density fiberboards (MDF), high density fiberboards (HDF), laminate veneer lumber (LVL), plywood and chipboards of different structures. The most demanded requirements for machine tools are accuracy and precision, which mainly depend on the static deformation and dynamic behavior of the machine tool under variable cutting forces. The aim of this study is to present a new holistic approach in the process of changing the sliding table saw design solutions in order to obtain a better machine tool that can compete in the contemporary machine tool market. This study presents design variants of saw spindles, the changes that increase the critical speeds of spindles, the measurement results of the dynamic properties of the main drive system, as well as the development of the machine body structure. It was proved that the use of only rational imitation in the spindle design on the basis of the other sliding table saws produced does not lead to the expected effect in the form of correct spindle operation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Wood Composites)

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24 pages, 3054 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Preprocessing Strategy for Denoising of Speech Data Based on Speech Segment Detection

by Seung-Jun Lee and Hyuk-Yoon Kwon

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(20), 7385; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10207385 - 21 Oct 2020

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 6685

Abstract

In this paper, we propose a preprocessing strategy for denoising of speech data based on speech segment detection. A design of computationally efficient speech denoising is necessary to develop a scalable method for large-scale data sets. Furthermore, it becomes more important as the [...] Read more.

In this paper, we propose a preprocessing strategy for denoising of speech data based on speech segment detection. A design of computationally efficient speech denoising is necessary to develop a scalable method for large-scale data sets. Furthermore, it becomes more important as the deep learning-based methods have been developed because they require significant costs while showing high performance in general. The basic idea of the proposed method is using the speech segment detection so as to exclude non-speech segments before denoising. The speech segmentation detection can exclude non-speech segments with a negligible cost, which will be removed in denoising process with a much higher cost, while maintaining the accuracy of denoising. First, we devise a framework to choose the best preprocessing method for denoising based on the speech segment detection for a target environment. For this, we speculate the environments for denoising using different levels of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and multiple evaluation metrics. The framework finds the best speech segment detection method tailored to a target environment according to the performance evaluation of speech segment detection methods. Next, we investigate the accuracy of the speech segment detection methods extensively. We conduct the performance evaluation of five speech segment detection methods with different levels of SNRs and evaluation metrics. Especially, we show that we can adjust the accuracy between the precision and recall of each method by controlling a parameter. Finally, we incorporate the best speech segment detection method for a target environment into a denoising process. Through extensive experiments, we show that the accuracy of the proposed scheme is comparable to or even better than that of Wavenet-based denoising, which is one of recent advanced denoising methods based on deep neural networks, in terms of multiple evaluation metrics of denoising, i.e., SNR, STOI, and PESQ, while it can reduce the denoising time of the Wavenet-based denoising by approximately 40–50% according to the used speech segment detection method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Speech and Acoustic Signal Processing)

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32 pages, 7866 KB

Open AccessReview

Micro-LED as a Promising Candidate for High-Speed Visible Light Communication

by Konthoujam James Singh, Yu-Ming Huang, Tanveer Ahmed, An-Chen Liu, Sung-Wen Huang Chen, Fang-Jyun Liou, Tingzhu Wu, Chien-Chung Lin, Chi-Wai Chow, Gong-Ru Lin and Hao-Chung Kuo

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(20), 7384; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10207384 - 21 Oct 2020

Cited by 131 | Viewed by 15218

Abstract

Visible Light Communication (VLC) technology is an emerging technology using visible light modulation that, in the modern world, will mainly facilitate high-speed internet connectivity. VLC provides tremendous advantages compared to conventional radio frequency, such as a higher transmission rate, high bandwidth, low-power consumption, [...] Read more.

Visible Light Communication (VLC) technology is an emerging technology using visible light modulation that, in the modern world, will mainly facilitate high-speed internet connectivity. VLC provides tremendous advantages compared to conventional radio frequency, such as a higher transmission rate, high bandwidth, low-power consumption, no health hazards, less interference, etc., which make it more prominent in recent days. Due to their outstanding features, including low cost, low power consumption, etc., µ-light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have gained considerable attention for VLC implementation, but mostly for the ability to be used for lighting as well as communications. In this review paper, we will focus mainly on recent developments in VLC applications and various factors affecting the modulation bandwidth of VLC devices. Numerous factors, such as quantum confined stark effect (QCSE), carrier lifetime, carrier recombination time, crystal orientation, etc. affect the modulation bandwidth of LEDs, and more information will be discussed in the following sections. This paper will focus on VLC applications based on LEDs but mainly on semipolar μ-LEDs and μ-LED-based arrays with high bandwidths. Another important application of VLC is underwater optical wireless communication (UOWC), which has drawn a huge interest in marine exploration and underwater connectivity, but still faces some challenges because visible light is being used. In addition, this paper will focus on how the current VLC system modulation bandwidth can be enhanced. Many methods have been introduced, such as decreasing the active layer thickness or effective active area or using doping, but the bandwidth is restricted by the recombination time when the system configuration reaches its limit. Therefore, it is important to find alternative ways such as optimizing the system, using the blue filter or using the equalization technology, which will be addressed later. Overall, this review paper provides a brief overview of the VLC-based system performance and some of its potential prospects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Optics and Lasers)

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19 pages, 12104 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sorption of Organic Electrolytes and Surfactants from Natural Waters by Heterogeneous Membranes

by Irina Bejanidze, Oleksandr Petrov, Volodymyr Pohrebennyk, Tina Kharebava, Nunu Nakashidze, Nato Didmanidze, Nazi Davitadze and Anton Petrov

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(20), 7383; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10207383 - 21 Oct 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2750

Abstract

The widespread use of surfactants increasingly requires the development and application of reliable methods for the demineralization of wastewaters, preventing environmental pollution. One of the most reliable and effective methods of demineralization of wastewaters is the electrodialysis method. Studying the behavior of large [...] Read more.

The widespread use of surfactants increasingly requires the development and application of reliable methods for the demineralization of wastewaters, preventing environmental pollution. One of the most reliable and effective methods of demineralization of wastewaters is the electrodialysis method. Studying the behavior of large organic ions in the membrane is important for modeling cell membranes and purification of medicinal and biological preparations. The sorption characteristics of the MA-40 and MK-40 ion-exchange membranes in solutions of simple and organic electrolytes, and in a solution of the surfactant were investigated. It was found that the sorption of organic ions by membranes is mainly of an ion-exchange nature. The moisture content and elasticity of the membranes decreases in solutions of organic electrolytes, during the sorption of which the membrane becomes brittle. A study showed that in the solutions of organic electrolytes, the MA-40 membrane retains high electrochemical activity, while the MK-40 in a solution of the surfactant completely loses it. From the data obtained in this work, it is shown that organic ions do not present a hazard when water is desalted by electrodialysis, whereas sorption of surfactant ions leads to membrane poisoning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sorption of Environmental Pollutants: Thermodynamic and Kinetic Aspects)

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25 pages, 9589 KB

Open AccessArticle

Tide-Surge-Wave Interaction in the Taiwan Strait during Typhoons Soudelor (2015) and Dujuan (2015)

by Li Zhang, Shaoping Shang, Feng Zhang and Yanshuang Xie

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(20), 7382; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10207382 - 21 Oct 2020

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3518

Abstract

Typhoons Soudelor (2015) and Dujuan (2015) were two of the strongest storms to affect the Taiwan Strait in 2015. This study investigated the response of the waters on the western bank of the Taiwan Strait to the passage of Soudelor and Dujuan. This [...] Read more.

Typhoons Soudelor (2015) and Dujuan (2015) were two of the strongest storms to affect the Taiwan Strait in 2015. This study investigated the response of the waters on the western bank of the Taiwan Strait to the passage of Soudelor and Dujuan. This included an investigation of the resonant coupling between the tide and storm surge, typhoon wave variation caused by the storm tide, and wave-induced water level rise. Analyses conducted using numerical model simulations and observations from tidal stations and buoys, obtained during the passage of both Soudelor and Dujuan, revealed that resonant coupling between the astronomical tide and storm surge in the Taiwan Strait was prominent, which resulted in tidal period oscillation on the storm surge and reduced tidal range. The tide wave arrived earlier than the predicted astronomical tide because of the existence of the storm surge, which was attributable to acceleration of the tidal wave caused by the water level rise. Wave height observations showed that the storm tide predominantly affected the waves, which resulted in wave heights that oscillated within the tidal period. Numerical experiments indicated that both the current and the water level affected wave height. Waves were affected mainly by the current in the middle of the Taiwan Strait, but mostly by water level when the water level was comparable with water depth. Wave setup simulations revealed that wave setup also oscillated within the tidal period, and that local bathymetry was the most important influencing factor of wave setup distribution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Maritime Hydraulics: Analysis and Modeling)

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21 pages, 1352 KB

Open AccessArticle

Appointed-Time Integral Barrier Lyapunov Function-Based Trajectory Tracking Control for a Hovercraft with Performance Constraints

by Mingyu Fu, Tan Zhang, Fuguang Ding and Duansong Wang

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(20), 7381; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10207381 - 21 Oct 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2905

Abstract

This paper develops a totally new appointed-time integral barrier Lyapunov function-based trajectory tracking algorithm for a hovercraft in the presence of multiple performance constraints and model uncertainties. Firstly, an appointed-time performance constraint function is skillfully designed, which proposes to pre-specify the a priori [...] Read more.

This paper develops a totally new appointed-time integral barrier Lyapunov function-based trajectory tracking algorithm for a hovercraft in the presence of multiple performance constraints and model uncertainties. Firstly, an appointed-time performance constraint function is skillfully designed, which proposes to pre-specify the a priori transient and steady performances on the system tracking errors. Secondly, a new integral barrier Lyapunov function is constructed, which combines with the appointed-time performance constraint function to guarantee that the performance constraints on the system tracking errors are never violated. On this basis, an adaptive trajectory tracking controller is derived using the appointed-time integral barrier Lyapunov function technique in the combination of neural networks. According to Lyapunov’s stability theory, it can be shown that the proposed controller is capable of ensuring transient and steady performances on the output tracking errors. In particular, the position and speed tracking can be fulfilled in a user-appointed time without requiring complex control parameters selection. Finally, results from a comparative simulation study verify the efficacy and advantage of the proposed control approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Robotics and Automation)

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16 pages, 4066 KB

Open AccessArticle

Neovascularization Effects of Carbon Monoxide Releasing Drugs Chemisorbed on Coscinodiscus Diatoms Carriers Characterized by Spectromicroscopy Imaging

by Joachim Delasoie, Natasa Radakovic, Aleksandar Pavic and Fabio Zobi

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(20), 7380; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10207380 - 21 Oct 2020

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3045

Abstract

Silica microparticles made of diatomaceous earth have become particularly attractive materials for designing drug delivery systems. In order to investigate the use of natural diatoms as drug scaffolds for carbon monoxide releasing molecules (CORMs), we evaluated the chemisorption of the cis-[Re(CO)₂Br [...] Read more.

Silica microparticles made of diatomaceous earth have become particularly attractive materials for designing drug delivery systems. In order to investigate the use of natural diatoms as drug scaffolds for carbon monoxide releasing molecules (CORMs), we evaluated the chemisorption of the cis-[Re(CO)₂Br₄]²⁻ complex (ReCORM-2) and its vitamin B₁₂ derivative (B₁₂-ReCORM-2) on Coscinodiscus frustules by 3D FT-IR spectroscopic imaging, and the drugs’ neovascularization effects in vivo in the zebrafish (Danio rerio) model. By mapping the symmetric Re-C≡O υ(CO) stretching vibration of the CORMs in the 2000 cm⁻¹ region, we found that the drugs are mostly localized at the girdle band of the diatom frustule. Both ReCORM-2 and B₁₂-ReCORM-2 retain their CO-releasing ability when chemisorbed on the diatoms. When applied in vivo at doses ≥25 µM, the molecules markedly reduced intersegmental and subintestinal vessels development in zebrafish, revealing high anti-angiogenic potential. In addition, diatom frustules did not provoke any toxic in vivo response in the zebrafish embryos, including inflammation. Overall, our results indicate that: (1) CORMs chemisorbed on diatom frustules retain their CO-releasing abilities; (2) both CO-releasing molecules show a concentration-dependent effect on the neovascularization in developing zebrafish; (3) silicate frustules are not toxic and could be used as CORMs drug carriers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Frontiers in Diatom Nanotechnology)

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12 pages, 1322 KB

Open AccessArticle

Illegal Logging Detection Based on Acoustic Surveillance of Forest

by Iosif Mporas, Isidoros Perikos, Vasilios Kelefouras and Michael Paraskevas

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(20), 7379; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10207379 - 21 Oct 2020

Cited by 33 | Viewed by 12138

Abstract

In this article, we present a framework for automatic detection of logging activity in forests using audio recordings. The framework was evaluated in terms of logging detection classification performance and various widely used classification methods and algorithms were tested. Experimental setups, using different [...] Read more.

In this article, we present a framework for automatic detection of logging activity in forests using audio recordings. The framework was evaluated in terms of logging detection classification performance and various widely used classification methods and algorithms were tested. Experimental setups, using different ratios of sound-to-noise values, were followed and the best classification accuracy was reported by the support vector machine algorithm. In addition, a postprocessing scheme on decision level was applied that provided an improvement in the performance of more than 1%, mainly in cases of low ratios of sound-to-noise. Finally, we evaluated a late-stage fusion method, combining the postprocessed recognition results of the three top-performing classifiers, and the experimental results showed a further improvement of approximately 2%, in terms of absolute improvement, with logging sound recognition accuracy reaching 94.42% when the ratio of sound-to-noise was equal to 20 dB. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Acoustics and Vibrations)

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30 pages, 3265 KB

Open AccessArticle

Personalized Exergames Language: A Novel Approach to the Automatic Generation of Personalized Exergames for Stroke Patients

by David Vallejo, Cristian Gmez-Portes, Javier Albusac, Carlos Glez-Morcillo and José Jesús Castro-Schez

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(20), 7378; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10207378 - 21 Oct 2020

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4893

Abstract

Physical rehabilitation of stroke patients is based on the daily execution of exercises with face-to-face supervision by therapists. This model cannot be sustained in the long term, due to the involved economic costs, the growing number of patients, and the aging population. Remote [...] Read more.

Physical rehabilitation of stroke patients is based on the daily execution of exercises with face-to-face supervision by therapists. This model cannot be sustained in the long term, due to the involved economic costs, the growing number of patients, and the aging population. Remote rehabilitation tools have emerged to address this unmet clinical need, but they face the double challenge of motivating patients and ensuring an effective remote rehabilitation. In this context, exergames allow patients to play while performing repetitive therapeutic tasks in a safe and ecological environment. This work proposes the design of Personalized Exergames Language (PEL), a language whose sentences can be processed via software in order to automatically generate exergames. The definition of exergames through PEL, guided by an effective methodology of the design and generation of personalized exergames, will include both game mechanics and the necessary metrics to monitor, guide, and adapt the rehabilitation of each patient. The integration of authoring tools are considered to visually guide the therapist when designing exergames. A study has been carried out with stroke patients and therapists from a hospital and two community centers, in order to evaluate several exergames, automatically generated using PEL, in terms of usability, understanding, and suitability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Computing and Artificial Intelligence)

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17 pages, 3460 KB

Open AccessArticle

Seismic Behavior of a Bridge with New Composite Tall Piers under Near-Fault Ground Motion Conditions

by Zhehan Cai, Zhijian Wang, Kaiqi Lin, Ying Sun and Weidong Zhuo

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(20), 7377; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10207377 - 21 Oct 2020

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3793

Abstract

Currently, the seismic designs of reinforced concrete (RC) bridges with tall piers are often accomplished following the ductility-based seismic design method. Though the collapses of the RC bridges with tall piers can be avoided, they are likely to experience major damage and loss [...] Read more.

Currently, the seismic designs of reinforced concrete (RC) bridges with tall piers are often accomplished following the ductility-based seismic design method. Though the collapses of the RC bridges with tall piers can be avoided, they are likely to experience major damage and loss of functionality when subjected to strong near-fault ground motions. The objectives of this study are to put forward an innovative design concept of a tall-pier system and its application in tall-pier bridges. The concept of the innovative tall-pier system is derived from the principle of earthquake-resilient structures, and is to improve the seismic performances of the tall-pier bridges under strong near-fault ground motions. The proposed tall-pier system has a box section and is composed of four concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) columns and energy dissipating mild steel plates (EDMSPs). Trial design of a bridge with the new composite tall-pier system is performed based on a typical continuous rigid frame highway bridge with conventional RC box section tall piers. Both static analysis and nonlinear time history analysis of both the bridges with the new composite tall piers and conventional RC tall piers under the near-fault velocity pulse-type ground motions were conducted in Midas Civil2019 and ABAQUS. The results show that: under the design-based earthquake (DBE), the CFST columns and connecting steel beams remain elastic in the bridge with the new composite tall piers, while the damage is found in the replaceable EDMSPs which help dissipate the seismic input energy. The displacement responses of the new bridge are significantly smaller than those of the conventional bridge under DBE. It is concluded that the bridge with the new composite tall piers is seismic resilient under near-fault ground motions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Near-Fault Ground Motions on Civil Infrastructure)

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12 pages, 9328 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Modification Mechanism of Nano-Liquids on Streamer Morphology and Breakdown Strength under Microsecond Pulse

by Diangeng Li, Zicheng Zhang, Shifei Liu and Song Li

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(20), 7376; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10207376 - 21 Oct 2020

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2562

Abstract

In liquid mediums, whether the breakdown strength can be greatly improved after introducing the nano-particles has been widely investigated, however, there has been no scientific consensus on the modification mechanism of this anomalous phenomenon. In this paper, we first experimentally measured the streamer [...] Read more.

In liquid mediums, whether the breakdown strength can be greatly improved after introducing the nano-particles has been widely investigated, however, there has been no scientific consensus on the modification mechanism of this anomalous phenomenon. In this paper, we first experimentally measured the streamer morphology and breakdown strength in pure transformer oil, TiO

_{2}

nano-liquids and Al

_{2}

O

_{3}

nano-liquids under microsecond pulse. The results demonstrated that there are significant differences in streamer morphology between pure transformer oil and nano-liquids, as the streamers in pure transformer oil exhibit thick bush-like qualities, while in nano-liquids they exhibit tree-like qualities. Moreover, the breakdown voltage results show that the breakdown strength of transformer oil is improved after nano-modification, and the TiO

_{2}

nano-liquids and Al

_{2}

O

_{3}

nano-liquids have nearly the same optimal volume fraction. The results of the analysis indicate that the modification mechanism of nano-particles is significantly linked to the trapped electrons process. Specifically, the addition of nano-particles can affect the electrons’ density and thus affect the breakdown process and streamer morphology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanofluids: The Frontier Trends and Application)

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16 pages, 6810 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Wing Corrugation on the Aerodynamic Efficiency of Two-Dimensional Flapping Wings

by Thanh Tien Dao, Thi Kim Loan Au, Soo Hyung Park and Hoon Cheol Park

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(20), 7375; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10207375 - 21 Oct 2020

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4286

Abstract

Many previous studies have shown that wing corrugation of an insect wing is only structurally beneficial in enhancing the wing’s bending stiffness and does not much help to improve the aerodynamic performance of flapping wings. This study uses two-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) [...] Read more.

Many previous studies have shown that wing corrugation of an insect wing is only structurally beneficial in enhancing the wing’s bending stiffness and does not much help to improve the aerodynamic performance of flapping wings. This study uses two-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in aiming to identify a proper wing corrugation that can enhance the aerodynamic performance of the KUBeetle, an insect-like flapping-wing micro air vehicle (MAV), which operates at a Reynolds number of less than 13,000. For this purpose, various two-dimensional corrugated wings were numerically investigated. The two-dimensional flapping wing motion was extracted from the measured three-dimensional wing kinematics of the KUBeetle at spanwise locations of r = (0.375 and 0.75)R. The CFD analysis showed that at both spanwise locations, the corrugations placed over the entire wing were not beneficial for improving aerodynamic efficiency. However, for the two-dimensional flapping wing at the spanwise location of r = 0.375R, where the wing experiences relatively high angles of attack, three specially designed wings with leading-edge corrugation showed higher aerodynamic performance than that of the non-corrugated smooth wing. The improvement is closely related to the flow patterns formed around the wings. Therefore, the proposed leading-edge corrugation is suggested for the inboard wing of the KUBeetle to enhance aerodynamic performance. The corrugation in the inboard wing may also be structurally beneficial. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioinspired Flight)

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12 pages, 1787 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Antidepressant-Like Effects of Ethanol Extract of Ziziphus jujuba Mill Seeds in Mice

by Jong Min Oh, Moongi Ji, Mi-Jin Lee, Geum Seok Jeong, Man-Jeong Paik, Hoon Kim and Joo-Won Suh

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(20), 7374; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10207374 - 21 Oct 2020

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5051

Abstract

The antidepressant-like activity of ethanol extract of Ziziphus jujuba Mill var. spinosa seeds (Semen Ziziphi Spinosae, SZS) was investigated by behavioral tests, such as a forced swimming test (FST), a tail-suspension test (TST), and an open field test (OFT), using mice exposed to [...] Read more.

The antidepressant-like activity of ethanol extract of Ziziphus jujuba Mill var. spinosa seeds (Semen Ziziphi Spinosae, SZS) was investigated by behavioral tests, such as a forced swimming test (FST), a tail-suspension test (TST), and an open field test (OFT), using mice exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS). In the TST, immobility times of the extract-treated groups E100 and E300 (CUMS + 100 and 300 mg/kg extract, respectively) were significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner compared with the negative control (CUMS; p < 0.01, though those of E100 and E300 were higher than those of the positive control (CUMS + 15 mg/kg fluoxetine). In the FST, immobility times of E100 and E300 were decreased compared to the normal control. In the OFT, total and zone distances of E100 and E300 were significantly higher than those of negative controls (p < 0.01) with a dose dependency. In liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis after behavioral tests, norepinephrine (NE) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) levels in the hippocampus tissues of E100 and E300 were significantly higher than those of negative controls. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in the hippocampus tissues of E100 and E300 were higher than those of negative controls. From these results, the SZS ethanol extract exhibited significant antidepressant-like effects via immobility decrease, distance increase, hippocampal NE and 5-HT increase, and BDNF expression. These results suggest that the extract could be a potential antidepressant agent. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds for the Treatment of Neurological and Neurodegenerative Disorders)

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24 pages, 1938 KB

Open AccessArticle

Physiological Characterization of a Novel Wild-Type Yarrowia lipolytica Strain Grown on Glycerol: Effects of Cultivation Conditions and Mode on Polyols and Citric Acid Production

by Seraphim Papanikolaou, Panagiota Diamantopoulou, Fabrice Blanchard, Eleni Lambrinea, Isabelle Chevalot, Nikolaos G. Stoforos and Emmanuel Rondags

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(20), 7373; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10207373 - 21 Oct 2020

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 4111

Abstract

A new yeast wild-type Yarrowia lipolytica isolate presented efficient growth on glycerol. During flask cultures, nitrogen limitation led to the secretion of sugar-alcohols as the major metabolites of the process (mannitol, arabitol and erythritol), whereas insignificant quantities of citrate were synthesized. Although in [...] Read more.

A new yeast wild-type Yarrowia lipolytica isolate presented efficient growth on glycerol. During flask cultures, nitrogen limitation led to the secretion of sugar-alcohols as the major metabolites of the process (mannitol, arabitol and erythritol), whereas insignificant quantities of citrate were synthesized. Although in some instances high initial glycerol concentrations were employed (≈150 g/L), remarkable glycerol assimilation and polyol secretion was observed. Total polyols ≈ 52 g/L (conversion yield on glycerol consumed = 0.43 g/g) was recorded in the flask experiments. The sugar-alcohol production bioprocess was successfully simulated with the aid of a modified Velhlust–Aggelis model that fitted very well with the experimental data, while optimized parameter values seemed to be quite consistent. In bioreactor trials, a noticeable metabolic shift towards citric acid production was observed, while simultaneously insignificant polyol quantities were produced. In fed-batch bioreactor experiments, a total citric acid quantity ≈ 102 g/L was recorded—one of the highest in the literature for wild-type Y. lipolytica strains. This metabolic transition was due to higher oxygen saturation into the medium that occurred in the bioreactor experiments compared with the flasks. Cellular lipids produced in the bioreactor trial contained higher concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids compared with those produced in flasks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Bioprocessing Strategies for Agri-Industrial Side Streams Valorisation)

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13 pages, 2824 KB

Open AccessArticle

Direct Conversion of Human Fibroblasts into Osteoblasts Triggered by Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor Valproic Acid

by Hyeonjin Cha, Jaeyoung Lee, Hee Ho Park and Ju Hyun Park

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(20), 7372; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10207372 - 21 Oct 2020

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3686

Abstract

The generation of functional osteoblasts from human somatic cells could provide an alternative means of regenerative therapy for bone disorders such as osteoporosis. In this study, we demonstrated the direct phenotypic conversion of human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) into osteoblasts by culturing them in [...] Read more.

The generation of functional osteoblasts from human somatic cells could provide an alternative means of regenerative therapy for bone disorders such as osteoporosis. In this study, we demonstrated the direct phenotypic conversion of human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) into osteoblasts by culturing them in osteogenic medium supplemented with valproic acid (VPA), a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor. HDFs cultured with the VPA in osteogenic medium exhibited expression of alkaline phosphatase and deposition of mineralized calcium matrices, which are phenotypical characteristics of functional osteoblasts. They also expressed osteoblast-specific genes such as alkaline phosphatase, osteopontin, and bone sialoprotein, which demonstrated their direct conversion into osteoblasts. In addition, co-treatment with VPA and a specific inhibitor for activin-like kinase 5 (ALK5i II) had a synergistic effect on direct conversion. It is considered that the inductive effect of VPA on the conversion into osteoblast-lineage is due to the opening of the nucleosome structure by HDAC inhibitor, which facilitates chromatin remodeling and cellular reprogramming. Our findings provide a novel insight into the direct conversion of human somatic cells into transgene-free osteoblasts with small chemical compounds, thus making bone regeneration using cellular reprogramming strategy more clinically feasible. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bone, Tissue Regeneration and Biomaterials)

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19 pages, 2228 KB

Open AccessArticle

Methanol Production from Pyrolysis Oil Gasification—Model Development and Impacts of Operating Conditions

by Zhihai Zhang, Benoit Delcroix, Olivier Rezazgui and Patrice Mangin

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(20), 7371; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10207371 - 21 Oct 2020

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 7189

Abstract

A novel process model simulating methanol production through pyrolysis oil gasification was developed, validated, then used to predict the effect of operating conditions on methanol production yield. The model comprised gasification, syngas post-treatment, and methanol synthesis units. The model was validated using experimental [...] Read more.

A novel process model simulating methanol production through pyrolysis oil gasification was developed, validated, then used to predict the effect of operating conditions on methanol production yield. The model comprised gasification, syngas post-treatment, and methanol synthesis units. The model was validated using experimental data from the literature, and the results obtained by the model were consistent with reference data. The simulation results revealed that gasification temperature has a significant impact on syngas composition. Indeed, rising temperature from 400 °C to 600 °C leads to higher syngas stoichiometric number (SN) value. Conversely, SN value decreases when the gasifier temperature is above 1000 °C. Moisture content in pyrolysis oil also affects both syngas composition and SN value; an increase in the first (from 10 to 30%) leads to an increase in SN value. The Rectisol unit deeply influences the syngas SN value and methanol yield, the best results being obtained with operating conditions of −20 °C and 40 bar. Increasing the operating temperature of the methanol synthesis unit from 150 °C to 250 °C leads to an increase in the yield of methanol production; the yield decreases beyond 250 °C. Although high pressures favor the methanol production yield, the operating pressure in the synthesis unit is limited at 50 bar for practical considerations (e.g., equipment price, equipment requirements, or operational risks). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biorefineries and Sustainable Biomass Conversion: Recent Advances)

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33 pages, 13962 KB

Open AccessArticle

Artificial Intelligence for the Prediction of Exhaust Back Pressure Effect on the Performance of Diesel Engines

by Vlad Fernoaga, Venetia Sandu and Titus Balan

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(20), 7370; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10207370 - 21 Oct 2020

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 6038

Abstract

The actual trade-off among engine emissions and performance requires detailed investigations into exhaust system configurations. Correlations among engine data acquired by sensors are susceptible to artificial intelligence (AI)-driven performance assessment. The influence of exhaust back pressure (EBP) on engine performance, mainly on effective [...] Read more.

The actual trade-off among engine emissions and performance requires detailed investigations into exhaust system configurations. Correlations among engine data acquired by sensors are susceptible to artificial intelligence (AI)-driven performance assessment. The influence of exhaust back pressure (EBP) on engine performance, mainly on effective power, was investigated on a turbocharged diesel engine tested on an instrumented dynamometric test-bench. The EBP was externally applied at steady state operation modes defined by speed and load. A complete dataset was collected to supply the statistical analysis and machine learning phases—the training and testing of all the AI solutions developed in order to predict the effective power. By extending the cloud-/edge-computing model with the cloud AI/edge AI paradigm, comprehensive research was conducted on the algorithms and software frameworks most suited to vehicular smart devices. A selection of artificial neural networks (ANNs) and regressors was implemented and evaluated. Two proof-of concept smart devices were built using state-of-the-art technology—one with hardware acceleration for “complete cycle” AI and the other with a compact code and size (“AI in a nut-shell”) with ANN coefficients embedded in the code and occasionally offline “statistical re-calibration”. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Devices)

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15 pages, 1094 KB

Open AccessReview

Immunodeficient Rabbit Models: History, Current Status and Future Perspectives

by Jun Song, Brooke Pallas, Dongshan Yang, Jifeng Zhang, Yash Agarwal, Y. Eugene Chen, Moses Bility and Jie Xu

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(20), 7369; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10207369 - 21 Oct 2020

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 8866

Abstract

Production of immunodeficient (ID) models in non-murine animal species had been extremely challenging until the advent of gene-editing tools: first zinc finger nuclease (ZFN), then transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN), and most recently clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-associated protein 9 (CRISPR)/Cas9. We [...] Read more.

Production of immunodeficient (ID) models in non-murine animal species had been extremely challenging until the advent of gene-editing tools: first zinc finger nuclease (ZFN), then transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN), and most recently clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-associated protein 9 (CRISPR)/Cas9. We and others used those gene-editing tools to develop ID rabbits carrying a loss of function mutation in essential immune genes, such as forkhead box protein N1 (FOXN1), recombination activating gene 1/2 (RAG1/2), and interleukin 2 receptor subunit gamma (IL2RG). Like their mouse counterparts, ID rabbits have profound defects in their immune system and are prone to bacterial and pneumocystis infections without prophylactic antibiotics. In addition to their use as preclinical models for primary immunodeficient diseases, ID rabbits are expected to contribute significantly to regenerative medicine and cancer research, where they serve as recipients for allo- and xeno-grafts, with notable advantages over mouse models, including a longer lifespan and a much larger body size. Here we provide a concise review of the history and current status of the development of ID rabbits, as well as future perspectives of this new member in the animal model family. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rabbit Models for Translational Medicine)

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21 pages, 1467 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainability Analysis of the M-30 Madrid Tunnels and Madrid Río after 14 years of Service Life

by Lucía López-de Abajo, Ana Patricia Pérez-Fortes, Marcos G. Alberti, Jaime C. Gálvez and Tomás Ripa

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(20), 7368; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10207368 - 21 Oct 2020

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 7554

Abstract

In 2007, the excavation of the M-30 ring road located in Madrid and the creation of a green corridor either side of the Manzanares river brought significant change to the metropolitan area. The corridor and linear park which it provided were designed to [...] Read more.

In 2007, the excavation of the M-30 ring road located in Madrid and the creation of a green corridor either side of the Manzanares river brought significant change to the metropolitan area. The corridor and linear park which it provided were designed to contribute to the regeneration of the fluvial ecosystem, establish links among residents on each side of the river and promote cultural and leisure activities. This paper provides a sustainability analysis of the excavation of the M-30 (involving the socio-economic and environmental impact) 14 years after its construction. In order to show such an impact, an analysis of the area both prior to the project and after completion, as well as a hypothetical solution that uses improved materials, has been performed. This entails use of the multi-criteria decision-making model named MIVES (initials in Spanish, modelo integrado de valor para una evaluación sostenible). The MIVES method is based on the application of value functions of sustainability indicators selected by socio-economic and environmental criteria, chosen by experts. Results from analysis showed that the excavation of the M-30 considerably improved the sustainability of the area (sustainable index 3.43 and 6.26 both before and after the excavation works). However, use of improved materials in contrast with the application of conventional materials slightly improved the sustainability of the work (Sustainability Index 6.26 and 6.74, respectively, of the conventional materials). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Construction Materials)

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18 pages, 3390 KB

Open AccessArticle

Identification of Bacterial and Fungal Communities in the Roots of Orchids and Surrounding Soil in Heavy Metal Contaminated Area of Mining Heaps

by Miroslav Böhmer, Daniel Ozdín, Matúš Račko, Michal Lichvár, Jaroslav Budiš and Tomáš Szemes

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(20), 7367; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10207367 - 21 Oct 2020

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 4470

Abstract

Orchids represent a unique group of plants that are well adapted to extreme conditions. In our study, we aimed to determine if different soil contamination and pH significantly change fungal and bacterial composition. We identified bacterial and fungal communities from the roots and [...] Read more.

Orchids represent a unique group of plants that are well adapted to extreme conditions. In our study, we aimed to determine if different soil contamination and pH significantly change fungal and bacterial composition. We identified bacterial and fungal communities from the roots and the surrounding soil of the family Orchidaceae growing on different mining sites in Slovakia. These communities were detected from the samples of Cephalanthera longifolia and Epipactis pontica from Fe deposit Sirk, E. atrorubens from Ni-Co deposit Dobšiná and Pb-Zn deposit Jasenie and Platanthera bifolia by 16S rRNA gene and ITS next-generation sequencing method. A total of 171 species of fungi and 30 species of bacteria were detected from five samples of orchids. In summary, slight differences in pH of the initial soils do not significantly affect the presence of fungi and bacteria and thus the presence of the studied orchids in these localities. Similarly, the toxic elements in the studied localities, do not affect the occurrence of fungi, bacteria, and orchids. Moreover, Cortinarius saturatus, as a dominant fungus, and Candidatus Udaeobacter as a dominant bacterium were present in all soil samples and some root samples. Finally, many of these fungal and bacterial communities have the potential to be used in the bioremediation of the mining areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Factors Shaping the Soil Microbiome)

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20 pages, 775 KB

Open AccessArticle

Economic Assessment of Solar-Powered Residential Battery Energy Storage Systems: The Case of Madeira Island, Portugal

by Lucas Pereira, Jonathan Cavaleiro and Luísa Barros

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(20), 7366; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10207366 - 21 Oct 2020

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 5193

Abstract

This paper presents an economic assessment of introducing solar-powered residential battery energy storage in the Madeira Island electric grid, where only micro-production for self-consumption is currently allowed. The evaluation was conducted against six local micro-producers using one year of energy consumption and solar [...] Read more.

This paper presents an economic assessment of introducing solar-powered residential battery energy storage in the Madeira Island electric grid, where only micro-production for self-consumption is currently allowed. The evaluation was conducted against six local micro-producers using one year of energy consumption and solar photovoltaic production measurements and two distinct storage control strategies. Several inverter sizes and storage capacities were considered based on the six micro-producers’ consumption and production profiles. The results were then analyzed concerning year-long simulations and a projection for the next ten years. To this end, several indicators were assessed, including self-consumption, profit per Euro invested, number of cycles and storage degradation. The results obtained show that, despite the benefits of storage to increase the self-consumption rates, considerable drops in the storage prices are still necessary to achieve profitability during these devices’ lifetime. Furthermore, our results also highlight a very interesting trade-off between self-consumption, pre-charge and profitability, in a sense that higher levels of pre-charge increase the chances of reaching profitability even though this will imply considerable drops in the levels of self-consumption. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Renewable Energy Systems 2020)

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16 pages, 11681 KB

Open AccessArticle

Geophysical Characterization of Aquifers in Southeast Spain Using ERT, TDEM, and Vertical Seismic Reflection

by Javier Rey, Julián Martínez, Rosendo Mendoza, Senén Sandoval, Vladimir Tarasov, Alex Kaminsky, M. Carmen Hidalgo and Kevin Morales

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(20), 7365; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10207365 - 21 Oct 2020

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3668

Abstract

We assess the effectiveness of complementary geophysical techniques to characterize a Jurassic dolomite confined aquifer at Loma de Ubeda, Spain. This aquifer, which is penetrated by wells in the 100–600-m depth range, is confined by Triassic clays (bottom) and Miocene marls (top). The [...] Read more.

We assess the effectiveness of complementary geophysical techniques to characterize a Jurassic dolomite confined aquifer at Loma de Ubeda, Spain. This aquifer, which is penetrated by wells in the 100–600-m depth range, is confined by Triassic clays (bottom) and Miocene marls (top). The Jurassic dolomite is characterized by prominent seismic reflectors of high amplitude. Thus, it is readily differentiated from the low-amplitude reflectors of the confining clay-rich Triassic and Miocene materials. Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) allowed us to detail the characteristics of the aquifer up to a maximum depth of 220 m. Lateral changes in facies and small faults have been identified using ERT. Time-domain electromagnetic (TDEM) is an excellent complement to the two above-mentioned techniques in order to widen the analyzed depth range. We acquire TDEM data with different configurations at multiple study sites while simultaneously varying measurement parameters. In doing so and by comparing the effectiveness of these different configurations, we expand the use of TDEM for aquifer characterization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrated Geophysical Methods for Shallow Aquifers Characterization and Modelling)

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7 pages, 2477 KB

Open AccessArticle

Parylene-Based Flexible Microelectrode Arrays for the Electrical Recording of Muscles and the Effect of Electrode Size

by Bong-Jun Choi, Ju-Hwan Kim, Woo-Jin Yang, Dong-Jun Han, Jaewon Park and Dong-Wook Park

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(20), 7364; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10207364 - 21 Oct 2020

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 4228

Abstract

Miniaturized flexible microelectrode arrays are desirable for small-area surface electromyography (sEMG) to detect the electrical activity generated by muscles in a specific area of the body. Here, we present a flexible 8-channel microelectrode array with electrodes of diameter 150–300 μm for small-area sEMG [...] Read more.

Miniaturized flexible microelectrode arrays are desirable for small-area surface electromyography (sEMG) to detect the electrical activity generated by muscles in a specific area of the body. Here, we present a flexible 8-channel microelectrode array with electrodes of diameter 150–300 μm for small-area sEMG recordings. The microelectrode arrays based on a flexible Parylene C substrate recorded the sEMG signals from a curved skin surface with a maximum signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 21.4 dB. The sEMG signals recorded from a small area of 17671–59325 μm² showed a clear distinction between the signal and noise. Further, the sEMG data were analyzed in the frequency domain by converting the signals via fast Fourier transform (FFT), and it was verified that the proposed microelectrode could reliably record multichannel sEMGs over a small area. Moreover, a maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) experiment was performed to confirm the recording capability of the microelectrode array, which showed consistency with the previous reports. Finally, we demonstrated the effects of the electrode size by comparing the results for two different electrode sizes. When the electrode size was increased 3.37 times, the root-mean-square value of the amplitude (V_rms) increased 2.64 times, consequently increasing the SNR from 16.9 to 21.4 dB. This study demonstrates the expanded utility of Parylene-based flexible microelectrode arrays. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flexible and Printed Electronics)

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18 pages, 18380 KB

Open AccessArticle

Microstructure and Properties of AA6061/SiCp Composites Sintered under Ultra High-Pressure

by Lei Xu, Erkuo Yang, Yasong Wang, Changyun Li, Zhiru Chen and Guofa Mi

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(20), 7363; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10207363 - 21 Oct 2020

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2621

Abstract

Ultra high-pressure sintering (UHPS) was used to prepare AA6061/SiCp composites with different contents and the effect of sintering temperatures on microstructure and mechanical properties was investigated in this study. The results showed that a uniform distribution of nano-SiC particles (N-SiCp) is obtained by [...] Read more.

Ultra high-pressure sintering (UHPS) was used to prepare AA6061/SiCp composites with different contents and the effect of sintering temperatures on microstructure and mechanical properties was investigated in this study. The results showed that a uniform distribution of nano-SiC particles (N-SiCp) is obtained by the UHPS method. With the increase in N-SiCp contents, the higher hardness and better wear resistance could be inspected. The interfacial reactions and Al₄C₃ phase appeared above 550 °C. The relative density of composites first increased and then decreased; with the temperature raising it reached 99.58% at 600 °C. The hardness and wear property showed the same trend with the hardness reaching 52 HRA and wear rate being 1.0 × 10⁻⁶ g/m at 600 °C. Besides, the wear mechanism of the composites is mainly composed of abrasive wear and adhesive wear. Full article

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19 pages, 1380 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Improving a Cable Robot Recovery Strategy by Actuator Dynamics

by Giovanni Boschetti, Riccardo Minto and Alberto Trevisani

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(20), 7362; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10207362 - 21 Oct 2020

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2790

Abstract

Cable-driven parallel robots offer several benefits in terms of workspace size and design cost with respect to rigid-link manipulators. However, implementing an emergency procedure for these manipulators is not trivial, since stopping the actuators abruptly does not imply that the end-effector rests at [...] Read more.

Cable-driven parallel robots offer several benefits in terms of workspace size and design cost with respect to rigid-link manipulators. However, implementing an emergency procedure for these manipulators is not trivial, since stopping the actuators abruptly does not imply that the end-effector rests at a stable position. This paper improves a previous recovery strategy by introducing the physics of the actuators, i.e., torque limits, inertia, and friction. Such features deeply affect the reachable acceleration during the recovery trajectory. The strategy has been applied to a simulated point-mass suspended cable robot with three translational degrees of freedom to prove its effectiveness and feasibility. The acceleration limits during the recovery phase were compared with the ones obtained with the previous method, thus confirming the necessity of contemplating the properties of the actuators. The proposed strategy can be implemented in a real-time environment, which makes it suitable for immediate application to an industrial environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Mechanical Systems Dynamics 2020)

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22 pages, 3436 KB

Open AccessArticle

Framework for Incorporating Artificial Somatic Markers in the Decision-Making of Autonomous Agents

by Daniel Cabrera, Claudio Cubillos, Enrique Urra and Rafael Mellado

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(20), 7361; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10207361 - 21 Oct 2020

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 5057

Abstract

The somatic marker hypothesis proposes that when a person faces a decision scenario, many thoughts arise and different “physical consequences” are fleetingly observable. It is generally accepted that affective dimension influences cognitive capacities. Several proposals for including affectivity within artificial systems have been [...] Read more.

The somatic marker hypothesis proposes that when a person faces a decision scenario, many thoughts arise and different “physical consequences” are fleetingly observable. It is generally accepted that affective dimension influences cognitive capacities. Several proposals for including affectivity within artificial systems have been presented. However, to the best of our knowledge, a proposal that considers the incorporation of artificial somatic markers in a disaggregated and specialized way for the different phases that make up a decision-making process has not been observed yet. Thus, this research work proposes a framework that considers the incorporation of artificial somatic markers in different phases of the decision-making of autonomous agents: recognition of decision point; determination of the courses of action; analysis of decision options; decision selection and performing; memory management. Additionally, a unified decision-making process and a general architecture for autonomous agents are presented. This proposal offers a qualitative perspective following an approach of grounded theory, which is suggested when existing theories or models cannot fully explain or understand a phenomenon or circumstance under study. This research work represents a novel contribution to the body of knowledge in guiding the incorporation of this biological concept in artificial terms within autonomous agents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multi-Agent Systems 2020)

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14 pages, 1225 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Review of Sample and Hold Systems and Design of a New Fractional Algorithm

by Manuel Duarte Ortigueira and José Tenreiro Machado

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(20), 7360; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10207360 - 21 Oct 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3194

Abstract

Digital systems require sample and hold (S&H) systems to perform the conversion from analog to digital and vice versa. Besides the standard zero and first order holds, we find in the literature other versions, namely the fractional and exponential order holds, involving parameters [...] Read more.

Digital systems require sample and hold (S&H) systems to perform the conversion from analog to digital and vice versa. Besides the standard zero and first order holds, we find in the literature other versions, namely the fractional and exponential order holds, involving parameters that can be tuned to produce a superior performance. This paper reviews the fundamental concepts associated with the S&H and proposes a new fractional version. The systems are modeled both in the time and Laplace domains. The new S&H stemming from fractional calculus generalizes these devices. The different S&H systems are compared in the frequency domain and their relationships visualized by means of hierarchical clustering and multidimensional scaling representations. The novel strategy allows a better understanding of the possibilities and limitations of S&H systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control and Automation)

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5 pages, 184 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Applications of Medical Informatics and Data Analysis Methods

by Pentti Nieminen

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(20), 7359; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10207359 - 21 Oct 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4639

Abstract

The science of statistics contributes to the development and application of tools for the design, analysis, and interpretation of empirical medical studies [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medical Informatics and Data Analysis)

13 pages, 2508 KB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Analysis of the CIRCE-HERO PLOFA Scenarios

by Moscardini Marigrazia, Galleni Francesco, Pucciarelli Andrea, Martelli Daniele and Forgione Nicola

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(20), 7358; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10207358 - 21 Oct 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3109

Abstract

The present work deals with simulations carried out at the University of Pisa by using the System Thermal Hydraulics code RELAP5/Mod3.3 to support the experimental campaign conducted at the ENEA (Energia Nucleare ed Energie Alternative) Brasimone Research Centre on the CIRColazione Eutettico—Heavy liquid [...] Read more.

The present work deals with simulations carried out at the University of Pisa by using the System Thermal Hydraulics code RELAP5/Mod3.3 to support the experimental campaign conducted at the ENEA (Energia Nucleare ed Energie Alternative) Brasimone Research Centre on the CIRColazione Eutettico—Heavy liquid mEtal pRessurized water cOoled tubes (CIRCE-HERO) facility. CIRCE is an integral effect pool type facility dedicated to the study of innovative nuclear systems and cooled by heavy liquid metal, while HERO is a heat exchanger heavy liquid metal/ pressurized cooling water system hosted inside the CIRCE facility. Beside the H2020 project Multi-Purpose Hybrid Research Reactor for High-Tech Applications (MYRRHA) Research and Transmutation Endeavour (MYRTE), a series of experiments were performed with the CIRCE-HERO facility, for both nominal steady-state settings and accidental scenarios. In this framework, the RELAP5/Mod3.3 code was used to simulate the experimental tests assessing the heat losses of the facility and analyzing the thermal hydraulics phenomena occurring during the postulated Protected Loss Of Flow Accident (PLOFA). The modified version Mod. 3.3 of the source code RELAP5 was developed by the University of Pisa to include the updated thermo–physical properties and convective heat transfer correlations suitable for heavy liquid metals. After reproducing the facility through an accurate nodalization, boundary conditions were applied according to the experiments. Then, the PLOFA scenarios were reproduced by implementing the information obtained by the experimental campaign. Sensitivity analyses of the main parameters affecting the thermofluidynamics of the Lead-Bismuth Eutectic (LBE) were carried out. In the simulated scenario, the LBE mass flow rate strongly depends on the injected argon flow time trend. The numerical results are in agreement with the experimental data, however further investigations are planned to analyze the complex phenomena involved. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Liquid Metals II)

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