Editorial

3 pages, 161 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

by Cristina-Ioana Muresan and Eva H. Dulf

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(11), 5005; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11115005 - 28 May 2021

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A wide range of ongoing research in the areas of controller design and information engineering reveals that the pace of technological change in this domain seems to be accelerating [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control and Automation)

Research

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13 pages, 4224 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

A 6DOF Virtual Environment Space Docking Operation with Human Supervision

by Cosmin Copot, Cristina I. Muresan, Manuel Beschi and Clara M. Ionescu

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(8), 3658; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11083658 - 19 Apr 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2260

Abstract

In this work, we present a synchronous co-simulation of a 6DOF (six degree of freedom) ball and plate platform and its 3D computer model. The co-simulation in the virtual environment is intended to mimic the rendezvous between a cargo vehicle such as the [...] Read more.

In this work, we present a synchronous co-simulation of a 6DOF (six degree of freedom) ball and plate platform and its 3D computer model. The co-simulation in the virtual environment is intended to mimic the rendezvous between a cargo vehicle such as the Falcon 9 from SpaceX and the ISS (International Space Station). The visual feedback sensing of the position of the 6DOF platform is implemented using a Kinect RGB-D device. The human in the loop acts as supervisory control for initiating the docking mechanism. This paper delivers an adaptive fractional order control solution which is easily tunable, implementable and validated on a laboratory benchmark. The results indicate that fractional order control can tackle large variability in the system dynamics and deliver specified performance at all times. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control and Automation)

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20 pages, 6490 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Fractional-Order LQR and State Observer for a Fractional-Order Vibratory System

by Akihiro Takeshita, Tomohiro Yamashita, Natsuki Kawaguchi and Masaharu Kuroda

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(7), 3252; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11073252 - 05 Apr 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1943

Abstract

The present study uses linear quadratic regulator (LQR) theory to control a vibratory system modeled by a fractional-order differential equation. First, as an example of such a vibratory system, a viscoelastically damped structure is selected. Second, a fractional-order LQR is designed for a [...] Read more.

The present study uses linear quadratic regulator (LQR) theory to control a vibratory system modeled by a fractional-order differential equation. First, as an example of such a vibratory system, a viscoelastically damped structure is selected. Second, a fractional-order LQR is designed for a system in which fractional-order differential terms are contained in the equation of motion. An iteration-based method for solving the algebraic Riccati equation is proposed in order to obtain the feedback gains for the fractional-order LQR. Third, a fractional-order state observer is constructed in order to estimate the states originating from the fractional-order derivative term. Fourth, numerical simulations are presented using a numerical calculation method corresponding to a fractional-order state equation. Finally, the numerical simulation results demonstrate that the fractional-order LQR control can suppress vibrations occurring in the vibratory system with viscoelastic damping. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control and Automation)

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17 pages, 1133 KiB

Open AccessArticle

State and Parameter Estimation of a Mathematical Carcinoma Model under Chemotherapeutic Treatment

by Máté Siket, György Eigner, Dániel András Drexler, Imre Rudas and Levente Kovács

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(24), 9046; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10249046 - 17 Dec 2020

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 1713

Abstract

One challenging aspect of therapy optimization and application of control algorithms in the field of tumor growth modeling is the limited number of measurable physiological signals—state variables—and the knowledge of model parameters. A possible solution to provide such information is the application of [...] Read more.

One challenging aspect of therapy optimization and application of control algorithms in the field of tumor growth modeling is the limited number of measurable physiological signals—state variables—and the knowledge of model parameters. A possible solution to provide such information is the application of observer or state estimator. One of the most widely applied estimators for nonlinear problems is the extended Kalman filter (EKF). In this study, a moving horizon estimation (MHE)-based observer is developed and compared to an optimized EKF. The observers utilize a third-order tumor growth model. The performance of the observers is tested on measurements gathered from a laboratory mice trial using chemotherapeutic drug. The proposed MHE is designed to be suitable for closed-loop applications and yields simultaneous state and parameter estimation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control and Automation)

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14 pages, 1225 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Review of Sample and Hold Systems and Design of a New Fractional Algorithm

by Manuel Duarte Ortigueira and José Tenreiro Machado

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(20), 7360; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10207360 - 21 Oct 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1949

Abstract

Digital systems require sample and hold (S&H) systems to perform the conversion from analog to digital and vice versa. Besides the standard zero and first order holds, we find in the literature other versions, namely the fractional and exponential order holds, involving parameters [...] Read more.

Digital systems require sample and hold (S&H) systems to perform the conversion from analog to digital and vice versa. Besides the standard zero and first order holds, we find in the literature other versions, namely the fractional and exponential order holds, involving parameters that can be tuned to produce a superior performance. This paper reviews the fundamental concepts associated with the S&H and proposes a new fractional version. The systems are modeled both in the time and Laplace domains. The new S&H stemming from fractional calculus generalizes these devices. The different S&H systems are compared in the frequency domain and their relationships visualized by means of hierarchical clustering and multidimensional scaling representations. The novel strategy allows a better understanding of the possibilities and limitations of S&H systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control and Automation)

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18 pages, 3529 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electro-Thermal and Aging Lithium-Ion Cell Modelling with Application to Optimal Battery Charging

by Sara Mohajer, Jocelyn Sabatier, Patrick Lanusse and Olivier Cois

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(11), 4038; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10114038 - 11 Jun 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2814

Abstract

This paper deals with optimal charging versus aging minimization for lithium-ion batteries. The optimal charging strategy proposed involves charging controllers whose design relies on a battery model. The model, especially designed for automotive battery management systems applications, is recalled in this paper. It [...] Read more.

This paper deals with optimal charging versus aging minimization for lithium-ion batteries. The optimal charging strategy proposed involves charging controllers whose design relies on a battery model. The model, especially designed for automotive battery management systems applications, is recalled in this paper. It provides the voltage response of a cell to an input current. It also models side reactions that produce degradation mechanisms and thus decrease battery performance. Side reaction modelling involves taking into account the temperature cell variations, which are thus also modelled. The association of the three above-mentioned sub-models leads to an electro-thermal battery aging model used to design an optimal charging strategy that simultaneously takes into account the minimization of charging time and maximization of battery lifetime. Thus, to achieve a charging controller that manages battery health, an appropriate charging trajectory was computed by solving an optimization problem minimizing aging. Then, a charge control loop was designed. The nonlinear behavior of the battery was taken into account through the linearization of the electro-thermal aging model in different operating conditions. To take into account the resulting linear model family, the CRONE design methodology was used. The principles of this methodology are recapped and the design of the charging control loop is explained. The efficiency of the resulting charge controller is illustrated by several simulations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control and Automation)

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17 pages, 2299 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Weather-Based Prediction Strategy inside the Proactive Historian with Application in Wastewater Treatment Plants

by Andrei Nicolae, Adrian Korodi and Ioan Silea

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(9), 3015; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10093015 - 26 Apr 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2532

Abstract

The current landscape in the water industry is dominated by legacy technical systems that are inefficient and unoptimized. In recent years, sustained efforts could be identified, especially under the guidance of the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) paradigm, in order to develop an [...] Read more.

The current landscape in the water industry is dominated by legacy technical systems that are inefficient and unoptimized. In recent years, sustained efforts could be identified, especially under the guidance of the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) paradigm, in order to develop an increased level of both connectivity and intelligence in the functioning of industrial processes. This led to the emergence of the data accumulation concept, materialized in the practical sphere by Historian applications. Although various classic Historian solutions are available, the capability to optimize and influence the monitored system in a proactive way, resulting in increased efficiency, cost reduction, or quality indicators improvements, could not be identified to date. Following a proposed software reference architecture for such a proactive Historian, a data dependency identification strategy and some obtained recipes for energy efficiency improvements in the water industry were developed. However, a complete solution for real industrial processes represents complex research. The current paper contributes to this research effort by developing part of the reference architecture that predicts the future evolution of the monitored system, based on weather dependency and forecast, thus sustaining the effort to achieve a fully functional, real-world, tested and validated proactive Historian application, with potential to bring significant direct benefits to the water industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control and Automation)

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18 pages, 2163 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

An Experimental Tuning Approach of Fractional Order Controllers in the Frequency Domain

by Isabela Birs, Silviu Folea, Ovidiu Prodan, Eva Dulf and Cristina Muresan

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(7), 2379; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10072379 - 31 Mar 2020

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2050

Abstract

Fractional calculus has been used intensely in recent years in control engineering to extend the capabilities of the classical proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controller, but most tuning techniques are based on the model of the process. The paper presents an experimental tuning procedure for fractional-order [...] Read more.

Fractional calculus has been used intensely in recent years in control engineering to extend the capabilities of the classical proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controller, but most tuning techniques are based on the model of the process. The paper presents an experimental tuning procedure for fractional-order proportional integral–proportional derivative (PI/PD) and PID-type controllers that eliminates the need of a mathematical model for the process. The tuning procedure consists in recreating the Bode magnitude plot using experimental tests and imposing the desired shape of the closed loop system magnitude. The proposed method is validated in the field of active vibration suppression by using an experimental set-up consisting of a smart beam. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control and Automation)

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