Behavioral Sciences

17 pages, 1620 KB

Open AccessArticle

Emotion Regulation Modulates Affective Responses Without Altering Memory Traces: A Study of Negative Social Feedback from Acquaintances

by Peng Liu, Xin Cheng, Mengyao Fan, Zhichao Huang and Chao Zhang

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(9), 1294; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15091294 - 22 Sep 2025

Viewed by 170

Abstract

Negative social feedback can cause social pain and may damage physical and mental health. In particular, negative social feedback from acquaintances deeply activates the social pain brain network between the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), the anterior insula, and the amygdala, inducing stronger [...] Read more.

Negative social feedback can cause social pain and may damage physical and mental health. In particular, negative social feedback from acquaintances deeply activates the social pain brain network between the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), the anterior insula, and the amygdala, inducing stronger emotional responses and memories. This study used a social appraisal paradigm to investigate the potential benefits of emotional regulation in the face of negative social feedback from acquaintances, as measured by emotional responses and memories. The results showed that negative social feedback sent by acquaintances induced stronger emotional experiences and deeper negative memories than those sent by strangers. Cognitive reappraisal and distraction could reduce the negative emotions induced by negative social feedback sent by acquaintances; however, they did not affect the forgetting of memories of negative social feedback. Further analyses revealed that the emotion regulation strategy was more effective in alleviating negative emotions in the group with self-reported low-depressive symptoms compared to the group with self-reported high-depressive symptoms. Thus, the study suggests that the effectiveness of emotional regulation strategies varies across different relational contexts. Full article

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27 pages, 567 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Exploring Attachment-Related Factors and Psychopathic Traits: A Systematic Review Focused on Women

by Marina Leonor Pinheiro, Ana Beatriz Machado, Rui Abrunhosa Gonçalves, Sónia Caridade and Olga Cunha

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(9), 1293; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15091293 - 22 Sep 2025

Viewed by 138

Abstract

Psychopathy in women remains understudied, particularly regarding the role of early relational experiences such as attachment. This systematic review aims to synthesize the current evidence on the association between attachment-related factors and psychopathic traits in women. A structured search following PRISMA guidelines across [...] Read more.

Psychopathy in women remains understudied, particularly regarding the role of early relational experiences such as attachment. This systematic review aims to synthesize the current evidence on the association between attachment-related factors and psychopathic traits in women. A structured search following PRISMA guidelines across multidisciplinary databases (Scopus-Elsevier^®, ESBCO^®, Pubmed^®, Sage Publishing^®, B-On, and Web of Science-Core Collection^®) yielded 147 articles, of which eight met the inclusion criteria. The majority of the studies met three to four out of the five methodological quality criteria. Findings indicate that insecure attachment styles are differentially associated with psychopathy. Avoidant attachment is positively linked to callous-unemotional traits, whereas the role of anxious attachment appears more heterogeneous. Some studies associate it with higher levels of affective traits and secondary psychopathy, while others identify it as a negative predictor of callous-unemotional features in women. Avoidant attachment was also negatively correlated with empathy and positively related to maladaptive emotion regulation strategies, particularly among women with secondary psychopathic traits. Negative maternal parenting was associated with elevated psychopathic traits, whereas positive parental involvement acted as a protective factor. Additional predictors included early maladaptive schemas and childhood risk factors such as parental criminality and poor supervision. These findings highlight the relevance of early intervention and attachment-informed approaches in forensic risk assessment, trauma-informed care, and prevention programs targeting women with psychopathic traits. Full article

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27 pages, 2429 KB

Open AccessArticle

Coaching Bilingual Speech-Language Student Clinicians and Spanish-Speaking Caregivers to Use Culturally Adapted NDBI Techniques with Autistic Preschoolers

by Richelle McGuire, Jessica Nico, Naomi Nattress, Carlos Irizarry-Pérez and Cindy Gevarter

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(9), 1292; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15091292 - 22 Sep 2025

Viewed by 138

Abstract

A cascading coaching model was used to teach bilingual speech-language pathology (SLP) graduate student clinicians and Spanish-speaking caregivers to implement naturalistic developmental behavioral intervention (NDBI) techniques with autistic preschoolers. Two triads (each consisting of a graduate student clinician, a minimally vocal child diagnosed [...] Read more.

A cascading coaching model was used to teach bilingual speech-language pathology (SLP) graduate student clinicians and Spanish-speaking caregivers to implement naturalistic developmental behavioral intervention (NDBI) techniques with autistic preschoolers. Two triads (each consisting of a graduate student clinician, a minimally vocal child diagnosed with autism, and a caregiver) participated in the study. Following the cascading approach, a lead instructor (with limited Spanish conversational skills) coached bilingual student clinicians (in English) to apply culturally adapted NDBI with child participants. Following additional instruction in coaching, student clinicians coached caregivers in Spanish. Effects were evaluated using a multiple methods approach consisting of multiple probes across participants single case experimental design and a qualitative analysis of semi-structured interviews with adult participants. All adult participants increased their use of targeted NDBI skills including elicitation techniques (creating communication temptations, using wait time, and prompting) and response techniques (reinforcing children’s communication with natural consequences and providing a contextually relevant vocal model), demonstrating large to very large effect sizes. Although qualitative findings indicated areas for improvement (e.g., additional Spanish supports for clinicians), thematic analysis revealed additional benefits in terms of positive changes across adult learning, behavior, and perspectives; child communication; and child-caregiver relationships. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Early Identification and Intervention of Autism)

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18 pages, 3669 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Self-Controlled Feedback and Behavioral Outcomes in Motor Skill Learning: A Meta-Analysis

by Biye Wang, Tao Tao, Yuchen Yuan and Wei Guo

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(9), 1291; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15091291 - 22 Sep 2025

Viewed by 165

Abstract

Providing feedback is a key instructional strategy in motor learning. Recently, interest has grown in self-controlled (SC) feedback, which allows learners to choose when to receive feedback. However, evidence on its effectiveness remains mixed, and its impact across different learning phases and populations [...] Read more.

Providing feedback is a key instructional strategy in motor learning. Recently, interest has grown in self-controlled (SC) feedback, which allows learners to choose when to receive feedback. However, evidence on its effectiveness remains mixed, and its impact across different learning phases and populations is unclear. This meta-analysis assessed the effect of SC feedback on motor skill learning during acquisition, retention, and transfer phases, compared to passively received (PR) feedback and Yoked (YK) feedback groups. A comprehensive search of three datasets identified 29 studies comprising 1147 participants. Although SC feedback did not bring a significant advantage in the acquisition phase, it facilitated motor skill learning in both the retention and transfer phases. Moderator analyses revealed that cognitive status influenced SC feedback efficacy during the acquisition phase, with significant effects observed only in cognitively impaired individuals. Additionally, skill type moderated outcomes in the transfer phase, with series skills showing greater benefits than discrete skills, and this effect was significant only when compared to the YK group. In summary, SC feedback-enhanced motor skill learning in the retention and transfer phases, supporting its role in the consolidation and generalization of learning. Additionally, cognitively impaired individuals showed greater benefits during the acquisition phase, and series skills demonstrated more substantial gains in the transfer phase. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cognition)

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18 pages, 662 KB

Open AccessArticle

Relationship Between Sleep Duration and Psychosocial Well-Being in Healthcare Personnel: Identification of Predictors and Vulnerability Patterns

by Eva Urbón, Carlos Salavera, José M. López-Chamorro and Almudena F. Diaz-Carrasco

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(9), 1290; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15091290 - 22 Sep 2025

Viewed by 210

Abstract

The present study examined the relationship between sleep duration and eating behaviours, stress symptoms, and burnout in healthcare professionals. Objective: The present study aimed to examine whether sleep duration influenced the psychosocial well-being of healthcare personnel, as well as to identify possible predictors [...] Read more.

The present study examined the relationship between sleep duration and eating behaviours, stress symptoms, and burnout in healthcare professionals. Objective: The present study aimed to examine whether sleep duration influenced the psychosocial well-being of healthcare personnel, as well as to identify possible predictors and patterns of vulnerability in this population. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 194 public healthcare workers (mainly women and nursing staff). Validated questionnaires were used: the EAT-40, the EDI, the MBI, and a stress symptom scale. The participants were classified into two groups according to their sleep duration (fewer than six hours of sleep and six hours or more of sleep). Results: A sleep duration of fewer than six hours was associated with higher levels of depersonalisation (burnout), physical and emotional symptoms of stress (fatigue, tachycardia, memory loss, crying easily), dysfunctional coping strategies (self-medication, isolation), and more restrictive eating behaviours. A regression analysis identified seven predictors of sleep duration: allergies, marital status, hours worked, depersonalisation, alcohol consumption, interpersonal distrust, and skipping meals, which together explained 18% of the variance. A network analysis showed positive correlations between these variables in the group with a shorter sleep duration, indicating a pattern of cumulative psychosocial vulnerability. Conclusions: Although the cross-sectional design limits causal inference, the results underscore the importance of sleep as a key factor in the emotional and functional well-being of healthcare personnel. Organisational interventions focused on promoting rest, emotional management, and stress prevention are suggested, considering sleep not only as a biological need, but also as a relevant indicator of psychosocial health for healthcare quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Psycho-Affective Processes and Their Role in Development, Learning, and Well-Being Throughout Life)

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15 pages, 273 KB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Profiles and Variables Related to Burnout Amongst School Mental Health Providers

by Ashley Rila, Gerta Bardhoshi, Derek Rodgers, Allison Bruhn and Duhita Mahatmya

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(9), 1289; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15091289 - 21 Sep 2025

Viewed by 238

Abstract

The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to examine burnout profiles and organizational variables that impact burnout in school mental health providers, such as school counselors, school psychologists, social workers, and interventionists. We disseminated a survey to a large sample of school personnel [...] Read more.

The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to examine burnout profiles and organizational variables that impact burnout in school mental health providers, such as school counselors, school psychologists, social workers, and interventionists. We disseminated a survey to a large sample of school personnel across a Midwestern state. From the larger sample, we analyzed responses from school mental health providers (n = 120), as there are severe shortages of these professionals within the state and across the country. When shortages occur, caseloads are higher, thus increasing the work demands and the propensity for burnout. With burnout leading to attrition from the field, this creates a vicious cycle that could be prevented through the awareness and implementation of strategies to counteract the factors contributing to burnout. Results indicate school mental health providers (n = 120) in this state endure high levels of emotional exhaustion, while still maintaining a sense of personal accomplishment. Further, higher levels of perceived organizational support and job satisfaction appeared to lower burnout, whereas respondents who worked in schools implementing a multi-tiered system of support experienced higher burnout. Key findings, implications for practice, limitations, and future directions are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue School-Based Mental Health Systems: Psychological Care for Children and Youth)

15 pages, 4843 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Design Factors on Drivers’ and Non-Drivers’ Comprehension of Variable Message Signs

by Ana Hernando, Antonio Lucas-Alba, Andrés S. Lombas and Maria Teresa Blanch

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(9), 1288; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15091288 - 20 Sep 2025

Viewed by 210

Abstract

This study examines differences in comprehension between drivers and non-drivers when interpreting variable message signs (VMSs) combining three elements—a pictogram, an arrow, and a city name—to indicate temporary traffic events (e.g., “congestion before Lyon”). A total of 101 participants (51 non-drivers) were shown [...] Read more.

This study examines differences in comprehension between drivers and non-drivers when interpreting variable message signs (VMSs) combining three elements—a pictogram, an arrow, and a city name—to indicate temporary traffic events (e.g., “congestion before Lyon”). A total of 101 participants (51 non-drivers) were shown VMS displays reporting an event associated with one of four cities and were asked to identify the event’s location (before or after the city). The experiment employed a mixed factorial design. Two between-subject factors were included: Driving License (present vs. absent) and Route Listing (present vs. absent). Four within-subject factors were manipulated: Complementary Message (present vs. absent), Landmark Order (bottom-up vs. top-down), Event Location (before vs. after), and Arrow Function (explicit vs. generic). The dependent variable was the accuracy of location identification. The results showed that, for drivers, the most effective combination was bottom-up order with an explicit arrow, followed by bottom-up with a generic arrow, and then top-down with an explicit arrow. For non-drivers, no significant differences were found between these combinations. However, comprehension decreased across both groups when the message used a top-down order and a generic arrow. Overall, the data suggest that the G1c template from the 1968 Convention is not effective for either group. Prior driving experience seems to favor one specific design, the bottom-up order with explicit arrow, while non-drivers perceive all functionally viable options—including that one—as equally valid. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cognition)

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Graphical abstract

10 pages, 237 KB

Open AccessArticle

An Open Trial for Transdiagnostic Behavior Therapy for Primary Care (TBT-PC) in Veterans with Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety

by Daniel F. Gros, Stephanie Hart, Michelle Pompei and Ron Acierno

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(9), 1287; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15091287 - 20 Sep 2025

Viewed by 221

Abstract

Transdiagnostic psychotherapies were developed to address multiple diagnostic presentations via a single, easier-to-implement protocol. However, despite advances, these protocols are largely limited to longer formats designed for mental health settings. The present study investigated a version of Transdiagnostic Behavior Therapy (TBT-PC) that was [...] Read more.

Transdiagnostic psychotherapies were developed to address multiple diagnostic presentations via a single, easier-to-implement protocol. However, despite advances, these protocols are largely limited to longer formats designed for mental health settings. The present study investigated a version of Transdiagnostic Behavior Therapy (TBT-PC) that was adapted for primary care settings. Forty-one participants with emotional disorders received 6 sessions of TBT-PC, with symptoms of depression and anxiety assessed at baseline, immediate post-treatment, and at 3-month follow-up. Medium treatment effects for symptoms of depression and anxiety were evidenced at post-treatment and sustained at follow-up. Treatment feasibility was supported by excellent attendance, treatment completion, and patient satisfaction scores. Together, the present findings provide initial support for TBT-PC in primary care patients with emotional disorders. Full article

12 pages, 347 KB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Father–Adolescent Life Satisfaction Relationship in Light of Fathers’ Personality Traits and Satisfaction with Life: A Transgenerational Perspective

by Tatjana Krstić, Ilija Milovanović, Aleksandra Stojadinović and Željka Nikolašević

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(9), 1286; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15091286 - 20 Sep 2025

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Abstract

This study examines how life satisfaction and personality traits are intergenerationally transmitted from fathers to their adolescent children. The sample comprised 144 father-child dyads (mean child age = 13.65; 55.9% male; mean father age = 43.06). The data were obtained via questionnaires. The [...] Read more.

This study examines how life satisfaction and personality traits are intergenerationally transmitted from fathers to their adolescent children. The sample comprised 144 father-child dyads (mean child age = 13.65; 55.9% male; mean father age = 43.06). The data were obtained via questionnaires. The Satisfaction With Life Scale served as the measure of life satisfaction. Fathers also completed a brief version of the NEO Personality Inventory. The results showed that fathers’ life satisfaction significantly positively correlated with their children’s life satisfaction, supporting the theory of intergenerational transmission. Unexpectedly, fathers’ high neuroticism positively correlated with adolescents’ life satisfaction, contradicting previous studies suggesting a negative association. Additionally, fathers’ high agreeableness was significantly associated with higher life satisfaction in their children, indicating that agreeable fathers contribute to a supportive and nurturing family environment, enhancing adolescents’ well-being. In conclusion, this study emphasizes how fathers’ personality traits, particularly agreeableness and neuroticism, notably contribute to the psychological and emotional well-being of their adolescent children. Full article

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21 pages, 838 KB

Open AccessArticle

Treating Young Refugees with a Grief-Focused Group Therapy—A Feasibility Trial

by Anna-Maria Rummel, Anna Vogel, Ruth Rossi, Melanie Jacob, Michael Achtner, Julia Schnauder, Rita Rosner and Hannah Comtesse

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(9), 1285; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15091285 - 19 Sep 2025

Viewed by 325

Abstract

The death of a loved one has been identified as one of the most commonly reported traumatic experiences among refugees. This phenomenon can lead to the development of prolonged grief disorder (PGD), for which particularly elevated PGD rates were observed among refugees. Currently, [...] Read more.

The death of a loved one has been identified as one of the most commonly reported traumatic experiences among refugees. This phenomenon can lead to the development of prolonged grief disorder (PGD), for which particularly elevated PGD rates were observed among refugees. Currently, there is no treatment specifically designed for refugees with PGD. Therefore, this study investigates the feasibility of a newly developed grief-focused cognitive behavioral group therapy (G-CBT) for this population. Four young refugees aged 16 to 18 and suffering from PGD were assessed pre, during and after treatment. We found a high comorbidity of PGD, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression at baseline. Among completers, clinician-rated PGD symptom severity decreased clinically significantly at posttreatment and remained stable at the three- and six-month follow-ups. The results indicate good feasibility in an outpatient setting with therapists providing positive feedback. However, larger and controlled studies are needed to prove its efficacy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Clinical Interventions on Grief)

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43 pages, 1610 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating a Custom Chatbot in Undergraduate Medical Education: Randomised Crossover Mixed-Methods Evaluation of Performance, Utility, and Perceptions

by Isaac Sung Him Ng, Anthony Siu, Claire Soo Jeong Han, Oscar Sing Him Ho, Johnathan Sun, Anatoliy Markiv, Stuart Knight and Mandeep Gill Sagoo

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(9), 1284; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15091284 - 19 Sep 2025

Viewed by 242

Abstract

Background: While LLM chatbots are gaining popularity in medical education, their pedagogical impact remains under-evaluated. This study examined the effects of a domain-specific chatbot on performance, perception, and cognitive engagement among medical students. Methods: Twenty first-year medical students completed two academic tasks using [...] Read more.

Background: While LLM chatbots are gaining popularity in medical education, their pedagogical impact remains under-evaluated. This study examined the effects of a domain-specific chatbot on performance, perception, and cognitive engagement among medical students. Methods: Twenty first-year medical students completed two academic tasks using either a custom-built educational chatbot (Lenny AI by qVault) or conventional study methods in a randomised, crossover design. Performance was assessed through Single Best Answer (SBA) questions, while post-task surveys (Likert scales) and focus groups were employed to explore user perceptions. Statistical tests compared performance and perception metrics; qualitative data underwent thematic analysis with independent coding (κ = 0.403–0.633). Results: Participants rated the chatbot significantly higher than conventional resources for ease of use, satisfaction, engagement, perceived quality, and clarity (p < 0.05). Lenny AI use was positively correlated with perceived efficiency and confidence, but showed no significant performance gains. Thematic analysis revealed accelerated factual retrieval but limited support for higher-level cognitive reasoning. Students expressed high functional trust but raised concerns about transparency. Conclusions: The custom chatbot improved usability; effects on deeper learning were not detected within the tasks studied. Future designs should support adaptive scaffolding, transparent sourcing, and critical engagement to improve educational value. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Generative Artificial Intelligence in Supporting Student Learning in Postsecondary Education)

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20 pages, 312 KB

Open AccessArticle

“We Help Each Other Through It”: Community Support and Labor Experiences Among Brazilian Immigrants in Portugal

by Iara Teixeira, Patricia Silva, Felipe Alckmin-Carvalho, Guilherme Welter Wendt and Henrique Pereira

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(9), 1283; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15091283 - 19 Sep 2025

Viewed by 227

Abstract

Over the last few years, the number of Brazilian immigrants living in Portugal has risen significantly, motivated by expectations of safety, prosperity, and professional success. However, the integration into the labor market frequently involves adversities such as professional devaluation, precarious working conditions, and [...] Read more.

Over the last few years, the number of Brazilian immigrants living in Portugal has risen significantly, motivated by expectations of safety, prosperity, and professional success. However, the integration into the labor market frequently involves adversities such as professional devaluation, precarious working conditions, and experiences of social exclusion. This qualitative study aims to explore the work experiences of Brazilian immigrants in Portugal, with a special focus on how community support and collective resilience shape their ability to cope with adversity. Based on minority stress theory and intersectionality, we conducted 24 semi-structured interviews with Brazilian immigrants from diverse professional backgrounds. Thematic analysis revealed four main themes: (1) precarious integration into the labor market and underemployment, (2) experiences of xenophobia, racism, and discrimination, (3) mental health challenges and emotional exhaustion, and (4) community support and collective resilience. Participants emphasized the importance of informal solidarity networks to overcome institutional barriers and maintain emotional well-being. These results suggest that resilience is not only an individual resource, but a relational process rooted in everyday acts of care and connection. The study highlights the protective role of community in contexts of structural vulnerability and contributes to current discussions on migrant integration and well-being. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Community Resilience and Migrant Wellbeing)

18 pages, 848 KB

Open AccessArticle

Nomophobia Profiles Among High School and College Students: A Multi-Group Latent Profile Analysis

by Wenqin Chen, Bin Gao, Yang Zhou and Xiaoqi Yan

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(9), 1282; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15091282 - 18 Sep 2025

Viewed by 268

Abstract

In school settings, nomophobia—a newly identified form of problematic mobile phone use characterized by anxiety and discomfort experienced when an individual is unable to use or access their smartphone—poses significant challenges to students’ learning and daily life. Prior research on nomophobia has predominantly [...] Read more.

In school settings, nomophobia—a newly identified form of problematic mobile phone use characterized by anxiety and discomfort experienced when an individual is unable to use or access their smartphone—poses significant challenges to students’ learning and daily life. Prior research on nomophobia has predominantly adopted a variable-centered perspective. However, if nomophobia is heterogeneous across subgroups, acknowledging this heterogeneity may inform the advancement of more tailored and productive therapeutic methods. Latent profile analysis (LPA) was conducted separately among high school students (N = 446) and college students (N = 667) to identify potential subgroup heterogeneity in nomophobia. To examine cross-group similarities in nomophobia profiles, a multi-group LPA was employed. Based on multiple model fit criteria, a three-profile solution—high nomophobia, moderate nomophobia, and low nomophobia—was identified for both groups. However, the multi-group LPA provided only partial support for the similarity of nomophobia profiles across educational stages, specifically in terms of configural and dispersion similarity. While similar nomophobia profiles emerged across groups, the partial equivalence suggests that intervention strategies for nomophobia may not be universally applicable across different educational levels. Additional studies should investigate the mechanisms underlying students’ nomophobia profiles and to inform differentiated interventions for educators, institutions, and policymakers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Addictive Behaviors and Mental Disorders Among Youth and Adolescents)

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13 pages, 248 KB

Open AccessArticle

Relationships Between Psychological Health and Academic Performance Among Undergraduate Students in the Third Year of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Ram Lakhan, Maribel Vergara, Zoe Moore and Manoj Sharma

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(9), 1281; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15091281 - 18 Sep 2025

Viewed by 299

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic increased mental health issues and heavily affected the academic performance of college students. The study aimed to assess the association of psychological health and behavioral factors with academic performance among undergraduate students during the third year of the COVID-19 pandemic. [...] Read more.

The COVID-19 pandemic increased mental health issues and heavily affected the academic performance of college students. The study aimed to assess the association of psychological health and behavioral factors with academic performance among undergraduate students during the third year of the COVID-19 pandemic. The study was conducted at a small liberal arts undergraduate college in rural Appalachia. A cross-sectional research design was followed. Data was collected online using Qualtrics in person in July 2021. Participants were selected randomly. World Health Organization-5, Perceived Stress Scale 4, The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7, and Patient Health Questionnaire scales for well-being, stress, sleep quality, anxiety, and depression were used, respectively. Spearman’s correlation, t-test, analysis of variance, and multiple regression were conducted. Overall well-being, perceived stress, generalized anxiety, depression, and sleep quality were found to be significantly different by gender and exercise. The Grade Point Average (GPA) was found to be negatively associated with depression and positively associated with Sleep quality. Findings suggest that students who have scored higher on the depression and sleep quality scale may be affected more during this COVID-19 pandemic in maintaining a good GPA. The findings of this study can help generate hypotheses for further research and guide interventions to address poor academic performance. Full article

12 pages, 229 KB

Open AccessArticle

The UFair Questionnaire: Measuring Perceived University Unfairness and Its Association with Students’ Mental Health

by Raphael M. Herr, Veronika M. Deyerl and Katharina Diehl

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(9), 1280; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15091280 - 18 Sep 2025

Viewed by 193

Abstract

University students face various stressors that may jeopardize their mental health. The aim of this study was to adapt the concept of organizational justice to universities, develop and validate a corresponding questionnaire (UFair: University Fairness Questionnaire) in German, and estimate its association with [...] Read more.

University students face various stressors that may jeopardize their mental health. The aim of this study was to adapt the concept of organizational justice to universities, develop and validate a corresponding questionnaire (UFair: University Fairness Questionnaire) in German, and estimate its association with mental health. Perceived university unfairness was measured in 1105 students using the newly developed 20-item UFair Questionnaire. Mental health was assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8, depression) and the Maslach Burnout Inventory for Students (MBI-SS, burnout). The UFair Questionnaire had good psychometric properties, a unidimensional factor structure, and a considerable association with the mental health indicators. Perceived injustice also represents a stressor in the university setting, showing a considerable relation with students’ mental health. The relevance of these aspects to the health of students should be recognized and considered by universities. Valid measurement using the UFair Questionnaire represents the basis for possible preventive approaches and interventions. Full article

18 pages, 574 KB

Open AccessArticle

Cognitive Profiling of Children and Adolescents with ADHD Using the WISC-IV

by Megan Rosales-Gómez, Ignasi Navarro-Soria, Manuel Torrecillas, María Eugenia López and Beatriz Delgado

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(9), 1279; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15091279 - 18 Sep 2025

Viewed by 385

Abstract

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by cognitive and behavioural impairments. This study aimed to identify cognitive patterns associated with ADHD in a sample of 719 children and adolescents (363 with ADHD and 356 controls) assessed using the [...] Read more.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by cognitive and behavioural impairments. This study aimed to identify cognitive patterns associated with ADHD in a sample of 719 children and adolescents (363 with ADHD and 356 controls) assessed using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Fourth Edition (WISC-IV). Compared to controls, the clinical group exhibited significantly lower scores in the Working Memory Index (WMI), Processing Speed Index (PSI), and Cognitive Proficiency Index (CPI). No significant group differences were found in Verbal Comprehension (VCI) or Perceptual Reasoning (PRI) after controlling for age and sex. Factorial MANOVA results revealed that WMI, PSI, and CPI deficits remained stable across age groups and were more pronounced in males. Females with ADHD outperformed males in PSI. A binary logistic regression model including WISC-IV core indices classified VCI, PRI, WMI, and PSI with a Nagelkerke R² of 0.44 as significant predictors of group membership, indicating that lower scores in WMI and PSI, and higher scores in VCI and PRI, increased the likelihood of ADHD classification. These findings reinforce the use of the WISC-IV as a complementary tool in the cognitive characterisation and clinical assessment of ADHD in youth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment and Intervention for Mental Health in Teenagers and Young Adults)

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20 pages, 445 KB

Open AccessArticle

Occupational Deviance Among University Counselors in China: The Negative Predictive Role of Professional Identity and the Moderating Effect of Self-Control

by Tiantian Chen, Xianjun Luan and Shenghong Dong

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(9), 1278; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15091278 - 18 Sep 2025

Viewed by 293

Abstract

University counselors in China are anticipated to demonstrate professional conduct as an integral aspect of their vocational responsibilities. Although the existing literature primarily emphasizes normative professional behaviors, there is a notable scarcity of research examining occupational deviance, which is largely attributed to inadequate [...] Read more.

University counselors in China are anticipated to demonstrate professional conduct as an integral aspect of their vocational responsibilities. Although the existing literature primarily emphasizes normative professional behaviors, there is a notable scarcity of research examining occupational deviance, which is largely attributed to inadequate external regulatory mechanisms. Consequently, a significant gap persists in comprehending the subjective perspectives of counselors within this framework. This study seeks to explore the negative predictive influence of professional identity on occupational deviance among university counselors, as well as to assess the moderating role of self-control in this relationship. In October 2024, a total of 363 full-time undergraduate counselors were recruited using the convenience cluster sampling method. Validated scales assessing occupational deviance, professional identity, and self-control were utilized in this study. Hierarchical regression analysis was performed using the PROCESS macro to test the moderating effect. The mean score for occupational deviance was 2.553 ± 1.230, and the detection rate was 14.05%. A significant negative correlation was observed between professional identity and occupational deviance (r = −0.599, p < 0.01). After adjusting for demographic variables, professional identity was identified as a predictor of a decrease in deviance (β = −0.477, p < 0.001). Furthermore, self-control was found to negatively moderate the relationship between professional identity and occupational deviance (β = −0.171, p < 0.001), explaining 2.8% of the variance in occupational deviance (ΔR² = 0.028). Occupational deviance among counselors is observed to occur at relatively low levels. Professional identity significantly and negatively predicts occupational deviance, while self-control enhances this negative relationship. This study provides novel theoretical perspectives and practical insights intended to standardize the management of occupational behaviors among university counselors. Full article

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22 pages, 336 KB

Open AccessArticle

Justice at Risk? The Influence of Recidivism Risk Information on Evaluation of Evidence and Determination of Guilt

by Tamara L. F. De Beuf, Roosmarijn M. S. van Es, Jan W. de Keijser and Henry Otgaar

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(9), 1277; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15091277 - 18 Sep 2025

Viewed by 207

Abstract

In contrast to jurisdictions with bifurcated criminal justice proceedings, in Belgium and the Netherlands a defendant’s assessed risk of recidivism is known to triers of fact prior to making decisions about guilt. In three experiments conducted in those two countries, we investigated whether [...] Read more.

In contrast to jurisdictions with bifurcated criminal justice proceedings, in Belgium and the Netherlands a defendant’s assessed risk of recidivism is known to triers of fact prior to making decisions about guilt. In three experiments conducted in those two countries, we investigated whether information about recidivism risk would bias the fact finders’ evaluations of evidence and the defendant’s credibility, and their final decision on guilt. Specifically, student participants (Belgian sample: N = 368; Dutch sample: N = 236) and jury-eligible Belgian participants (N = 75) read a vignette about an aggravated assault with circumstantial evidence and a defendant who denied committing the alleged offense. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three vignettes: one without risk information, one describing a low risk of recidivism, and one describing a high risk of recidivism. We found no direct or indirect effect of risk on the proportion of guilty verdicts or on the evaluation of the evidence. We did find that participants who read that the defendant was low risk evaluated the innocence claim as being more credible, compared to those who were given high-risk information or no risk information. Moreover, higher credibility ratings were associated with a higher likelihood of a not-guilty verdict. While preliminary, these findings suggest recidivism risk information may influence fact finding, and merit replication, especially with judges. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Forensic and Legal Cognition)

16 pages, 390 KB

Open AccessArticle

Artificial Intelligence Perceptions and Technostress in Staff Radiologists: The Mediating Role of Artificial Intelligence Acceptance and the Moderating Role of Self-Efficacy

by Giovanni Di Stefano, Sergio Salerno, Domenica Matranga, Manuela Lodico, Dario Monzani, Valeria Seidita, Roberto Cannella, Laura Maniscalco and Silvana Miceli

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(9), 1276; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15091276 - 18 Sep 2025

Viewed by 365

Abstract

This study examined how perceptions of artificial intelligence (AI) relate to technostress in healthcare professionals, testing whether AI acceptance mediates this relationship and whether self-efficacy moderates the formation of acceptance. Seventy-one participants completed measures of Perceptions of AI (Shinners), AI Acceptance (UTAUT), Self-Efficacy, [...] Read more.

This study examined how perceptions of artificial intelligence (AI) relate to technostress in healthcare professionals, testing whether AI acceptance mediates this relationship and whether self-efficacy moderates the formation of acceptance. Seventy-one participants completed measures of Perceptions of AI (Shinners), AI Acceptance (UTAUT), Self-Efficacy, and four technostress outcomes: Technostress Overall, Techno-Overload, Techno-Complexity/Insecurity, and Techno-Uncertainty. Conditional process analyses (PROCESS Model 7; 5000 bootstrap samples) were performed controlling for sex, age (years), and professional role (radiology residents, attending radiologists, PhD researchers). Perceptions of AI were directly and positively associated with Technostress Overall (b = 0.57, p = 0.003), Techno-Overload (b = 0.58, p = 0.008), and Techno-Complexity/Insecurity (b = 0.83, p < 0.001), but not with Techno-Uncertainty (b = −0.02, p = 0.930). AI Acceptance negatively predicted the same three outcomes (e.g., Technostress Overall b = −0.55, p = 0.004), and conditional indirect effects indicated significant negative mediation at low, mean, and high self-efficacy for these three outcomes. Self-efficacy moderated the Perceptions → Acceptance path (interaction b = −0.165, p = 0.028), with a stronger X→M effect at lower self-efficacy, but indices of moderated mediation were not significant for any outcome. The results suggest that perceptions of AI exert both demand-like direct effects and buffering indirect effects via acceptance; implementation should therefore foster acceptance, build competence, and address workload and organizational clarity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Employee Behavior on Digital-AI Transformation)

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15 pages, 309 KB

Open AccessArticle

‘Deconstructing Stereotypes to Build Consent’: Evaluation of a Project on Social and Sexual Relationships in Adolescence

by Elisa Berlin, Angela Fedi, Elena Ciampi, Caterina Di Chio, Mélodie Husquin, Ivan Luppino, Mara Martini and Chiara Rollero

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(9), 1275; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15091275 - 18 Sep 2025

Viewed by 372

Abstract

Evidence from the international literature indicates alarming prevalence rates associated with various forms of intimate partner violence since adolescence. To prevent gender-based violence and increase psychological well-being in intimate relationships, both the scientific literature and policy makers agree on the importance of implementing [...] Read more.

Evidence from the international literature indicates alarming prevalence rates associated with various forms of intimate partner violence since adolescence. To prevent gender-based violence and increase psychological well-being in intimate relationships, both the scientific literature and policy makers agree on the importance of implementing specific prevention and education programs targeting adolescents. The purpose of this longitudinal study was to evaluate the impact of an educational intervention to promote awareness of one’s relationship with one’s own body, stereotypes related to gender and sexuality, and the issue of sexual consent. Participants were adolescents aged 15–16 years who filled a questionnaire prior to the start of the intervention (Time 0, N = 192, 55.7% male) and two weeks following its conclusion (Time 1, N = 178, 53.9% male). Results indicate that compared to Time 0, after participation, body surveillance, benevolent sexism, and endorsement of the sexual double standard decreased, while no significant effect emerged in relation to the issue of sexual consent. Implications for research and intervention are discussed, with the goal of providing useful guidance for those implementing interventions for young people to address intimate partner violence and promote relationship well-being. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Psychological Research on Sexual and Social Relationships)

17 pages, 1176 KB

Open AccessArticle

Differential Modulation of Attention by Aversive Associative and Statistical Learning in Distinct Visual Search Modes

by Yue Chen, Junzhen Guo, Chen Huang and Yingying Wang

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(9), 1274; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15091274 - 18 Sep 2025

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Abstract

Selection history significantly influences attentional processes. Current debates center on whether different components of selection history influence attention through shared learning-dependent mechanisms or via independent mechanisms. Recent research suggests that aversive associative learning and statistical learning, two key components of selection history, modulate [...] Read more.

Selection history significantly influences attentional processes. Current debates center on whether different components of selection history influence attention through shared learning-dependent mechanisms or via independent mechanisms. Recent research suggests that aversive associative learning and statistical learning, two key components of selection history, modulate attentional selection independently. The present study investigates how these two components influence attentional selection under different search strategies. In Experiment 1, participants engaged in a singleton detection task, searching for a unique shape singleton while ignoring an irrelevant color singleton. In Experiment 2, they employed a feature search strategy, targeting a predefined attribute among varied shapes while disregarding a distracting color singleton. Results showed that under the singleton detection mode, two learning processes exert independent effects on attentional selection toward salient distractors. Conversely, under the feature search mode, the two learning processes interacted, with the interaction primarily driven by aversive associative learning. These findings highlight the critical role of search strategies in modulating how selection history affects attentional processes. They offer new insights into the mechanisms of attentional selection and the interplay between different forms of learning in complex visual search environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Attention-Aware Interaction in Augmented Reality)

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26 pages, 386 KB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Interplay of Leisure Freedom, Satisfaction, and Participation Styles Among Turkish Sports Sciences Students

by Özden Tepeköylü-Öztürk and Mümine Soytürk

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(9), 1273; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15091273 - 18 Sep 2025

Viewed by 323

Abstract

Understanding the dynamics of leisure experiences is essential for promoting well-being among university students, particularly those studying sports sciences. The study aimed to explore the predictive relationship between perceived freedom in leisure and leisure satisfaction among sports sciences students. It also examined whether [...] Read more.

Understanding the dynamics of leisure experiences is essential for promoting well-being among university students, particularly those studying sports sciences. The study aimed to explore the predictive relationship between perceived freedom in leisure and leisure satisfaction among sports sciences students. It also examined whether perceived freedom and satisfaction differ significantly by gender, leisure participation types, and activity setting (indoor vs. outdoor). To this end, a total of 3192 students from various universities participated in the research. The data were analyzed using frequency distribution, arithmetic mean, standard deviation, Pearson correlation, linear regression, three-factor ANOVA, one-way MANOVA, and (3 × 2) MANOVA. As a result, the analysis revealed significant positive relationships between perceived freedom and leisure satisfaction. Perceived freedom strongly predicted leisure satisfaction, accounting for 42% of the variance. Gender-based comparisons showed that female students reported significantly higher levels of both perceived freedom and satisfaction. Students who engaged in active, group-based leisure activities, especially in outdoor settings, experienced the highest levels of freedom and satisfaction. Overall, a ctivities that are active, social, and conducted outdoors enhance students’ perceived freedom and increase their leisure satisfaction. Full article

16 pages, 2340 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Long-Term Exercise Interventions for Reducing Drug Craving in People with Drug Use Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Xiang Chen, Yuanyuan Jia, Ping Hong, Tingting Sun, Xiaosheng Dong, Jinghua Qian, Junwei Qian and Xiao Hou

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(9), 1272; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15091272 - 18 Sep 2025

Viewed by 468

Abstract

Exercise is a promising intervention for reducing drug craving, but recent studies have shown inconsistent effects. This meta-analysis aims to evaluate the effect of exercise interventions on drug craving and identify the key exercise factors that affect its effectiveness. The literature was searched [...] Read more.

Exercise is a promising intervention for reducing drug craving, but recent studies have shown inconsistent effects. This meta-analysis aims to evaluate the effect of exercise interventions on drug craving and identify the key exercise factors that affect its effectiveness. The literature was searched in four English databases. Two authors independently performed literature screening, data extraction, and quality assessment. Subgroup, sensitivity, and meta-regression analyses were conducted to explore potential heterogeneity. The results demonstrated that exercise (SMD = −0.74, 95% CI: −0.91, −0.58; p < 0.00001) was more effective than control groups in reducing drug craving among people with drug use disorder. Subgroup analyses demonstrated that aerobic (SMD = −0.79, 95% CI: −1.03, −0.54; p < 0.00001), multi-component (SMD = −0.96, 95% CI: −1.73, −0.18; p = 0.02), and mind–body exercise (SMD = −0.57, 95% CI: −0.88, −0.26; p = 0.0003) could significantly reduce drug craving, while resistance exercise (SMD = −0.59, 95% CI: −1.33, 0.16; p = 0.12) could not. Moreover, moderate (SMD = −0.77, 95% CI: −0.95, −0.58; p < 0.00001) and high-intensity exercise (SMD = −0.63, 95% CI: −1.08, −0.19; p = 0.006) were effective in reducing drug craving. In addition, regardless of intervention period, single-session duration, and weekly frequency, exercise could significantly reduce drug craving. This study indicates that exercise effectively reduces drug craving, with type and intensity as key factors affecting the effectiveness. Full article

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24 pages, 578 KB

Open AccessArticle

Breaking the Cycle: How Coping and Flexibility Disrupt the Link Between Kinesiophobia and Rumination in Athletes

by Osman Pepe, Mehmet Behzat Turan, İbrahim Dalbudak, Berat Koçyiğit, Gül Bahar Bayıroğlu, Melih Balyan, Olcay Mülazımoğlu and Sevim Kır

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(9), 1271; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15091271 - 17 Sep 2025

Viewed by 322

Abstract

Background: This study aims to examine the relationship between Kinesiophobia and Rumination in athletes, and to reveal the mediating roles of Coping Responses and Psychological Flexibility in this relationship. Methods: Three hundred ninety licensed athletes, including 225 females and 165 males, voluntarily participated [...] Read more.

Background: This study aims to examine the relationship between Kinesiophobia and Rumination in athletes, and to reveal the mediating roles of Coping Responses and Psychological Flexibility in this relationship. Methods: Three hundred ninety licensed athletes, including 225 females and 165 males, voluntarily participated in the study. Participants were selected through simple random sampling from various sports clubs across Turkey. During the data collection, participants were contacted online. They completed the personal ınformation form, the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia, the Sport Competition Rumination Scale, the Psychological Flexibility Scale, and the Coping Responses Inventory. IBM SPSS 26 and PROCESS Macro Model 4.0 were used for data analysis. In addition to descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, linear regression, and mediation analyses were conducted. The adequacy of the sample size was evaluated using G*Power (v 3.1). The Bootstrap method with 5000 resamples and a 95% confidence interval was applied in the mediation analysis. Results: The study’s findings indicated that kinesiophobia significantly predicted levels of rumination among athletes, and that both psychological flexibility and coping responses partially mediated this relationship. Although both variables were functional in reducing ruminative thinking, coping responses demonstrated a more potent effect. The results suggest that the tendency to avoid movement affects physical and cognitive processes. Conclusions: It was concluded that psychological flexibility and coping responses are protective factors in reducing repetitive negative thought patterns in athletes. In this regard, it is recommended that holistic intervention programs aimed at enhancing psychological resilience be developed to support mental health and athletic performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Subjective Well-Being in Sport Participants and Spectators)

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23 pages, 703 KB

Open AccessCase Report

Psychotherapeutic Treatment of Attachment Trauma in Musicians with Severe Music Performance Anxiety

by Dianna Kenny

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(9), 1270; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15091270 - 17 Sep 2025

Viewed by 193

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to contribute to the further development of a coherent theory of music performance anxiety (MPA) and its treatment. I have previously proposed three forms of MPA-focal, MPA with social anxiety, and MPA with panic and/or depression. An [...] Read more.

The aim of this paper is to contribute to the further development of a coherent theory of music performance anxiety (MPA) and its treatment. I have previously proposed three forms of MPA-focal, MPA with social anxiety, and MPA with panic and/or depression. An attachment disorder was proposed as a possible underlying psychopathology for this third type of MPA. Accordingly, open-ended in-depth assessment interviews of three professional musicians presenting with severe MPA that included panic attacks and depressed mood were analyzed from an attachment theory perspective. Two of these musicians participated in short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy. It was hypothesized that the musical performance setting re-triggers unprocessed feelings related to early attachment trauma, and that performance anxiety can be a manifestation of the emergence into consciousness of these powerful early feelings. As hypothesized, severely anxious musicians suffered both early and current relational trauma that was expressed through symptomatology in their MPA manifestations. The assessment interview of the first musician demonstrated how MPA can arise in the midst of other challenging current life circumstances that re-trigger feelings about early attachment failures and the importance of taking a full life history from severely performance-anxious musicians. Excerpts from the two musicians’ short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy demonstrated resolution of their severe MPA. Failure to identify and treat underlying attachment disorders in severely anxious musicians may render other forms of treatment ineffective or short-lived. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interventions for Music Performance Anxiety)

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34 pages, 455 KB

Open AccessArticle

White Participants’ Perceptions of Implicit Bias Interventions in U.S. Courts

by Megan L. Lawrence, Kristen L. Gittings, Sara N. Thomas, Rose E. Eerdmans, Valerie P. Hans, John E. Campbell and Jessica M. Salerno

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(9), 1269; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15091269 - 17 Sep 2025

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Abstract

Objective: U.S. courts have implemented interventions educating jurors about implicit bias, although evidence for their effectiveness remains limited. We explored public perceptions of these interventions that might influence their ability to improve trial fairness and identified psychological factors predicting such perceptions. Hypotheses: We [...] Read more.

Objective: U.S. courts have implemented interventions educating jurors about implicit bias, although evidence for their effectiveness remains limited. We explored public perceptions of these interventions that might influence their ability to improve trial fairness and identified psychological factors predicting such perceptions. Hypotheses: We hypothesized that certain psychological factors (i.e., political conservatism, psychological reactance, skepticism toward social scientists, implicit and explicit racial bias, advantaged-group identity management strategies) would predict support for implicit bias interventions in courts. Method: White participants (N = 1016)—some of whom watched an implicit bias intervention in one of two formats (educational video, judicial instructions)—provided their perceptions of implicit bias interventions, evaluated the intervention they watched (if applicable), and completed individual difference measures. Results: Overall, participants supported implicit bias interventions in both formats. However, political conservatism and other hypothesized individual difference measures were associated with less favorable perceptions. We further explored participants’ perspectives via a thematic content analysis of open-ended impressions of the interventions. Conclusions: Courts are adopting implicit bias interventions despite mixed research regarding their effectiveness and a limited understanding of how they are perceived. Our findings suggest that White participants generally favor these interventions and offer insight into the nuances of their perceptions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Cognitive Processes in Legal Decision Making)

26 pages, 1833 KB

Open AccessArticle

Gaze and Evaluative Behavior of Patients with Borderline Personality Disorder in an Affective Priming Task

by Taavi Wenk, Michele Bartusch, Carolin Webelhorst, Anette Kersting, Charlott Maria Bodenschatz and Thomas Suslow

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(9), 1268; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15091268 - 17 Sep 2025

Viewed by 433

Abstract

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is associated with alterations in emotion processing. To date, no study has tested automatic emotion perception under conditions of unawareness of emotion stimuli. We administered a priming paradigm based on facial expressions and measured judgmental and gaze behavior during [...] Read more.

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is associated with alterations in emotion processing. To date, no study has tested automatic emotion perception under conditions of unawareness of emotion stimuli. We administered a priming paradigm based on facial expressions and measured judgmental and gaze behavior during an evaluation task. A total of 31 patients with BPD and 31 non-patients (NPs) viewed a briefly shown emotional (angry, fearful, sad, or happy) or neutral face followed by a neutral facial expression (target). Areas of interest (AOI) were the eyes and the mouth. All participants included in our analysis were subjectively unaware of the emotional primes. Concerning evaluative ratings, no prime effects were observed. For early dwell time, a significant interaction between prime category and AOI was found. Both BPD patients and NPs dwelled longer on the eyes after the presentation of angry and fearful primes than of happy primes and dwelled longer on the mouth after the presentation of happy primes than of sad and neutral primes. Patients rated target faces more negatively. BPD patients, when compared to NPs, seem not to show alterations in automatic attention orienting due to covert facial emotions. Regardless of primes, individuals with BPD seem to be characterized by an increased negative interpretation of neutral facial expressions. Full article

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21 pages, 665 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Double-Edged Sword Effect of Interaction Frequency with AI on College Students: The Moderating Role of Peer Support

by Wenyan Sun, Zhanfeng Jiang and Shenyang Hai

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(9), 1267; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15091267 - 16 Sep 2025

Viewed by 400

Abstract

Generative artificial intelligence (AI) has become an indispensable resource in contemporary higher education, providing substantial benefits to both students and institutions. As its adoption accelerates, it is important to balance these advantages against potential risks that may arise from students’ varying levels of [...] Read more.

Generative artificial intelligence (AI) has become an indispensable resource in contemporary higher education, providing substantial benefits to both students and institutions. As its adoption accelerates, it is important to balance these advantages against potential risks that may arise from students’ varying levels of interaction with AI. Whereas most prior studies have focused on the favorable outcomes of AI for college students, the present research investigates its “double-edged sword” effects. Guided by social affiliation theory, a new model has been developed and empirically tested to clarify how and under what conditions the frequency of student–AI interaction influences social needs and behaviors. Longitudinal data obtained from 388 undergraduates showed that AI interaction frequency can shape prosocial behavior and problematic mobile phone use through a dual pathway involving the need for affiliation and feelings of loneliness. Furthermore, peer support moderates the indirect effect of AI interaction frequency on college students’ prosocial behavior via their need for affiliation. The results showed that peer support did not significantly moderate the indirect relationship between AI interaction frequency and problematic mobile phone use through loneliness. Overall, our study extends the framework of the social affiliation theory and provides practical insights that guide the appropriate use of AI by college students, thereby supporting the development of healthy social skills and technology engagement in the age of AI. Full article

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23 pages, 937 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Emotional and Subsequent Behavioral Responses After Unethical Pro-Organizational Behavior: A Meta-Analysis Based Systematic Review

by Lemei Zou, Yixiang Wang and Chuanjun Liu

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(9), 1266; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15091266 - 16 Sep 2025

Viewed by 375

Abstract

UPB elicits various and heterogeneous subsequent behaviors through positive and negative emotions, a phenomenon that warrants a comprehensive meta-analysis. This study synthesized 34 studies from both English and Chinese databases (49 independent samples, N = 83,810), published between 2016 and 2024. The results [...] Read more.

UPB elicits various and heterogeneous subsequent behaviors through positive and negative emotions, a phenomenon that warrants a comprehensive meta-analysis. This study synthesized 34 studies from both English and Chinese databases (49 independent samples, N = 83,810), published between 2016 and 2024. The results reveal that positive emotions (e.g., pride, psychological entitlement) trigger the moral licensing effect of rationalizing further unethical conduct and the conscientiousness effect of enhancing organizational identification and promoting positive behaviors. Conversely, negative emotions (e.g., guilt, shame) drive the moral cleansing effect of motivating reparative moral behaviors. Additionally, negative emotions can also lead to the moral slippery slope effect of inducing unethical conduct. Moreover, moral disengagement was identified as a self-regulatory mechanism that permeates this entire process, enabling employees to navigate the moral conflicts arising from UPB. This study uncovers the dual nature of UPB from an emotional perspective. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Picturing Morality from Multidisciplinary Perspectives—Second Edition)

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28 pages, 1336 KB

Open AccessArticle

Which Matters More: Intention or Outcome? The Asymmetry of Moral Blame and Moral Praise

by Zhi-Meng Li, Lin Xiao and Hong-Yue Sun

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(9), 1265; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15091265 - 16 Sep 2025

Viewed by 317

Abstract

This study investigated the asymmetrical effects of intentions and outcomes on moral blame and praise within scenarios involving harm and help. By manipulating self–other perspective differences and the severity of outcomes, it further explored their moderating roles in these asymmetrical effects. The key [...] Read more.

This study investigated the asymmetrical effects of intentions and outcomes on moral blame and praise within scenarios involving harm and help. By manipulating self–other perspective differences and the severity of outcomes, it further explored their moderating roles in these asymmetrical effects. The key findings include the following: (1) Intention and outcome asymmetrically influenced moral blame and praise: moral blame prioritized intentions, whereas moral praise emphasized outcomes. (2) Self–other perspectives moderated the asymmetric effects of behavioural intentions and outcomes on moral blame but did not moderate the asymmetric effect on moral praise: from the perspective of others, blame tended to focus on intentions, while the self-perspective prioritized outcomes. (3) Outcome severity moderated the effect of behavioural intentions on moral blame and moral praise. Compared to severe outcomes, intention was a stronger predictor of blame and praise when the outcome was minor; however, this moderating effect was specifically observed for moral blame from others’ perspectives and for moral praise from self-perspective. Full article

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