Evaluation of a Novel Infrared Thermography Projection to Assess Udder Health in Primigravid Dairy Heifers
by
, ,
Patrícia B. A. Simões
1,*,
Lorenzo Viora
2
,
Pieter T. Pepler
2,
Timothy Geraghty
3,
Dominic J. McCafferty
2 and
Ruth N. Zadoks
4 1
Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
2
School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
3
Scotland’s Rural College, Veterinary Services, Craibstone Estate, Aberdeen AB21 9YA, UK
4
Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Animals 2022, 12(23), 3410; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12233410
Submission received: 4 October 2022
/
Revised: 10 November 2022
/
Accepted: 17 November 2022
/
Published: 3 December 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnostic Imaging Applied to the Internal Medicine of Ruminants)
Simple Summary
Mastitis (inflammation of the mammary gland) is one of the most prevalent diseases affecting dairy cattle, and is generally diagnosed using milk samples. Pre-partum mastitis in heifers is frequently overlooked because their milk cannot be tested. Because mastitis is often characterized by elevated skin temperature, a non-invasive and contactless pre-partum screening of udder surface temperature might allow the early detection of mastitis in heifers. We demonstrate that a single ventrodorsal thermal image, which is easy and safe to collect, provides information about udder skin temperature. Therefore, it may be useful for an automated pre-partum mastitis screening system.
Abstract
Heifer mastitis in early lactation impacts negatively on animal welfare, milk production and longevity. A major challenge for the prevention and control of mastitis in dairy heifers is to establish when intramammary infection occurs because pre-partum secretum sampling is risky. We evaluated a ventrodorsal projection to capture thermal images of the entire udder of primigravid and compared results against caudocranial projection, which is used in lactating cattle. Based on the analysis of 119 heifers and images taken at 2 months and 2 weeks pre-partum, a very strong positive correlation (r = 0.91 and r = 0.96, respectively) was shown between caudocranial and ventrodorsal projections of hind quarters. Quarter maximum gradient temperatures were consistently greater on ventrodorsal projection than on caudocranial projection, and less variable than minimum gradient temperatures. The collection of ventrodorsal images is a simple one-step method involving the imaging of the entire udder in a manner safe for both the cattle and handlers. Together, these results demonstrate that a single projection can be used to scan the entire udder of primigravid dairy heifers in commercial farm conditions, with the potential to implement this as a routine method for the early detection of intramammary infection based on udder surface temperature.
Keywords:
infrared thermography; udder; dairy heifer; primigravid; ventrodorsal projection
