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Correction published on 14 February 2026, see Atmosphere 2026, 17(2), 206.
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Article

Long-Range Plume Transport from Brazilian Burnings to Urban São Paulo: A Remote Sensing Analysis

by
Gabriel Marques da Silva
1,
Mateus Fernandes Rodrigues
1,*,
Laura Silva Pelicer
1,
Gregori de Arruda Moreira
1,2,
Alexandre Cacheffo
1,3,
Fábio Juliano da Silva Lopes
1,4,
Luisa D’Antola de Mello
1,
Giovanni Souza
1 and
Eduardo Landulfo
1
1
Center for Lasers and Applications (CELAP), Institute of Energy and Nuclear Research (IPEN), São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
2
Federal Institute of São Paulo (IFSP), Campus Registro, São Paulo 11900-000, Brazil
3
Institute of Exact and Natural Sciences of Pontal (ICENP), Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Campus Pontal, Ituiutaba 38304-402, Brazil
4
Department of Environment Sciences, Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences (ICAQF), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Campus Diadema, São Paulo 09913-030, Brazil
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Atmosphere 2025, 16(9), 1022; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16091022
Submission received: 11 July 2025 / Revised: 27 August 2025 / Accepted: 27 August 2025 / Published: 29 August 2025 / Corrected: 14 February 2026
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Atmospheric Aerosols: How Are They Emitted, Generated, Transported, Aged, and Deposited?)
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Abstract

In 2024, Brazil experienced record-breaking wildfire activity, underscoring the escalating influence of climate change. This study examines the long-range transport of wildfire-generated aerosol plumes to São Paulo, combining multi-platform observations to trace their origin and properties. During August and September—a period marked by intense fire outbreaks in Pará and Mato Grosso do Sul—lidar measurements performed at São Paulo detected pronounced aerosol plumes. To investigate their source and characteristics, we integrated data from the Earth Cloud Aerosol and Radiation Explorer (EarthCARE) satellite, HYSPLIT back-trajectory modeling, and ground-based AERONET and Raman lidar measurements. Aerosol properties were derived from aerosol optical depth (AOD), Ångström exponent, and lidar ratio (LR) retrievals. Back-trajectory analysis identified three transport pathways originating from active fire zones, with coinciding AOD values (0.7–1.1) and elevated LR (60–100 sr), indicative of dense smoke plumes. Compositional analysis revealed a significant black carbon component, implicating wildfires near Corumbá (Mato Grosso do Sul) and São Félix do Xingu (Pará) as probable emission sources. These findings highlight the efficacy of satellite-based lidar systems, such as Atmospheric Lidar (ATLID) onboard EarthCARE, in atmospheric monitoring, particularly in data-sparse regions where ground instrumentation is limited.
Keywords: remote sensing; elastic lidar; biomass burning; aerosols remote sensing; elastic lidar; biomass burning; aerosols

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MDPI and ACS Style

Silva, G.M.d.; Rodrigues, M.F.; Pelicer, L.S.; Moreira, G.d.A.; Cacheffo, A.; Lopes, F.J.d.S.; Mello, L.D.d.; Souza, G.; Landulfo, E. Long-Range Plume Transport from Brazilian Burnings to Urban São Paulo: A Remote Sensing Analysis. Atmosphere 2025, 16, 1022. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16091022

AMA Style

Silva GMd, Rodrigues MF, Pelicer LS, Moreira GdA, Cacheffo A, Lopes FJdS, Mello LDd, Souza G, Landulfo E. Long-Range Plume Transport from Brazilian Burnings to Urban São Paulo: A Remote Sensing Analysis. Atmosphere. 2025; 16(9):1022. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16091022

Chicago/Turabian Style

Silva, Gabriel Marques da, Mateus Fernandes Rodrigues, Laura Silva Pelicer, Gregori de Arruda Moreira, Alexandre Cacheffo, Fábio Juliano da Silva Lopes, Luisa D’Antola de Mello, Giovanni Souza, and Eduardo Landulfo. 2025. "Long-Range Plume Transport from Brazilian Burnings to Urban São Paulo: A Remote Sensing Analysis" Atmosphere 16, no. 9: 1022. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16091022

APA Style

Silva, G. M. d., Rodrigues, M. F., Pelicer, L. S., Moreira, G. d. A., Cacheffo, A., Lopes, F. J. d. S., Mello, L. D. d., Souza, G., & Landulfo, E. (2025). Long-Range Plume Transport from Brazilian Burnings to Urban São Paulo: A Remote Sensing Analysis. Atmosphere, 16(9), 1022. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16091022

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