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Polymers
Volume 17
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10.3390/polym17010082
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Article

Biorefinery of Lignocellulosic and Marine Resources for Obtaining Active PVA/Chitosan/Phenol Films for Application in Intelligent Food Packaging

by
Mary Isabel Lopretti Correa
1,
Diego Batista-Menezes
2,
Stephany Cunha de Rezende
3,4,
Arantzazu Santamaria-Echart
3,4,
Maria-Filomena Barreiro
3,4 and
Jose Roberto Vega-Baudrit
2,5,*
1
Laboratory of Nuclear Techniques Applied to Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Nuclear Research Center, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de la República, Mataojo 2055, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
2
National Nanotechnology Laboratory, National Center for High Technology, Pavas, San José 10109, Costa Rica
3
Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
4
Laboratório Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
5
Escuela de Química, Universidad Nacional, Heredia 40101, Costa Rica
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Polymers 2025, 17(1), 82; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17010082
Submission received: 22 October 2024 / Revised: 11 December 2024 / Accepted: 22 December 2024 / Published: 31 December 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Polymer Composites from Renewable Resources: Functionality and Applications)
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Abstract

This study focuses on the extraction of phenolic compounds from the fermentation of Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Gloeophyllum trabeum. The main goal was to synthesize phenol/chitosan microspheres and PVA films and characterized using FTIR, TGA, DSC, SEM, and mechanical tests to evaluate their physical, chemical, and mechanical properties for antimicrobial packaging applications. Homogeneous chitosan microspheres loaded with lignin-derived phenols were obtained, showing controlled release of antimicrobial compounds. The incorporation of phenolic microspheres into PVA/chitosan films resulted in significant improvements in mechanical properties: the films exhibited an elastic modulus of 36.14 ± 3.73 MPa, tensile strength of 12.01 ± 1.14 MPa, and elongation at break of 65.19 ± 5.96%. Thermal tests revealed that chitosan-containing films had enhanced thermal stability, with decomposition temperatures (T10) reaching 116.77 °C, compared to 89.28 °C for pure PVA. In terms of antimicrobial activity, PVA/chitosan/phenol films effectively reduced Lactobacillus growth and milk acidity, maintaining quality for up to 96 h at room temperature, outperforming controls with acetic acid and H2O2. The films also inhibit yeast growth for one week. In conclusion, phenols can be effective antimicrobial agents in dairy, but their use should be monitored. Additionally, PVA/chitosan-phenol films offer biodegradability, antimicrobial properties, and sustainability for diverse applications.
Keywords: lignocellulosic; chitosan; films; innovative packaging lignocellulosic; chitosan; films; innovative packaging

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MDPI and ACS Style

Lopretti Correa, M.I.; Batista-Menezes, D.; Rezende, S.C.d.; Santamaria-Echart, A.; Barreiro, M.-F.; Vega-Baudrit, J.R. Biorefinery of Lignocellulosic and Marine Resources for Obtaining Active PVA/Chitosan/Phenol Films for Application in Intelligent Food Packaging. Polymers 2025, 17, 82. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17010082

AMA Style

Lopretti Correa MI, Batista-Menezes D, Rezende SCd, Santamaria-Echart A, Barreiro M-F, Vega-Baudrit JR. Biorefinery of Lignocellulosic and Marine Resources for Obtaining Active PVA/Chitosan/Phenol Films for Application in Intelligent Food Packaging. Polymers. 2025; 17(1):82. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17010082

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lopretti Correa, Mary Isabel, Diego Batista-Menezes, Stephany Cunha de Rezende, Arantzazu Santamaria-Echart, Maria-Filomena Barreiro, and Jose Roberto Vega-Baudrit. 2025. "Biorefinery of Lignocellulosic and Marine Resources for Obtaining Active PVA/Chitosan/Phenol Films for Application in Intelligent Food Packaging" Polymers 17, no. 1: 82. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17010082

APA Style

Lopretti Correa, M. I., Batista-Menezes, D., Rezende, S. C. d., Santamaria-Echart, A., Barreiro, M.-F., & Vega-Baudrit, J. R. (2025). Biorefinery of Lignocellulosic and Marine Resources for Obtaining Active PVA/Chitosan/Phenol Films for Application in Intelligent Food Packaging. Polymers, 17(1), 82. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17010082

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