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Nutrients
Volume 18
Issue 14
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Nutrients, Volume 18, Issue 14 (July-2 2026) – 191 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): Olive oil, particularly virgin (VOO) and extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO), is a key component of the Mediterranean diet and an emerging modulator of the gut microbiota. This narrative review critically examines current evidence on the effects of olive oil, olive-derived phenolics, and olive oil-rich dietary patterns on gut microbiota modulation, microbial metabolism, intestinal barrier function, inflammatory bowel diseases, and related systemic outcomes. It also discusses differences between EVOO, VOO, and refined olive oil, the microbial biotransformation of olive phenolics, and current evidence from experimental and human studies. Finally, the review highlights existing knowledge gaps and the need for well-controlled clinical studies to clarify microbiota-mediated effects. View this paper
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27 pages, 4763 KB  
Review
From Mechanisms to Practice: Gut Microbiome-Based Strategies for Supporting Recovery in Elite Athletes
by Junior Carlone, Paolo Sgrò, Attilio Parisi and Alessio Fasano
Nutrients 2026, 18(14), 2403; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18142403 - 22 Jul 2026
Viewed by 1969
Abstract
Recovery in elite athletes represents a critical determinant of performance and health outcomes. The gut microbiota has been proposed as a modulating factor for recovery through anti-inflammatory mechanisms, oxidative stress management, sleep regulation, and biosynthetic potential for essential micronutrients. This review examines the [...] Read more.
Recovery in elite athletes represents a critical determinant of performance and health outcomes. The gut microbiota has been proposed as a modulating factor for recovery through anti-inflammatory mechanisms, oxidative stress management, sleep regulation, and biosynthetic potential for essential micronutrients. This review examines the mechanisms linking gut microbiota composition and function to athletic recovery and critically evaluates the evidence supporting its application in sports medicine. Athletes appear to harbor a more enriched microbial biosynthetic potential, with substantially greater numbers of high-biological-impact synthases involved in the production of vitamins, amino acids, and bioactive metabolites. Short-chain fatty acids, particularly butyrate and propionate, have demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects in preclinical studies, with emerging evidence in humans. The gut–brain axis has been proposed to modulate recovery by regulating neurotransmitter production and controlling circadian rhythms. Sport-associated microbial signatures seem to reflect metabolic demands, with endurance athletes showing enrichment for Prevotella and Veillonella, while strength athletes tend to harbor higher levels of proteolytic bacteria. Probiotic interventions with multi-strain Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium formulations have reported reductions in inflammatory markers, improvements in oxidative stress biomarkers, and enhanced sleep quality in small-scale randomized controlled trials involving athletic populations, and improvements in self-reported sleep quality in a controlled, non-randomized study in elite athletes. Optimizing gut microbiota composition and function offers a promising complementary strategy for enhancing recovery in elite athletes. Potential applications that require prospective validation include sport-specific probiotic interventions, nutritional strategies to enhance short-chain fatty acid production, and the integration of microbiota assessment with traditional recovery monitoring. Further research is needed to establish standardized protocols and identify predictive biomarkers of individual response to microbiota-targeted interventions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental and Nutritional Strategies to Optimize Performance and Recovery in Athletes)
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42 pages, 13445 KB  
Review
Effects of Non-Nutritive Artificial Sweeteners on Gut Microbiota and Host Metabolism and Health-Related Outcomes: A Review
by Yefu Xin, Tianzhizi Fu, Ralf Weiskirchen, Han Chen, Mengyu Cheng, Rui Zhu and Hualin Wang
Nutrients 2026, 18(14), 2402; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18142402 - 22 Jul 2026
Viewed by 8692
Abstract
As obesity, diabetes and other diet-related metabolic disorders continue to rise, non-nutritive artificial sweeteners (NASs) are widely used as sugar substitutes in free-sugar reduction and weight-management strategies, but their effects on the gut microbiota, host metabolism and related health outcomes remain debated. To [...] Read more.
As obesity, diabetes and other diet-related metabolic disorders continue to rise, non-nutritive artificial sweeteners (NASs) are widely used as sugar substitutes in free-sugar reduction and weight-management strategies, but their effects on the gut microbiota, host metabolism and related health outcomes remain debated. To clarify this evidence landscape, this review synthesizes current knowledge on the effects of major NAS on the gut microbiota and host metabolic and health-related outcome. A bibliometric analysis was conducted to characterize the development, knowledge structure and thematic evolution of this research area. For the eight NAS exposure categories included in this review (saccharin, cyclamate, aspartame, acesulfame potassium, sucralose, neotame, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone and mixed NAS), we performed a compound-specific analysis integrating physicochemical characteristics, regulatory status, and research findings from in vitro, ex vivo, animal and human studies on gut microbiota alterations, host metabolic and health-related outcomes. These findings were further compared through four interpretive dimensions: exposure conditions, research model background, outcome assessment and interpretation of discordant results. Current research evidence does not support a class-wide conclusion that NAS are uniformly harmful or safe. To make research findings searchable, we developed the NAS-MAP knowledge graph, an interactive non-nutritive artificial sweetener–microbiota-associated phenotype knowledge graph. Overall, this review consolidates current knowledge, clarifies the sources of inconsistent findings, and provides a framework for more mechanistically informative studies, standardized evidence reporting, and more precise sweetener-, exposure- and population-specific dietary and public health guidance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Carbohydrates)
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11 pages, 1808 KB  
Article
Does Nutri-Score Reliably Identify High-Sugar Foods Marketed to Children? A Cross-Sectional Study with Implications for Dental Caries Prevention
by Laura Marqués-Martínez, Carlota Rosa Pérez-Dallal, Juan Ignacio Aura-Tormos, Carla Borrell-García, Paula Boo-Gordillo, María Carmona-Santamaría, Clara Guinot-Barona and Esther García-Miralles
Nutrients 2026, 18(14), 2401; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18142401 - 22 Jul 2026
Viewed by 408
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Front-of-pack labelling systems such as Nutri-Score are promoted as public health tools to guide consumers towards healthier food choices. However, their capacity to accurately signal sugar content in child-targeted foods—a key determinant of dental caries risk—remains poorly characterised. This study aimed [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Front-of-pack labelling systems such as Nutri-Score are promoted as public health tools to guide consumers towards healthier food choices. However, their capacity to accurately signal sugar content in child-targeted foods—a key determinant of dental caries risk—remains poorly characterised. This study aimed to evaluate whether Nutri-Score category reliably reflects sugar content in pre-packaged foods marketed to children, and to discuss the implications for paediatric oral health. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study analysed the nutritional labels of 100 pre-packaged foods directed at the paediatric population, all displaying a Nutri-Score label, selected from three major supermarket chains in Valencia, Spain. Products were grouped into eight predefined food categories. Sugar content (g/100 g or 100 mL), Nutri-Score category (A–E), and ordinal position of sugar in the ingredients list were recorded. Global association between Nutri-Score grade and sugar content was evaluated using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient; category-level analyses used the Kruskal–Wallis or Mann–Whitney U test as appropriate. Results: A moderate statistically significant positive correlation was found between Nutri-Score grade and sugar content across all 100 products (ρ = 0.515, p < 0.001). In the exploratory category-level analyses, suggestive differences were observed in biscuits (H = 8.72, p = 0.033), milks and milk drinks (H = 9.02, p = 0.029), and desserts (H = 8.31, p = 0.016); none of these p-values survived Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons (adjusted α = 0.006). Notably, some products rated A and B contained high sugar levels: one A-rated breakfast cereal reached 22.4 g/100 g, and the highest B-rated product (a flavoured milk drink) contained 22.1 g/100 g. No significant association was detected in cereals, breads, dairy products, juices, or frozen foods. Conclusions: Nutri-Score demonstrated limited discriminatory ability to identify high-sugar child-targeted foods consistently across food categories. These findings support recommending that paediatric dental practitioners advise caregivers to evaluate sugar content and ingredients lists beyond front-of-pack grading. Further regulatory refinement of the algorithm to specifically weight added sugar exposure in child-targeted products may be warranted. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Nutrition)
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21 pages, 1023 KB  
Systematic Review
Physical Activity in Patients with Celiac Disease: A Systematic Review
by Irene Zapata-Martínez, Marta Herrador-López, Víctor Manuel Navas-López, Lara Bossini-Castillo, Teresa Nestares and Rafael Martín-Masot
Nutrients 2026, 18(14), 2400; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18142400 - 22 Jul 2026
Viewed by 1003
Abstract
Objectives: Celiac disease (CD) is an immune-mediated disorder triggered by gluten ingestion. Although a gluten-free diet (GFD) is the only effective treatment, patients may still experience inflammation, nutritional imbalances, and reduced quality of life. Physical activity (PA) has demonstrated anti-inflammatory benefits; however, [...] Read more.
Objectives: Celiac disease (CD) is an immune-mediated disorder triggered by gluten ingestion. Although a gluten-free diet (GFD) is the only effective treatment, patients may still experience inflammation, nutritional imbalances, and reduced quality of life. Physical activity (PA) has demonstrated anti-inflammatory benefits; however, its role in CD management remains unclear. This systematic review aimed to synthesize evidence on the associations of PA and the outcomes of exercise interventions in individuals with CD, focusing on metabolic, nutritional, clinical, and functional outcomes. Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines, we included peer-reviewed observational and experimental studies assessing PA in individuals with CD across all age groups, without language or date restrictions. Searches were conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, EMBASE, and SPORTDiscus. The risk of bias was evaluated using JBI and Cochrane RoB 2 tools. Results: Fourteen studies (17 publications) were included, the vast majority of which were cross-sectional, along with one quasi-experimental study and two randomized controlled trial cohorts reported across five publications. Data from these predominantly observational studies suggested possible, yet inconsistent, links between higher PA levels and better profiles in body composition, inflammatory and oxidative markers, quality of life, and psychological outcomes. Positive associations were also observed in some studies regarding gastrointestinal symptoms and adherence to the GFD. However, findings on metabolic markers and bone mineral density were inconsistent and linked to dietary factors. Conclusions: While PA represents a potential adjunct in the comprehensive management of CD, particularly in relation to functional and inflammatory outcomes. However, the current evidence remains highly preliminary, limited, and inconsistent, which restricts the strength of any definitive conclusions. Therefore, high-quality, longitudinal studies and well-designed clinical trials are needed to confirm its long-term benefits, especially in the pediatric population, and to establish specific recommendations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional and Clinical Approaches Across the Spectrum of Gluten-Related Disorders)
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28 pages, 687 KB  
Article
Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder-Related Symptoms and Food Neophobia in Children with Food Allergy: A Mixed-Methods Study of Frequency Estimates, Diet Quality, and Food-Related Psychological Experiences
by Rita Nocerino, Giuseppina Rosolia, Teresa Rea, Silvio Simeone, Caterina Mercuri, Alessandra Agizza, Serena Coppola, Roberto Berni Canani and Laura Carucci
Nutrients 2026, 18(14), 2399; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18142399 - 22 Jul 2026
Viewed by 530
Abstract
Background: Children with food allergy (FA) may develop eating difficulties that extend beyond medically required allergen avoidance, including food neophobia, selective eating, and avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID)-related symptoms. This mixed-methods study aimed to assess ARFID symptoms, food neophobia, diet quality, and [...] Read more.
Background: Children with food allergy (FA) may develop eating difficulties that extend beyond medically required allergen avoidance, including food neophobia, selective eating, and avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID)-related symptoms. This mixed-methods study aimed to assess ARFID symptoms, food neophobia, diet quality, and food-related psychological experiences in children with FA. Methods: Seventy children with confirmed FA were enrolled in an observational cross-sectional mixed-methods study conducted at a tertiary pediatric allergy center. Quantitative assessment included the Eating Disorders in Youth-Questionnaire (EDY-Q), the Italian Child Food Neophobia Scale (ICFNS), and the Mediterranean Diet Quality Index for Children and Adolescents (KIDMED). Qualitative data were collected from a purposive subsample of 26 children through semi-structured child-friendly interviews and drawing-based elicitation activities and were analyzed using inductive thematic analysis. Results: A positive EDY-Q screening result for ARFID-related symptoms was observed in 3 children (4.3%). Selective Eating showed the highest median EDY-Q domain score (median 1.50, IQR 0.67–4.00), followed by Food Avoidance Emotional Disorder (median 1.00, IQR 0.00–2.00) and Functional Dysphagia (median 0.00, IQR 0.00–2.00). Moderate food neophobia was observed in 45 children (64.3%), while 24 children (34.3%) were classified within the high food-neophobia category. KIDMED score was negatively correlated with EDY-Q total score (Spearman’s ρ = −0.302; p = 0.011), Selective Eating (ρ = −0.356; p = 0.002), and Functional Dysphagia (ρ = −0.238; p = 0.048). In an exploratory hierarchical regression, Selective Eating remained inversely associated with KIDMED after adjustment for demographic and FA-related covariates (β = −0.386; p = 0.002); however, the overall model did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.081), and the additional clinical covariates did not significantly improve model fit. Accordingly, the fully adjusted findings should be interpreted as exploratory. Qualitative analysis identified five themes: anticipatory fear of food and tasting, emotional memory of allergic reactions and generalization of risk, selective avoidance and food rigidity, reassurance-seeking and decision-making dependence, and ambivalent parental dynamics. Conclusions: Within this tertiary-care sample, positive EDY-Q screening results were uncommon, whereas broader food-related difficulties were identified. Pediatric FA assessment may benefit from attention to eating behavior, diet quality, and avoidance extending beyond confirmed allergens. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Allergy in Pediatrics: Nutritional Prevention and Intervention)
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35 pages, 1763 KB  
Review
Dietary Microplastic Exposure in Athletes: Implications for Metabolism, Gut Health, and Performance
by Rosaria Meccariello, Maria Giovanna Tafuri and Stefania D’Angelo
Nutrients 2026, 18(14), 2398; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18142398 - 22 Jul 2026
Viewed by 712
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) are emerging environmental contaminants increasingly detected in foods, beverages, and food-contact materials, making dietary intake a relevant route of human exposure. In sports nutrition, this issue may be particularly important because athletes often have high food and fluid consumption, frequent use [...] Read more.
Microplastics (MPs) are emerging environmental contaminants increasingly detected in foods, beverages, and food-contact materials, making dietary intake a relevant route of human exposure. In sports nutrition, this issue may be particularly important because athletes often have high food and fluid consumption, frequent use of packaged sports nutrition products, dietary supplements, bottled beverages, and sport-specific hydration strategies. This narrative review, supported by a structured literature search, examines dietary MP exposure and its potential relevance to gastrointestinal function, gut microbiota, oxidative stress, inflammation, mitochondrial activity, endocrine regulation, metabolism, recovery, adaptation, and performance-related outcomes in athletes. Current evidence suggests that MPs and nanoplastics may interact with biological systems through mechanisms involving intestinal barrier disruption, microbiota alterations, inflammatory activation, oxidative damage, mitochondrial perturbation, endocrine-disrupting chemicals, and metabolic dysregulation. However, most available data derive from in vitro studies, animal models, food contamination analyses, exposure-estimation studies, and indirect human biomonitoring evidence. Direct studies in athletic populations are currently lacking. Therefore, the possible implications of MP exposure on recovery, adaptation, and exercise performance should be interpreted as biologically plausible but unproven. From a practical perspective, evidence-informed strategies may include reducing avoidable plastic-related exposure while maintaining adequate hydration, energy availability, nutrient timing, supplement quality, and dietary patterns that support antioxidant defenses, inflammatory balance, gut health, and physiological resilience. Future research should prioritize standardized exposure assessment, validated biomarkers, human biomonitoring, and sport-specific studies evaluating MP exposure in relation to physiological and performance-related outcomes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Performance in Sports, Physical Activity, Exercise: Nutrition, Fatigue and Recovery)
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13 pages, 626 KB  
Article
Arabic Version of the Family Health Climate Questionnaire in a Saudi Population: Translation, Validation, and Reliability
by Israa M. Shatwan, Noha M. Almoraie and Najlaa M. Aljefree
Nutrients 2026, 18(14), 2397; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18142397 - 22 Jul 2026
Viewed by 399
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The family health climate (FHC) questionnaire comprises two subscales: physical activity (FHC-PA) and nutrition (FHC-NU). We aimed to translate the FHC into Arabic, culturally adapt it, and evaluate its reliability and validity among adult Arabic speakers. Methods: The original scale [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: The family health climate (FHC) questionnaire comprises two subscales: physical activity (FHC-PA) and nutrition (FHC-NU). We aimed to translate the FHC into Arabic, culturally adapt it, and evaluate its reliability and validity among adult Arabic speakers. Methods: The original scale was translated and back-translated, and face and content validity of the scale was reviewed by 10 nutritionists. The scale reliability was measured using Cronbach’s alpha (α). Exploratory factor analysis was conducted to establish construct validity. Results: The FHC demonstrated an acceptable level of content validity, with a scale content validity index/average of 0.93 and index/universal of 0.51. The scale exhibited high internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.956, 0.928, and 0.939 for the total FHC, FHC-PA, and FHC-NU, respectively). Strong Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin values for FHC-PA and FHC-NU (0.946 and 0.947, respectively) and a significant Bartlett’s test of sphericity (p < 0.001) were observed. For the FHC-PA, a three-factor structure was identified, explaining 51.5% of the variance, whereas the FHC-NU exhibited a four-factor structure explaining 49.2% of the variance. Conclusions: The Arabic FHC scale is a valid and reliable tool for evaluating the family environment that influences health-related behaviors. It can serve as a valuable resource for developing family-oriented strategies for health promotion and disease prevention. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition Methodology & Assessment)
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38 pages, 1481 KB  
Review
Gut Microbial Metabotypes Shape Polyphenol Bioactivity: Toward Precision Nutrition Strategies for Human Health
by Pasquale Perrone and Stefania D’Angelo
Nutrients 2026, 18(14), 2396; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18142396 - 22 Jul 2026
Viewed by 2031
Abstract
The biological effects of dietary polyphenols are increasingly understood to depend not only on their intake, but also on their bioavailability, host metabolism, and gut microbiota-mediated biotransformation. Because many native polyphenols are poorly absorbed in the upper gastrointestinal tract, a substantial fraction reaches [...] Read more.
The biological effects of dietary polyphenols are increasingly understood to depend not only on their intake, but also on their bioavailability, host metabolism, and gut microbiota-mediated biotransformation. Because many native polyphenols are poorly absorbed in the upper gastrointestinal tract, a substantial fraction reaches the colon, where intestinal microorganisms convert them into lower-molecular-weight metabolites, including urolithins, phenyl-γ-valerolactones, phenolic acids, enterolignans, and equol. These metabolites may display distinct absorption profiles and biological activities compared with their parent compounds, although their physiological relevance differs according to metabolite class, exposure level, and supporting evidence. Interindividual differences in gut microbiota composition and function contribute to substantial variability in metabolite production, leading to the concept of microbial metabotypes, which classify individuals according to their capacity to generate specific microbial-derived metabolites. This narrative review critically examines gut microbiota-mediated polyphenol biotransformation, major microbial metabotypes, determinants of metabotype variability, and their potential relevance for precision nutrition. Particular attention is given to urolithin, equol, and enterolignan metabotypes while distinguishing relatively well-characterized models from emerging or insufficiently standardized metabolic phenotypes. We also discuss the level of evidence supporting biological effects related to mitochondrial function, endothelial homeostasis, metabolic regulation, inflammation, gut barrier integrity, and gut–brain communication, distinguishing human evidence from preclinical and mechanistic findings. Although metabotype-guided approaches may improve responder stratification in future nutritional studies, their clinical translation remains limited by heterogeneous challenge protocols, non-standardized analytical cut-offs, incomplete validation across populations, and insufficient long-term intervention data. Therefore, microbial metabotypes should currently be considered as promising functional biomarkers for research and stratified trial design rather than established tools for routine personalized dietary prescription. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Modulation of the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: From Mechanisms to Precision Nutrition)
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13 pages, 997 KB  
Article
Diet Quality Among Hungarian Children Assessed Using the Healthy Eating Index-2020: Associations with Sociodemographic Factors
by Diána Sárga, Lajos Biró, Dániel Sándor Veres and Márta Veresné Bálint
Nutrients 2026, 18(14), 2395; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18142395 - 22 Jul 2026
Viewed by 468
Abstract
Background: Assessing overall diet quality has become increasingly important in nutritional epidemiology. The Healthy Eating Index (HEI) is one of the most widely used measures of diet quality; however, comparable data on Hungarian children are scarce. The current study aimed to assess [...] Read more.
Background: Assessing overall diet quality has become increasingly important in nutritional epidemiology. The Healthy Eating Index (HEI) is one of the most widely used measures of diet quality; however, comparable data on Hungarian children are scarce. The current study aimed to assess the diet quality of Hungarian children using the Healthy Eating Index and to examine demographic factors associated with diet quality. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 666 children aged 4–10 years. Dietary intake was measured using three-day dietary records, and sociodemographic factors were collected via parental questionnaires. Diet quality was assessed using the Healthy Eating Index-2020 (HEI-2020). For the statistical analysis, linear regression, random forest models and one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test were used. Results: The mean HEI score was 48.2 (SD 8.02), indicating low diet quality. Settlement type was significantly associated with the HEI score (p = 0.009). The multiplicity-corrected p-values for pairwise comparisons showed that children living in towns had significantly lower HEI scores (44.9, SD 7.97) than those living in county capitals (3.9, 95% CI:0.8–7.0, p = 0.006) and villages (−3.6, 95% CI: −0.61–−6.6, p = 0.011), but not significantly lower than those living in the capital (3.09, 95% CI: −0.25–6.4, p = 0.08). These differences were primarily related to whole-fruit and whole-grain component scores. Sex, age, and maternal education were not significantly associated with HEI score. The random forest model showed weak predictive performance (RMSE = 7.66). Conclusions: Diet quality among Hungarian children was generally suboptimal. The examined sociodemographic characteristics accounted for only a small proportion of the variability in the HEI score. This highlights the importance of ongoing research to understand dietary patterns and to uncover additional social, environmental, and behavioral aspects of dietary habits across cultures. Furthermore, the results indicate that interventions should also consider local food environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Nutrition)
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17 pages, 820 KB  
Systematic Review
Fenugreek Is Superior to Guar Gum, Locust Bean Gum and Tara Gum for Metabolic Health: A Systematic Review
by Anna Evelin Juhász, Tímea Klaudia Kara, Éva Csajbókné Csobod and Réka Juhász
Nutrients 2026, 18(14), 2394; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18142394 - 22 Jul 2026
Viewed by 18817
Abstract
Background: Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba), locust bean (Ceratonia siliqua), fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum), and tara (Caesalpinia spinosa) are plant-derived materials that contain galactomannans as their major polysaccharide component. Galactomannans are soluble, highly viscous, and fermentable dietary [...] Read more.
Background: Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba), locust bean (Ceratonia siliqua), fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum), and tara (Caesalpinia spinosa) are plant-derived materials that contain galactomannans as their major polysaccharide component. Galactomannans are soluble, highly viscous, and fermentable dietary fibers widely used in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries because of their favorable technological properties. Methods: We performed our systematic search on 16 April 2026, in MEDLINE (via PubMed), Scopus, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), without language restrictions. Eligible randomized controlled trials compared the effects of guar gum, locust bean gum, and fenugreek on glycemic parameters, lipid profile, and body weight-related outcomes in healthy adults or patients with metabolic disorders. Results: A total of 50 randomized controlled trials were included in the analysis. Of these, 27 investigated guar gum, 20 fenugreek (12 seed powder, 7 seed extract, 1 leaf extract), two mixed galactomannan preparations, and one locust bean gum intervention. Considerable heterogeneity was observed across studies regarding participant characteristics, intervention doses, and treatment duration. Nevertheless, fenugreek-derived preparations consistently improved glycemic outcomes. In contrast, guar gum demonstrated more consistent effects on lipid parameters. Effects on body weight and body mass index were less consistent across studies. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the metabolic effects of galactomannans are source-dependent, with fenugreek-based interventions appearing to have greater potential for improving glycemic outcomes, while guar gum may be more effective in improving lipid parameters. Since these fibers can be easily consumed in the form of dietary supplements, it is worth considering their regular, daily intake. The protocol was prospectively registered in the PROSPERO database (CRD420261368159). Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Metabolism)
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18 pages, 4551 KB  
Review
Natural Taste Modulators and Microbiome-Aware Nutritional Support for Immunotherapy-Associated Dysgeusia: A Translational Perspective for Precision Supportive Cancer Care
by Anna Fleischer
Nutrients 2026, 18(14), 2393; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18142393 - 22 Jul 2026
Viewed by 916
Abstract
Dysgeusia is a clinically consequential, but still under-standardized, toxicity of cancer treatment. In the immunotherapy era, taste disturbances are increasingly relevant for patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapies and T-cell-redirecting bispecific antibodies, with G protein-coupled receptor family C [...] Read more.
Dysgeusia is a clinically consequential, but still under-standardized, toxicity of cancer treatment. In the immunotherapy era, taste disturbances are increasingly relevant for patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapies and T-cell-redirecting bispecific antibodies, with G protein-coupled receptor family C group 5 member D (GPRC5D)-directed treatment in multiple myeloma representing a particularly instructive high-burden model. We performed a structured critical narrative review with evidence mapping. PubMed/MEDLINE was searched from database inception to June 2026, complemented by citation tracking in Google Scholar, ClinicalTrials.gov searches and guideline documents relevant to oncology nutrition, oral supportive care and cancer-related taste dysfunction. Search concepts covered cancer-related dysgeusia, immunotherapy-associated oral toxicity, GPRC5D/talquetamab-associated dysgeusia, oncology nutrition, oral–gut microbiome biology, natural taste modulators and miraculin-based interventions. Dysgeusia can reduce appetite, food enjoyment, dietary diversity and protein energy intake, thereby contributing to weight loss, malnutrition risk, distress, social withdrawal and, in severe cases, treatment modification or discontinuation. Available evidence is heterogeneous: general cancer-treatment-associated dysgeusia is supported by broader observational and interventional literature; immunotherapy-associated dysgeusia is less systematically characterized; and GPRC5D/talquetamab-associated dysgeusia represents the most clinically visible and target-specific immunotherapy-associated phenotype. Emerging pilot data suggest that dried miracle berry or miraculin-containing products may improve selected taste perception and nutritional parameters in cancer-related dysgeusia, but direct evidence in immunotherapy-associated dysgeusia is not yet established. We, therefore, propose a claim-disciplined precision supportive-care framework integrating systematic taste phenotyping, early nutritional risk assessment, oral health evaluation, microbiome-aware but hypothesis-generating endpoints, individualized flavor and texture adaptation, cautious use of natural taste modulators in selected patients and iterative monitoring of patient-centered outcomes. Future trials should test whether dysgeusia-focused nutritional and taste-modulating supportive care interventions can improve intake, quality of life and treatment persistence without compromising immunotherapy safety or efficacy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products as a Promising Adjunctive Therapeutic Strategy for Tumor Immunotherapy)
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17 pages, 1679 KB  
Article
Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) Mitigates Cisplatin-Induced Early Oxidative Testicular Dysfunction Through Modulation of Antioxidant Defense and GPX4 Response
by Pelin İsmailoğlu, Zehra Topal Suzan, Esra Deniz, Adnan Yılmaz, Sibel Mataracı Karakaş, Nevnihal Akbaytürk, Hatice Sevim Nalkıran, İhsan Nalkıran, Ünzile Yaman, Şenay Çakıroğlu and Levent Tümkaya
Nutrients 2026, 18(14), 2392; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18142392 - 22 Jul 2026
Viewed by 440
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Cisplatin-induced testicular toxicity is commonly associated with oxidative stress; however, the early biological events preceding overt tissue injury remain incompletely characterized. Identifying interventions capable of preserving redox homeostasis during this subacute phase may improve our understanding of the initial mechanisms underlying [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Cisplatin-induced testicular toxicity is commonly associated with oxidative stress; however, the early biological events preceding overt tissue injury remain incompletely characterized. Identifying interventions capable of preserving redox homeostasis during this subacute phase may improve our understanding of the initial mechanisms underlying testicular dysfunction. This study investigated whether methylsulfonylmethane (MSM), a naturally occurring organosulfur compound with antioxidant properties, modulates early oxidative responses in a subacute rat model of cisplatin-induced testicular toxicity. Methods: Thirty-two adult male Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly assigned to Control, Cisplatin (CIS), MSM, and CIS + MSM groups (n = 8/group). MSM (500 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneally) was administered for 10 consecutive days, while a single dose of cisplatin (7 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) was given on day 7. Oxidative stress biomarkers, antioxidant enzyme activities, intratesticular testosterone concentrations, inflammatory cytokines, GPX4 and HO-1 protein expression, histopathological alterations, and correlation analyses were evaluated. Results: Cisplatin exposure induced a marked oxidative imbalance, evidenced by increased malondialdehyde levels and reduced superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and intratesticular testosterone concentrations (p < 0.05). MSM administration attenuated lipid peroxidation, restored antioxidant enzyme activities, and preserved intratesticular testosterone levels. Western blot analysis demonstrated a significant increase in GPX4 protein expression following cisplatin exposure, whereas MSM normalized GPX4 expression toward control values. In contrast, HO-1 expression and intratesticular IL-6 and TNF-α levels did not differ among the experimental groups. Histopathological evaluation revealed only mild structural alterations without corresponding differences in Johnsen score, indicating that biochemical and molecular disturbances preceded overt tissue degeneration. Correlation analysis further demonstrated close associations between antioxidant defense and preservation of endocrine function. Conclusions: Subacute cisplatin exposure primarily disrupted testicular redox homeostasis before prominent histopathological injury became evident. MSM was associated with attenuation of these early oxidative alterations accompanied by improved endogenous antioxidant enzyme activity, higher intratesticular testosterone concentrations, and normalization of GPX4 expression. These findings suggest that MSM may contribute to the maintenance of testicular redox homeostasis during the early phase of cisplatin-induced toxicity under the present experimental conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Nutritional Supplements in Cancer Prevention and Treatment)
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16 pages, 709 KB  
Article
Longitudinal Trajectories of Resting Energy Expenditure, Cortisol and IGF-1, and Disease Severity in Critically Ill Patients: A Prospective Pilot Study
by Dimitrios Karayiannis, Anna Elena Yatsulava, Dimitra Katsigianni, Georgios Poupouzas, Charikleia S. Vrettou, Vasileios Issaris, Efthymia Botoula, Marinella Tzanela, Dimitra A. Vassiliadi, Alice G. Vassiliou and Ioanna Dimopoulou
Nutrients 2026, 18(14), 2391; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18142391 - 22 Jul 2026
Viewed by 655
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Resting energy expenditure (REE) rises during critical illness, but its determinants and prognostic relevance remain incompletely characterized. Identifying a circulating signal that tracks REE could provide a bedside surrogate for metabolic demand where indirect calorimetry is unavailable. This prospective pilot study described [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Resting energy expenditure (REE) rises during critical illness, but its determinants and prognostic relevance remain incompletely characterized. Identifying a circulating signal that tracks REE could provide a bedside surrogate for metabolic demand where indirect calorimetry is unavailable. This prospective pilot study described longitudinal trajectories of indirect calorimetry-measured REE, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score, serum cortisol and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) over two weeks in the intensive care unit (ICU), examined whether the REE trajectory was attenuated by adjustment for these variables, and generated preliminary effect-size and variance estimates for mortality. Methods: This single-center pilot study enrolled 39 critically ill adults at Evangelismos General Hospital (Athens, Greece); sample size was pragmatic, not based on an a priori power calculation. REE (Q-NRG metabolic monitor), cortisol and IGF-1 were measured at admission and days 5–7, 10–11 and 13–14, alongside SOFA. Trajectories were modeled with linear mixed-effects models using all available repeated measures. Confounding was assessed by adding SOFA, cortisol and IGF-1 as covariates and evaluating attenuation of the time effect; no formal mediation analysis was performed. Causes of missing data were quantified and a completers-only sensitivity analysis was undertaken. Mortality was analyzed by Cox regression with ICU length of stay as the time variable. Estimation was emphasized throughout; point estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) are reported in preference to significance testing. Results: Mean age was 54.6 ± 18.1 years; 69.2% were male; median admission SOFA was 6 (IQR 3–9). ICU and 28-day mortality were 20.5% (8/39) and 10.3% (4/39). REE/kg rose from 25.3 ± 3.7 to a peak of 27.2 ± 4.2 kcal/kg/day by days 10–11 (likelihood-ratio χ2 = 17.2, p = 0.0006). Attrition was driven predominantly by discharge alive (18 of 23 patients missing at days 13–14) rather than death (n = 2), and the trajectory was preserved in a completers-only sensitivity analysis (χ2 = 9.13, p = 0.028). Cortisol declined (21.1 to 13.4 μg/dL) and IGF-1 rose (80.0 to 105.4 ng/mL); SOFA was essentially unchanged. REE did not correlate with SOFA, cortisol or IGF-1 at any time-point, and the time effect was not attenuated by adjustment for them. Admission REE was not associated with ICU mortality (HR 1.00, 95% CI 1.00–1.00). Higher admission REE was associated with a longer ICU stay, and this persisted after adjustment for body mass index (p = 0.026) and fat-free mass (p = 0.001). Age (HR 1.04, 95% CI 1.00–1.09) and admission SOFA (HR 1.18, 95% CI 0.98–1.44) were the covariates most associated with ICU mortality. Conclusions: REE rose progressively over the first 10–11 days of critical illness. Its trajectory was not attenuated by adjustment for SOFA, cortisol or IGF-1, which is compatible with—but does not establish—independence from the adrenal and somatotropic markers measured here. Neither REE nor these hormones were associated with mortality; age and disease severity remained the dominant prognostic factors, supporting a larger confirmatory study. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Support for Critically Ill Patients)
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26 pages, 17341 KB  
Article
Dietary Dihydromyricetin Supplementation Enhances Antioxidant Capacity and Modulates Jejunal Barrier Function, Cecal Microbiota, and Hepatic Metabolism in Mice
by Wenjiao Liang, Lishiyuan Tang, Jinghui Fan, Rui Huang, Jiaxuan Chen and Lichun Qian
Nutrients 2026, 18(14), 2390; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18142390 - 22 Jul 2026
Viewed by 486
Abstract
Background: Dihydromyricetin (DHM) is a food-derived flavonoid enriched in vine tea and has been reported to possess antioxidant and metabolism-regulating properties. This study was designed to characterize the multi-level nutritional responses to dietary DHM supplementation, with emphasis on hepatic redox–inflammatory status, jejunal [...] Read more.
Background: Dihydromyricetin (DHM) is a food-derived flavonoid enriched in vine tea and has been reported to possess antioxidant and metabolism-regulating properties. This study was designed to characterize the multi-level nutritional responses to dietary DHM supplementation, with emphasis on hepatic redox–inflammatory status, jejunal barrier-related phenotypes, cecal microbiota remodeling, hepatic metabolomic alterations, and homocysteine (Hcy) metabolism-related markers in mice. Methods: Forty-eight healthy mice were assigned to a basal-diet control group or diets containing 50, 100, or 200 mg/kg DHM for 4 weeks. Growth performance, serum biochemistry, antioxidant parameters, hepatic antioxidant-related expression, hepatic inflammatory cytokines, jejunal morphology and tight junction proteins, cecal 16S rRNA profiles, hepatic metabolomics, and Hcy metabolism-related markers were assessed. Results: Dietary DHM improved serum and hepatic antioxidant status, as reflected by increased T-AOC and GSH-Px activity and decreased MDA concentrations (p < 0.05). DHM also modulated the hepatic cytokine profile, with decreased TNF-α concentration (p < 0.05) and increased IL-10 concentration (p < 0.01). DHM increased hepatic Nrf2 protein abundance, HO-1 protein abundance, and Gclc mRNA expression (p < 0.05). DHM also improved jejunal villus architecture, as indicated by increased villus height, decreased crypt depth, and an increased villus height-to-crypt depth ratio (p < 0.05). Jejunal Occludin and ZO-1 protein expression were increased in the DHM-treated groups (p < 0.05). Cecal microbiota analysis showed increased richness and diversity indices and altered microbial community structure. Hepatic metabolomics revealed changes involving vitamin B6 metabolism, purine metabolism, the pentose phosphate pathway, and α-linolenic acid metabolism. Serum Hcy levels decreased (p < 0.05), accompanied by increased hepatic BHMT and MTHFR protein abundance (p < 0.01). Conclusions: Dietary DHM supplementation improved hepatic redox status and supported a less pro-inflammatory cytokine profile in mice, accompanied by enhanced jejunal barrier-related phenotypes, cecal microbiota remodeling, hepatic metabolic alterations, and Hcy metabolism-related responses. These findings provide a multi-level nutritional evaluation of DHM and suggest its potential relevance for supporting intestinal barrier integrity and hepatic metabolic homeostasis under basal physiological conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Metabolism)
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17 pages, 1487 KB  
Review
Supplementation of γ-Aminobutyric Acid as a Functional Nutrient
by Wei-Yang Lu
Nutrients 2026, 18(14), 2389; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18142389 - 22 Jul 2026
Viewed by 2379
Abstract
γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an endogenous metabolite and signaling molecule that is widely distributed across plants, microorganisms, and mammalian tissues. Although classically viewed as the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, GABA also functions in peripheral organs, where it participates in [...] Read more.
γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an endogenous metabolite and signaling molecule that is widely distributed across plants, microorganisms, and mammalian tissues. Although classically viewed as the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, GABA also functions in peripheral organs, where it participates in receptor-mediated signaling, intermediary metabolism, epithelial barrier regulation, endocrine control, immune modulation, and host–microbiota communication. These features have renewed interest in oral GABA supplementation and in dietary or microbial strategies designed to increase luminal or circulating GABA availability. Despite increasing interest in oral GABA supplementation and microbiota-derived GABA, evidence remains fragmented across multiple disciplines and the translational relevance of peripheral GABA biology remains incompletely defined. This review considers GABA within a functional nutrient framework: not as an essential nutrient required to prevent deficiency, but as a nonessential bioactive metabolite whose exogenous availability may modulate physiological regulation under specific conditions. The literature was identified through structured PubMed searches of studies published from 2000 onward. This review summarizes current knowledge regarding exogenous sources of GABA, intestinal absorption, hepatic uptake, and metabolic fate, receptor-mediated and metabolite-mediated signaling mechanisms in peripheral tissues, and findings from experimental, preclinical, and clinical studies examining GABA supplementation in immune-, endocrine-, and metabolic-related contexts. The findings support GABA as a biologically active functional nutrient with potential roles in immune, endocrine, epithelial, hepatic, and metabolic regulation. While experimental studies consistently report beneficial effects on inflammatory and metabolic outcomes, human studies remain limited and have not yet established definitive clinical efficacy. Future studies should prioritize well-powered randomized controlled trials, dose–response analyses, long-term safety assessments, and biomarkers of tissue-specific GABA exposure and target engagement. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Metabolism)
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16 pages, 1112 KB  
Article
Acute 1,3-Butanediol Co-Ingestion with Carbohydrate Does Not Improve Endurance Performance in Chronically Ketogenic Male Athletes
by Matthew Carpenter, James Brouner and Owen Spendiff
Nutrients 2026, 18(14), 2388; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18142388 - 22 Jul 2026
Viewed by 1071
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Exogenous ketone supplementation has been proposed to enhance endurance performance by altering substrate metabolism and sparing muscle glycogen. Prolonged carbohydrate restriction may upregulate ketolytic capacity and could therefore modulate the response to exogenous ketone ingestion. This study investigated the impact of increasing [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Exogenous ketone supplementation has been proposed to enhance endurance performance by altering substrate metabolism and sparing muscle glycogen. Prolonged carbohydrate restriction may upregulate ketolytic capacity and could therefore modulate the response to exogenous ketone ingestion. This study investigated the impact of increasing circulating ketone bodies through exogenous ketone supplementation on endurance performance in athletes chronically adapted to a ketogenic diet. Methods: Participants (n = 9 recreationally active males, with ≥1 year of ketogenic adherence) visited the lab four times. The first visit determined their V.O2max. The second visit accustomed them to test procedures. In a counterbalanced design, visits three and four tested the consumption of a 60 g carbohydrate beverage (CHO), or a beverage comprising 60 g carbohydrate and 0.5 g/kg 1,3-butanediol (CHO + BD). This was followed by a 60 min set-intensity exercise bout, followed by a 16.1 km time trial. Results: βHB significantly increased in the CHO + BD group (rest: 0.72 ± 0.33 mmol/L; post-exercise: 1.69 ± 0.30 mmol/L) compared to CHO (rest: 0.80 ± 0.53; post-exercise: 0.55 ± 0.30) (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in time trial performance between groups (1606 ± 138 s; 1620 ± 134 s; p > 0.05). During set intensity exercise, there was no significant main effect of supplementation on lactate concentration, substrate oxidation, oxygen consumption at a fixed workload, RPE or heart rate (p > 0.05). However, glucose was significantly lower at minutes 40 and 60 of set intensity exercise in CHO + BD compared to CHO. Conclusions: No significant effect of 1,3-butanediol ingestion on endurance performance was detected in this sample of nine chronically ketogenic male athletes. βHB significantly increased from resting levels; however, time trial performance did not differ between conditions. Given the small sample and limited statistical power, these preliminary findings indicate no detectable ergogenic effect under the present conditions rather than evidence of no effect, and larger studies are warranted. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Supplements for Athletic Training and Racing)
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9 pages, 814 KB  
Article
Growth Outcomes and Dietary Strategies in Non-IgE-Mediated Food Allergies
by Gianluca Di Cesare, Chiara Monachesi, Annalisa Carciofi, Francesca Borgiani, Anna Rita Incampo, Simona Gatti and Elena Lionetti
Nutrients 2026, 18(14), 2387; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18142387 - 22 Jul 2026
Viewed by 371
Abstract
Background/Objective: Non-IgE-mediated food allergies (non-IgE-FAs) are increasingly recognized in infancy as causes of delayed gastrointestinal symptoms, nutritional compromise, and impaired growth. This retrospective study aimed to evaluate longitudinal growth outcomes in children with non-IgE-FAs managed with different dietary interventions and to explore phenotype-specific [...] Read more.
Background/Objective: Non-IgE-mediated food allergies (non-IgE-FAs) are increasingly recognized in infancy as causes of delayed gastrointestinal symptoms, nutritional compromise, and impaired growth. This retrospective study aimed to evaluate longitudinal growth outcomes in children with non-IgE-FAs managed with different dietary interventions and to explore phenotype-specific differences and clinical correlations. Methods: Children diagnosed with non-IgE-FAs at the Pediatric Clinic Unit of Salesi Hospital (Ancona, Italy) between July 2022 and June 2025 were included. Anthropometric, clinical, and laboratory data were collected at baseline (T0) and follow-up visits at 6, 12, and 18 months. Weight-, length-, and BMI-for-age z-scores were calculated using Growth Calculator 4.0. Longitudinal growth trends were assessed through individual linear regression slopes, and dietary intervention effects were evaluated with ANOVA models. Results: Thirty-seven children were included (57% male), 95% of whom were diagnosed with CMA. Slope analyses demonstrated significant positive trends for BMI z-scores (median 0.340, IQR −0.171 to 1.130; p = 0.013). BMI slope differed according to phenotype when comparing children with FPE and those with FPIAP (mean slope = 0.068 ± 0.795 vs. 0.782 ± 0.873, respectively; p = 0.048). No significant differences in BMI improvement were observed between children on an elimination diet, breastfed children whose mothers followed an elimination diet, and those on a free diet. Conclusion: Dietary management in children with non-IgE-FAs was associated with improved growth trajectories, particularly in BMI-for-age z-scores. Children with FPE showed a less favorable BMI trajectory than those with FPIAP. Although the choice of dietary strategy did not significantly affect growth outcomes in this cohort, individualized nutritional assessment and judicious use of elimination diets remain essential. Larger prospective studies are needed to refine phenotype-specific nutritional strategies and optimize long-term outcomes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Strategies and Mechanistic Insights in Pediatric Allergies)
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16 pages, 1379 KB  
Article
Baseline Oral Microbiota Richness Is Associated with Training-Induced Improvements in Relative Handgrip Strength in Older Adults
by Javier Conde-Pipó, Maria Leyre Lavilla-Lerma, Alexander Achalandabaso-Ochoa, Tomás Conde-Rienda, Miguel Mariscal-Arcas and Antonio Martínez-Amat
Nutrients 2026, 18(14), 2386; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18142386 - 22 Jul 2026
Viewed by 301
Abstract
Background: Considerable inter-individual variability exists in exercise-induced adaptations among older adults. Although microbial ecosystems have been linked to muscle function and physical performance, the role of the oral microbiota in exercise responsiveness remains unclear. Objective: To explore whether baseline oral microbiota characteristics are [...] Read more.
Background: Considerable inter-individual variability exists in exercise-induced adaptations among older adults. Although microbial ecosystems have been linked to muscle function and physical performance, the role of the oral microbiota in exercise responsiveness remains unclear. Objective: To explore whether baseline oral microbiota characteristics are associated with training-induced changes in relative handgrip strength (rHGS) in older adults. Methods: This preliminary exploratory longitudinal study included 18 community-dwelling older adults who completed a 16-week supervised exercise intervention. Oral microbiota composition was assessed at baseline using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Participants were classified as responders when ΔrHGS was >0 and as non-responders when ΔrHGS was ≤0; this operational threshold did not account for measurement error or clinically meaningful change. Associations between baseline microbiota variables and ΔrHGS were examined using group comparisons, Spearman correlations, FDR correction, and exploratory linear regression models. Results: Responders showed higher baseline bacterial genus richness than non-responders at the nominal level (86.15 ± 8.90 vs. 71.60 ± 13.32; p = 0.023), although this difference did not remain significant after FDR correction (pFDR = 0.069). Baseline richness was positively associated with ΔrHGS (ρ = 0.578, p = 0.012, pFDR = 0.036) and remained associated with ΔrHGS in exploratory sensitivity models. Genus-level findings did not remain significant after FDR correction and were interpreted as exploratory candidate signals. Conclusions: In this preliminary cohort, greater baseline oral microbiota richness was associated with larger improvements in rHGS after exercise training. These hypothesis-generating findings require confirmation in larger studies with functional microbiome assessment before causal or predictive interpretations can be made. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Geriatric Nutrition)
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15 pages, 266 KB  
Article
Dietary Habits and Nutritional Status Among Polish Police Officers: A Cross-Sectional Study Within the National Health Programme
by Anna Anyżewska, Roman Łakomy, Tomasz Lepionka, Andrzej Tomczak and Jerzy Bertrandt
Nutrients 2026, 18(14), 2385; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18142385 - 22 Jul 2026
Viewed by 429
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Police is an occupational group characterised by high and variable physical demands, shift work, and the need for sustained operational readiness. Despite the importance of maintaining good health in uniformed services, relatively little is known about dietary habits and nutritional status [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Police is an occupational group characterised by high and variable physical demands, shift work, and the need for sustained operational readiness. Despite the importance of maintaining good health in uniformed services, relatively little is known about dietary habits and nutritional status among police populations, particularly in Poland. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterise dietary habits and nutritional status among Polish police officers participating in the National Health Programme. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 262 Polish police officers (216 men and 46 women) aged 19–64 years. A 61-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to assess dietary behaviours and bioelectrical impedance analysis was used to assess body composition. Results: Suboptimal food consumption frequency patterns were observed for several food groups, including fruits, vegetables, whole grains, dairy products, nuts, and seeds. Female police officers reported more frequent consumption of fruits, vegetables, and grains, and less frequent consumption of processed meats, animal fats, sugar-sweetened beverages, energy drinks, beer, and spirits than male officers. Normal body weight according to BMI criteria was observed in 33% of participants, whereas only 16% of participants had normal fat mass index values. Excessive body weight was observed in 67% of participants, and excess fat in 82% of participants. Conclusions: The study provides a comprehensive characterisation of dietary habits and nutritional status among Polish police officers within the National Health Programme. These findings suggest the need for nutritional education, health promotion activities, and continued monitoring of dietary habits and nutritional status in this occupational group. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition Strategies to Improve Physical Performance in Team Sports Athletes)
15 pages, 7394 KB  
Article
Resveratrol Ameliorated Hyperlipidemia: Association with Modulation of the Gut Microbiota and Bile Acid Metabolism
by Ruiying Luo, Qing Peng, Su Wu, Shuwen Liu and Chan Wang
Nutrients 2026, 18(14), 2384; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18142384 - 21 Jul 2026
Viewed by 449
Abstract
Background: Hyperlipidemia represents a pivotal risk factor for multiple cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, creating an urgent demand for safe, effective novel therapeutic interventions. Resveratrol (RES), a natural plant polyphenol, has exhibited great potential as a hypolipidemic agent for hyperlipidemia treatment. Methods: In this [...] Read more.
Background: Hyperlipidemia represents a pivotal risk factor for multiple cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, creating an urgent demand for safe, effective novel therapeutic interventions. Resveratrol (RES), a natural plant polyphenol, has exhibited great potential as a hypolipidemic agent for hyperlipidemia treatment. Methods: In this work, we established a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced hyperlipidemic mouse model to systematically investigate the lipid-regulating efficacy of RES. Results: Oral administration of RES significantly decreased serum levels of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, while markedly increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations. Histopathological analyses further demonstrated that RES alleviated HFD-induced hepatic and ileal injury. Moreover, RES significantly decreased the circulating levels of several bile acids (BAs), including taurodeoxycholic acid, taurolithocholic acid, lithocholic acid, and tauro-(α + β)-muricholic acid. RES also ameliorated HFD-induced gut microbial dysbiosis, as evidenced by a reduction in the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, increased relative abundances of non_f_Muribaculaceae, Lactobacillus, Ileibacterium, and Bacteroides, and decreased abundances of Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group and unclassified f_Lachnospiraceae. Spearman correlation analysis revealed significant associations between gut microbial taxa and BA profiles, suggesting that coordinated regulation of the gut microbiota and BA metabolism contributes to the hypolipidemic effects of RES. Conclusions: Collectively, RES alleviates HFD-induced hyperlipidemia by remodeling gut microbiota composition and restoring bile acid metabolic homeostasis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Phytochemicals and Human Health)
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21 pages, 5112 KB  
Article
Comparative Assessment of Commercial Collagen Peptides Following Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion: Structural Stability, Bioactivity, and Digestibility
by Saeid Chobdar Rahim, Zehra Betül Ahi, Beyza Çay and Fatih Arıcan
Nutrients 2026, 18(14), 2383; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18142383 - 21 Jul 2026
Viewed by 622
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Commercial collagen peptide products may differ in their structural characteristics and in vitro biological properties depending on manufacturing processes and hydrolysis conditions. However, comparative studies integrating simulated gastrointestinal digestion with structural, physicochemical, and cell-based analyses remain limited. This study comparatively evaluated [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Commercial collagen peptide products may differ in their structural characteristics and in vitro biological properties depending on manufacturing processes and hydrolysis conditions. However, comparative studies integrating simulated gastrointestinal digestion with structural, physicochemical, and cell-based analyses remain limited. This study comparatively evaluated commercially available bovine collagen peptide products marketed in Türkiye before and after simulated gastrointestinal digestion. Methods: Collagen peptide samples were characterized before and after simulated gastrointestinal digestion by determining hydroxyproline content, degree of hydrolysis (DH), molecular weight (MW) distribution, antioxidant activity, and fibroblast responses to investigate digestion-induced structural and biological changes. Results: Significant differences were observed among the evaluated products in hydroxyproline content, degree of hydrolysis, molecular weight distribution, antioxidant activity, and fibroblast responses. Simulated gastrointestinal digestion further hydrolyzed all collagen peptide samples, although the extent of structural modification varied among products. Antioxidant responses also differed following digestion, with some products maintaining relatively stable radical scavenging activity, whereas others exhibited increased or decreased antioxidant responses. Cell viability assays demonstrated that all collagen peptide samples were non-cytotoxic toward L929 fibroblasts under the experimental conditions. Conclusions: The findings indicate that simulated gastrointestinal digestion influences the structural characteristics and in vitro biological responses of commercial collagen peptide products to different extents. The observed differences among products suggest differential in vitro bioactivity associated with their structural characteristics and digestion behavior. Nevertheless, these findings are limited to in vitro observations and require confirmation through peptide characterization, bioavailability studies, animal models, and well-designed clinical investigations before conclusions regarding physiological efficacy or potential health benefits can be drawn. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Supplements and Nutraceuticals: Quality and Safety, in Terms of Their Bioaccessiblity and Bioavailability)
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14 pages, 2204 KB  
Article
Cannabidiol-Dominant Cannabis sativa L. Inflorescence Extract Ameliorates Atopic Dermatitis by Modulating NLRP3 Inflammasome and JAK1/STAT6 Signaling in DNCB-Induced Mice
by Ji-Ye Han, Do-Won Lim, Osoung Kwon, Yun Jung Lee, Minji Choi, Bori Lee, Soohyang Noh, Mansoo Cho and Young-Mi Lee
Nutrients 2026, 18(14), 2382; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18142382 - 21 Jul 2026
Viewed by 488
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder requiring sustainable therapeutic alternatives. Cannabis sativa L. is a valuable industrial crop rich in bioactive secondary metabolites; its potential as a standardized functional ingredient for promoting skin health has not yet been fully [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder requiring sustainable therapeutic alternatives. Cannabis sativa L. is a valuable industrial crop rich in bioactive secondary metabolites; its potential as a standardized functional ingredient for promoting skin health has not yet been fully investigated. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effects of a chemically characterized C. sativa inflorescence ethanol extract (CSE) on AD. Methods: To evaluate the efficacy of CSE, phytochemical profiling was performed using UPLC, and its underlying molecular mechanisms were investigated in a DNCB-induced mouse model. Results: UPLC analysis was employed to establish the phytochemical profile, identifying 15 cannabinoids and quantifying 8 major components. CBDA was the most abundant component, with a content of 261.79 mg/g in the extract. In a DNCB-induced mouse model, CSE significantly reduced mast cell infiltration and serum IgE levels while downregulating Th2-associated cytokines. At the molecular level, CSE inhibited the activation of the MAPK, NLRP3 inflammasome, and JAK1/STAT6 signaling pathways. Crucially, CSE treatment substantially increased the expression of skin barrier proteins, such as filaggrin and involucrin, thereby enhancing skin hydration. Conclusions: These findings suggest CSE as a high-value functional ingredient capable of ameliorating AD by modulating multi-target immune responses. This study provides a robust scientific basis for utilizing standardized C. sativa inflorescence as a potent functional ingredient or a nutraceutical agent for the management of chronic skin inflammatory conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Potential of Natural Products)
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19 pages, 1632 KB  
Review
Perioperative Immunonutrition in Patients Undergoing Lung Cancer Surgery: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives
by Alicja Werblińska, Piotr Jerzy Skrzypczak, Magdalena Roszak, Maciej Bryl, Cezary Piwkowski and Piotr Gabryel
Nutrients 2026, 18(14), 2381; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18142381 - 21 Jul 2026
Viewed by 644
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, and surgical resection is the primary curative treatment for patients with early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Patients undergoing lung cancer surgery are frequently affected by malnutrition, systemic inflammation, sarcopenia, and [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, and surgical resection is the primary curative treatment for patients with early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Patients undergoing lung cancer surgery are frequently affected by malnutrition, systemic inflammation, sarcopenia, and cancer-related cachexia, which may adversely affect postoperative recovery and clinical outcomes. Perioperative immunonutrition has been proposed as a strategy to support immune and metabolic responses associated with surgical stress. This narrative review summarizes current evidence regarding the role of perioperative immunonutrition in patients undergoing lung cancer surgery. Methods: This narrative review summarizes current evidence regarding perioperative immunonutrition in patients undergoing lung cancer surgery. Relevant studies evaluating perioperative immunonutrition, including formulations enriched with arginine, omega-3 fatty acids, glutamine, and nucleotides, were analyzed. Particular attention was given to clinical studies in thoracic surgical oncology, perioperative outcomes, inflammatory response, and current nutritional guideline recommendations. Results: Available evidence suggests that perioperative immunonutrition may improve nutritional and immunological status in patients undergoing lung cancer surgery. Clinical studies have reported reductions in postoperative complications, shorter chest drainage duration, improved nutritional indices, and decreased inflammatory markers in patients receiving immunonutritional support. Experimental and translational studies also indicate potential beneficial effects on immune cell function and inflammatory regulation. However, current thoracic-specific evidence remains limited because of small study populations, heterogeneity of nutritional protocols, and variability in study design. Conclusions: Perioperative immunonutrition appears to be a promising adjunct to comprehensive perioperative care in patients undergoing lung cancer surgery. Although preliminary evidence suggests potential benefits in postoperative recovery and nutritional optimization, its implementation should be individualized according to the patient’s nutritional status, disease stage, and overall treatment strategy. As immunonutrition modulates metabolic and immune pathways that may also influence tumor biology, nutritional interventions should be evidence-based, carefully monitored, and integrated within multidisciplinary perioperative care to maximize clinical benefits while minimizing potential unintended effects. Further large, well-designed randomized clinical trials are needed to establish standardized protocols and clarify the role of immunonutrition in thoracic surgical oncology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunonutrition in Cancer Patients)
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23 pages, 12378 KB  
Article
Estimation of Cardiometabolic Risk in Turkish Adolescents Using Different Anthropometric Techniques: Development and Temporal Validation of a Machine Learning Model
by Meryem Kahriman, Nihan Çakır Biçer and Murat Baş
Nutrients 2026, 18(14), 2380; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18142380 - 21 Jul 2026
Viewed by 412
Abstract
Background: Although obesity is a recognized cardiometabolic risk determinant, debate persists over the most appropriate anthropometric technique. This study evaluated different anthropometric techniques for predicting cardiometabolic risk in Turkish adolescents and aimed to develop and temporally validate a machine learning–based prediction model, reported [...] Read more.
Background: Although obesity is a recognized cardiometabolic risk determinant, debate persists over the most appropriate anthropometric technique. This study evaluated different anthropometric techniques for predicting cardiometabolic risk in Turkish adolescents and aimed to develop and temporally validate a machine learning–based prediction model, reported in accordance with the TRIPOD statement. Methods: Adolescents from the Türkiye Nutrition and Health Survey in 2010 (n = 1357) and 2017 (n = 561) were included. Anthropometric and biochemical parameters were assessed. BMI z-scores, waist-to-hip and waist-to-height ratios, triponderal mass index (TMI), visceral adiposity index (VAI), and lipid accumulation product (LAP) were calculated. Results: In ROC analysis, VAI showed the highest discrimination (AUC = 0.747, p < 0.001), followed by LAP (AUC = 0.670). In machine learning, XGBoost achieved the highest training discrimination (ROC–AUC = 0.879), whereas logistic regression was the most stable, with minimal overfitting (ΔAUC = 0.008). The logistic regression model was well calibrated (Brier score = 0.107; calibration slope 1.00 development, 1.03 external). External temporal validation showed comparable discrimination across models (AUC = 0.742–0.757), with logistic regression showing the greatest consistency. The model showed a high negative predictive value (NPV = 91.7%) and was therefore better suited to ruling out than ruling in cardiometabolic risk; positive findings warrant confirmatory testing (PPV = 35.4%). A simple logistic-based formula was derived. Conclusions: Machine learning approaches, together with the developed model and simplified formula, may be useful tools for estimating cardiometabolic risk in adolescents and could support a stepwise screening strategy, pending recalibration and prospective validation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Association Between Nutritional Status and Chronic Conditions in Children)
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11 pages, 503 KB  
Article
Associations Among Living Alone, Eating Alone, and Depressive Symptoms: Evidence from a Nationwide Study of South Korean Adults
by Seong-Uk Baek and Jin-Ha Yoon
Nutrients 2026, 18(14), 2379; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18142379 - 21 Jul 2026
Viewed by 464
Abstract
Background: With the continuous increase in the prevalence of single-person households, growing public health concerns have emerged regarding mental health. This study examined the associations among living alone, eating alone, and depressive symptoms. Methods: We analyzed a nationally representative sample of 23,066 adults [...] Read more.
Background: With the continuous increase in the prevalence of single-person households, growing public health concerns have emerged regarding mental health. This study examined the associations among living alone, eating alone, and depressive symptoms. Methods: We analyzed a nationally representative sample of 23,066 adults from South Korea. Participants were asked whether they lived alone or with other household members and whether they usually ate breakfast, lunch, or dinner alone. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9. An analysis was conducted to estimate the direct and indirect associations among living alone, eating breakfast, lunch, or dinner alone, and depressive symptoms, using odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Among the participants, 12.7% lived alone and 87.3% lived with others. The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 10.6% among those living alone and 4.7% among those living with others. In the analysis, the OR (95% CI) for the total association between solitary eating and depressive symptoms was 1.94 (1.62, 2.35). The OR (95% CI) for the overall indirect association through eating alone was 1.36 (1.24–1.51). Conclusions: This study found an indirect association between living alone and depressive symptoms through solitary eating. Future longitudinal studies are required to establish the temporal ordering among living alone, eating alone, and depressive symptoms and to validate our findings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)
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11 pages, 217 KB  
Article
Development and Preliminary Validation of a Novel Protein Assessment Screening Tool (PAST) for Nutrition Care
by Allison T. Contillo, Ock K. Chun and Nancy R. Rodriguez
Nutrients 2026, 18(14), 2378; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18142378 - 21 Jul 2026
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Abstract
Background/Objectives. Protein needs increase with aging to support muscle health. These needs are further increased in older adults undergoing surgery, particularly in procedures limiting acute post-operative activity, such as total joint arthroplasty (TJA). However, tools to efficiently characterize dietary protein intake in clinical [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives. Protein needs increase with aging to support muscle health. These needs are further increased in older adults undergoing surgery, particularly in procedures limiting acute post-operative activity, such as total joint arthroplasty (TJA). However, tools to efficiently characterize dietary protein intake in clinical settings have remained undeveloped. This report describes the initial development and preliminary validation of a novel protein screener (Protein Assessment Screening Tool, PAST) for community-dwelling adults and a clinical population undergoing elective total joint arthroplasty (TJA). Methods. Participants (n = 48; 33 female, 15 male) were aged 40–70 years in the community-dwelling group (n = 22) and aged 50–70 years in the elective TJA group (n = 26). Both groups completed a 3-day food record and the PAST at two timepoints. Descriptive statistics were performed on demographic data. Differences between male and female participants and between groups were determined using independent t-tests or Mann–Whitney U tests as appropriate. The screener and 3-day food records were compared to determine sensitivity, specificity, and negative and positive predictive values (NPVs and PPVs), with a threshold of ≥1.2 g/kg/day representing adequate protein intake. Results. The PAST had relatively high sensitivity (78–87%) and PPVs (68–79%) but lower and more variable specificity (25–57%) and NPVs (33–57%); however, the 95% confidence intervals indicated variability. Conclusions. These preliminary findings demonstrate the potential clinical utility of the PAST. However, additional research is required to validate this tool prior to broad implementation in clinical practice. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Nutrition)
16 pages, 1216 KB  
Article
Effects of Acute Dietary Nitrate Supplementation on Selected Isokinetic Performance Variables in Physically Active Men
by Jakub Jurga, Jarosław Kabaciński, Anna Fryzowicz and Michał Murawa
Nutrients 2026, 18(14), 2377; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18142377 - 21 Jul 2026
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Abstract
Background: Dietary nitrate may enhance skeletal muscle performance by increasing nitric oxide bioavailability. Although its benefits for endurance exercise are well documented, less is known about its effects on isokinetic strength and power performance. This study examined the effects of acute nitrate ingestion [...] Read more.
Background: Dietary nitrate may enhance skeletal muscle performance by increasing nitric oxide bioavailability. Although its benefits for endurance exercise are well documented, less is known about its effects on isokinetic strength and power performance. This study examined the effects of acute nitrate ingestion on isokinetic performance, neuromuscular activity, and metabolic responses in physically active men. Methods: Thirteen physically active young men (25.0 ± 5.2 years) participated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. During separate experimental sessions, participants consumed either nitrate-rich beetroot juice containing 800 mg of nitrate or a low-nitrate placebo. Following a 2 h absorption period, they performed isokinetic knee extension–flexion tests at angular velocities of 60°/s, 180°/s, and 240°/s. Surface electromyography was recorded from the vastus medialis oblique and vastus lateralis oblique muscles, and blood lactate concentrations were measured before and after exercise. Results: Nitrate supplementation significantly improved peak torque, relative peak power, and selected torque angle variables at 60°/s and 180°/s compared with placebo (p < 0.05). In contrast, no significant differences were observed during the 240°/s fatigue protocol (p > 0.05). No significant differences were observed in electromyographic parameters or post-exercise blood lactate concentration. Similarly, post-exercise blood lactate concentrations were comparable between treatments (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Acute dietary nitrate supplementation may improve selected isokinetic performance variables during low- and moderate-velocity contractions, whereas no significant effects were observed during the 240°/s fatigue protocol. No changes were detected in electromyographic parameters or post-exercise blood lactate concentration. The physiological mechanisms underlying these findings remain to be established. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effects of Nutritional Intake on Sports Performance)
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18 pages, 3330 KB  
Article
Short-Term Effect of a Wild Blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium) Drink on Vascular Reactivity and Circulating Adhesion Molecules in Healthy Adults: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Trial
by Marco Rendine, Samuele Venturi, Mirko Marino, Daniela Martini, Patrizia Riso, Alberto Battezzati, Dorothy Klimis-Zacas and Cristian Del Bo’
Nutrients 2026, 18(14), 2376; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18142376 - 21 Jul 2026
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Abstract
Background: Wild blueberries (WB), abundant in (poly)phenols such as anthocyanins and chlorogenic acids, have shown vascular benefits in several preclinical and epidemiological settings. However, evidence from human trials remains limited. This double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial investigated the effects of the consumption of [...] Read more.
Background: Wild blueberries (WB), abundant in (poly)phenols such as anthocyanins and chlorogenic acids, have shown vascular benefits in several preclinical and epidemiological settings. However, evidence from human trials remains limited. This double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial investigated the effects of the consumption of a WB drink on vascular reactivity and circulating adhesion molecules in healthy young adults. Methods: Participants received 300 mL of a WB drink (30 g of freeze-dried WB powder containing 740 mg total (poly)phenols, 460 mg total anthocyanins and 170 mg chlorogenic acid) or the same amount of a placebo (PL) drink. Blood pressure, heart rate, microvascular reactivity (i.e., reactive hyperemia index, RHI, lnRHI and FRHI) and arterial stiffness (i.e., augmentation index, AIx) were assessed at baseline and 2 h after consumption of the WB and PL drinks using Endo-PAT2000. In addition, plasma circulating adhesion molecules including vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), E-selectin, and cluster of differentiation 15 (CD 15 or Lewis x) were analyzed using ELISA. Results: Overall, analysis of variance did not show a significant effect of treatment on the modulation of markers of vascular function and adhesion molecules but revealed an effect of time, with an increase in terms of microvascular reactivity (RHI, p < 0.01; lnRHI, p < 0.05; FRHI, p < 0.001) and augmentation index (AIx, p < 0.01), and a reduction in the circulating levels of VCAM-1 (p < 0.001) following the intake of both WB and PL drinks. Conclusions: In conclusion, the intake of a WB drink failed to affect vascular function in young healthy subjects. Larger-scale and longer-term intervention studies, particularly in individuals at increased cardiovascular risk and in those with vascular dysfunction, are warranted to further explore the role of WB in modulating vascular reactivity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Phytochemicals and Human Health)
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18 pages, 1450 KB  
Article
Use of a Slow-Release Phenylalanine-Free Microtablet Protein Substitute in Children and Adolescents with Phenylketonuria: An Observational Pilot Study
by Martina Tosi, Anne Daly, Catherine Ashmore, Ozlem Yilmaz Nas, Alex Pinto, Sharon Evans and Anita MacDonald
Nutrients 2026, 18(14), 2375; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18142375 - 21 Jul 2026
Viewed by 501
Abstract
Background/Objectives: In phenylketonuria (PKU), adherence to protein substitute (PS) is frequently suboptimal due to poor palatability, high volume, and sensory fatigue. A novel phenylalanine (Phe)-free L-amino acid microtablet PS has been developed to address these barriers. The microtablets incorporate a cellulose-based taste-masking [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: In phenylketonuria (PKU), adherence to protein substitute (PS) is frequently suboptimal due to poor palatability, high volume, and sensory fatigue. A novel phenylalanine (Phe)-free L-amino acid microtablet PS has been developed to address these barriers. The microtablets incorporate a cellulose-based taste-masking coating and a sodium-alginate inner matrix intended to enable controlled amino acid release over approximately three hours. This study evaluated their short-term tolerability, acceptability, and adherence in children with PKU, with extended follow-up in a subgroup. Methods: A 7-day observational study was conducted in participants with PKU aged ≥3 years on a low-Phe diet in a single centre. The test product provided protein equivalent (PE) 54 g/100 g. Participants replaced at least one daily dose of their usual PS with the test product, providing 10 g or 20 g/day PE, with one child receiving 80 g/day. Daily gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, PS intake, and adherence were recorded. Acceptability was assessed using structured ratings of palatability, ease of use, and overall preference. Longer-term tolerability and acceptability were then assessed in four adolescents who elected to continue the test product for an additional 28 days. Results: Ten participants completed the 7-day study. Adherence to the test product was high (80%), exceeding adherence to participants’ usual PS (70%). At baseline, nine participants reported none/mild GI symptoms, most commonly flatulence. One participant reported moderate/severe symptoms including constipation, flatulence, diarrhoea, bloating, burping, and abdominal discomfort. By day 7, all participants reported no or mild symptoms, with complete resolution in the child with moderate/severe baseline symptoms. Acceptability ratings were comparable between the test product and usual PS, and nine children (90%) reported no difficulty taking the test product. During the 28-day extension, adherence remained high, GI tolerance was maintained, and improved preference was noted, particularly due to reduced aftertaste. Conclusions: This novel slow-release PS microtablet was well tolerated, acceptable, and associated with high adherence. Its taste-masked, low-volume format offered practical advantages that may support sustained dietary adherence. Longer-term controlled studies are necessary to confirm these findings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Metabolism)
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11 pages, 720 KB  
Brief Report
Dietary Intervention Is Associated with Lower CGM-Derived Glucose Rate-of-Change in Healthy Young Women: A Pilot Fixed Sequential-Intervention Study
by Agnieszka Lejk, Karolina Myśliwiec, Jędrzej Chrzanowski, Maria Skalska, Anna Stefanowicz-Bielska, Malwina Musiał-Paździor, Marta Herstowska, Zuzanna Margas, Kinga Drzewińska, Ilona Iwaszko, Krzysztof Szewczyk, Barbara Pernak, Julia Kropidłowska, Jędrzej Antosiewicz and Wojciech Fendler
Nutrients 2026, 18(14), 2374; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18142374 - 21 Jul 2026
Viewed by 441
Abstract
Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) interpretation in people without diabetes is expanding beyond general glycemic control toward more dynamic metrics, such as Rate of Change (RoC). In this fixed-sequence pilot study conducted in 30 healthy adult females, we evaluated associations between two structured 14-day [...] Read more.
Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) interpretation in people without diabetes is expanding beyond general glycemic control toward more dynamic metrics, such as Rate of Change (RoC). In this fixed-sequence pilot study conducted in 30 healthy adult females, we evaluated associations between two structured 14-day lifestyle interventions and free-living conditions using standard CGM-derived glycemic variability metrics and a novel framework based on the rate-of-change (RoC) metrics and data clarity using an unblinded Abbott FreeStyle Libre 2 monitoring. The dietary intervention (calorie-tailored low-glycemic index regular meals) were associated with lower time spent in rising (+1 to +2 mg/dL/min) and falling (−2 to −1 mg/dL/min) RoC bins by 4.76 ± 1.87% (complete-case delta, p ≤ 0.0071), whereas the 14-day physical activity intervention showed smaller and less consistent RoC changes (0.41 ± 2.20, p ≥ 0.3549). These findings, despite some major study design limitations, suggest that RoC may be more responsive and sensitive to short-term dietary pattern modifications in normoglycemic women. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Patterns and Nutritional Challenges in Adolescents and Young Adults: Implications for Health and Disease)
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