Detection and Genetic Characterization of Hepatitis B and D Viruses: A Multi-Site Cross-Sectional Study of People Who Use Illicit Drugs in the Amazon Region
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Data Collection
2.2. Laboratory Tests
2.3. Amplification and Sequencing of Genomic Fragments
2.4. Phylogenetic Analysis
2.5. Mutation Identification
2.6. Statistical Analysis
2.7. Ethical Review
3. Results
3.1. Sample Characteristics
3.2. Laboratory Diagnosis of Viruses
3.3. Genotypes and Subgenotypes
3.4. Identification of HBV Mutations
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | N | % |
---|---|---|
Total sample | 1074 | 100.0 |
Sex | ||
Male | 704 | 65.6 |
Female | 370 | 34.4 |
Age | ||
18–29 years | 570 | 53.1 |
30–39 years | 376 | 35.0 |
40+ years | 128 | 11.9 |
Origin | ||
Born in the Amazon region | 937 | 87.2 |
Not born in the Amazon region | 137 | 12.8 |
Race/ethnicity (self-identified) | ||
White | 355 | 33.1 |
Non-white (black + mixed race) | 719 | 66.9 |
Sexual orientation | ||
Heterosexual | 978 | 91.0 |
Same sex (including bisexual) | 96 | 9.0 |
Marital status † | ||
Single, separated, or widowed | 678 | 63.1 |
Married or cohabitating | 396 | 36.9 |
Education | ||
No formal education/some elementary school | 622 | 57.9 |
Completed elementary school or higher | 452 | 42.1 |
Monthly income † | ||
Up to one Brazilian minimum wage | 718 | 66.9 |
More than one Brazilian minimum wage | 356 | 33.1 |
Main illicit drug used † | ||
Marijuana | 82 | 7.7 |
Crack/oxi | 547 | 50.9 |
Cocaine | 445 | 41.4 |
Daily use of illicit drugs † | 761 | 70.9 |
>5 years of illicit drugs use | 303 | 28.2 |
Injecting drug use ‡ | 138 | 12.8 |
Sharing of drug use equipment † | 674 | 62.8 |
Detention (by police or in prison) † | 268 | 25.0 |
Unprotected sexual intercourse † | 882 | 82.1 |
More than 10 sexual partners † | 580 | 54.0 |
Sex work involvement † | 517 | 48.1 |
Blood transfusion history | 165 | 15.4 |
Tattoos | 667 | 62.1 |
Diagnosis | Number of Positive Cases/Total | % | 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|
Serological markers | 346/1074 | 32.2 | 29.8–34.9 |
HBsAg | 18/1074 | 1.7 | 0.0–4.8 |
Anti-HBc | 84/1074 | 7.8 | 5.8–10.1 |
HBsAg + Anti-HBc | 32/1074 | 3.0 | 0.0–7.0 |
Anti-HBc + Anti-HBs | 188/1074 | 17.5 | 15.6–19.6 |
Anti-HBs | 24/1074 | 2.2 | 0.0–5.3 |
HBV DNA | 77/1074 | 7.2 | 4.2–10.5 |
Genotype A | 41/77 | 53.2 | 51.2–55.0 |
Subgenotype A1 | 35/77 | 45.4 | 43.5–48.0 |
Subgenotype A2 | 6/77 | 7.8 | 4.3–10.9 |
Genotype D | 23/77 | 29.9 | 27.4–32.6 |
Subgenotype D2 | 4/77 | 5.2 | 1.3–8.1 |
Subgenotype D3 | 8/77 | 10.4 | 6.8–13.6 |
Subgenotype D4 | 11/77 | 14.3 | 10.2–18.1 |
Genotype F | 13/77 | 16.9 | 13.5–20.6 |
Subgenotype F1a | 3/77 | 3.9 | 0.0–7.4 |
Subgenotype F1b | 1/77 | 1.3 | 0.0–4.1 |
Subgenotype F2a | 6/77 | 7.8 | 4.3–10.9 |
Subgenotype F2b | 1/77 | 1.3 | 0.0–4.1 |
Subgenotype F3 | 2/77 | 2.6 | 0.0–6.2 |
Diagnosis | Number of Positive Cases/Total | % | 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|
Anti-HDV antibodies | 15/77 | 19.5 | 15.3–23.3 |
HDV RNA | 9/77 | 11.7 | 7.5–15.5 |
Genotype 1 | 1/9 | 11.1 | 5.9–16.6 |
Genotype 3 | 8/9 | 88.9 | 86.1–92.2 |
Identification | HBV Subgenotype | HDV Genotype |
---|---|---|
PWUD012AP | A2 | 3 |
PWUD014PA | A2 | 3 |
PWUD019AP | F2a | 3 |
PWUD030PA | A1 | 3 |
PWUD035PA | F1a | 3 |
PWUD054PA | A1 | 1 |
PWUD072PA | A1 | 3 |
PWUD073AP | A1 | 3 |
PWUD074PA | F1a | 3 |
Identification | HBV Subgenotype | Mutation (Relevance) | N/Total | % |
---|---|---|---|---|
PWUD037PA | F2b | G130R (escape vaccine) | 1/77 | 1.3% |
PWUD046AP | A1 | P120L (escape vaccine) | 1/77 | 1.3% |
PWUD022PA | D2 | A128V (escape vaccine) | 2/77 | 2.6% |
PWUD077PA | ||||
PWUD070AP PWUD071AP PWUD073AP | A1 | M204I (resistance to antivirals) | 3/77 | 3.9% |
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Silva, R.J.S.; do Nascimento, R.S.; Oliveira-Neto, J.A.J.; Silva, F.Q.; Piauiense, J.N.F.; Gomes, C.M.; Pinheiro, L.M.L.; Resque, R.L.; Pinho, J.R.R.; Kupek, E.; et al. Detection and Genetic Characterization of Hepatitis B and D Viruses: A Multi-Site Cross-Sectional Study of People Who Use Illicit Drugs in the Amazon Region. Viruses 2021, 13, 1380. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13071380
Silva RJS, do Nascimento RS, Oliveira-Neto JAJ, Silva FQ, Piauiense JNF, Gomes CM, Pinheiro LML, Resque RL, Pinho JRR, Kupek E, et al. Detection and Genetic Characterization of Hepatitis B and D Viruses: A Multi-Site Cross-Sectional Study of People Who Use Illicit Drugs in the Amazon Region. Viruses. 2021; 13(7):1380. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13071380
Chicago/Turabian StyleSilva, Ronylson José S., Raquel Silva do Nascimento, José Augusto J. Oliveira-Neto, Fabricio Quaresma Silva, Juliana Nádia F. Piauiense, Camila Moraes Gomes, Luiz Marcelo L. Pinheiro, Rafael Lima Resque, João Renato R. Pinho, Emil Kupek, and et al. 2021. "Detection and Genetic Characterization of Hepatitis B and D Viruses: A Multi-Site Cross-Sectional Study of People Who Use Illicit Drugs in the Amazon Region" Viruses 13, no. 7: 1380. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13071380
APA StyleSilva, R. J. S., do Nascimento, R. S., Oliveira-Neto, J. A. J., Silva, F. Q., Piauiense, J. N. F., Gomes, C. M., Pinheiro, L. M. L., Resque, R. L., Pinho, J. R. R., Kupek, E., Fischer, B., Machado, L. F. A., Martins, L. C., Lemos, J. A. R., & Oliveira-Filho, A. B. (2021). Detection and Genetic Characterization of Hepatitis B and D Viruses: A Multi-Site Cross-Sectional Study of People Who Use Illicit Drugs in the Amazon Region. Viruses, 13(7), 1380. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13071380