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  • Review
  • Open Access
17 Citations
8,948 Views
26 Pages

Exploring Global Exposure Factors Resources for Use in Consumer Exposure Assessments

  • Rosemary T. Zaleski,
  • Peter P. Egeghy and
  • Pertti J. Hakkinen

This publication serves as a global comprehensive resource for readers seeking exposure factor data and information relevant to consumer exposure assessment. It describes the types of information that may be found in various official surveys and onli...

  • Review
  • Open Access
78 Citations
18,054 Views
42 Pages

Domestic Asbestos Exposure: A Review of Epidemiologic and Exposure Data

  • Emily Goswami,
  • Valerie Craven,
  • David L. Dahlstrom,
  • Dominik Alexander and
  • Fionna Mowat

Inhalation of asbestos resulting from living with and handling the clothing of workers directly exposed to asbestos has been established as a possible contributor to disease. This review evaluates epidemiologic studies of asbestos-related disease or...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
5,171 Views
14 Pages

Chemical Substance Exposure of Some Cleaning Workers in Korea: Focusing on Inhalation Exposure

  • Nosung Ki,
  • Saemi Shin,
  • Jihyung Choi,
  • Sanghyo Shim and
  • Sanghoon Byeon

26 August 2024

This study aimed to prevent health damage caused by chemical exposure among cleaning workers who use cleaning agents and disinfectants in facility management and kitchen areas. We analyzed 5 years of measurement data (2016–2020) for cleaning wo...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,102 Views
17 Pages

19 September 2025

Urban blue-green infrastructure (UBGI) has been recognized as an effective nature-based solution (NbS) for mitigating urban overheating through temperature reduction. However, there is a paucity of research examining whether UBGI spatial configuratio...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
913 Views
12 Pages

Internal Bisphenol Analogue Exposure in an Elderly Chinese Population: Knowledge from Dietary Exposure

  • Xinjie Duan,
  • Mengyuan Liang,
  • Beibei Wei,
  • Jie Gu,
  • Qian Zhao,
  • Guixiang Ji,
  • Shengyang Jin and
  • Huanhuan Chen

29 March 2025

Due to its endocrine-disrupting effects and neurotoxicity, Bisphenol A (BPA) has been banned from some products and some countries; therefore, alternatives are increasingly being used. Studies have been performed to evaluate internal Bisphenol analog...

  • Article
  • Open Access
17 Citations
8,965 Views
20 Pages

Optimising Repeated Exposure: Determining Optimal Exposure Frequency for Introducing a Novel Vegetable among Children

  • Klelia Karagiannaki,
  • Christian Ritz,
  • Louise Grønhøj Hørbye Jensen,
  • Ellen Hyldgaard Tørsleff,
  • Per Møller,
  • Helene Hausner and
  • Annemarie Olsen

21 April 2021

Fruit and vegetables are important components of a healthy diet, but unfortunately many children are not consuming enough to meet the recommendations. Therefore, it is crucial to develop strategies towards increasing the acceptance of this food group...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
11,983 Views
20 Pages

The Effect of Uncertainty in Exposure Estimation on the Exposure-Response Relation between 1,3-Butadiene and Leukemia

  • John J. Graff,
  • Nalini Sathiakumar,
  • Maurizio Macaluso,
  • George Maldonado,
  • Robert Matthews and
  • Elizabeth Delzell

Abstract: In a follow-up study of mortality among North American synthetic rubber industry workers, cumulative exposure to 1,3-butadiene was positively associated with leukemia. Problems with historical exposure estimation, however, may have distorte...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
4,767 Views
12 Pages

Evaluation of Occupational Exposure to Perchlorethylene in a Group of Italian Dry Cleaners Using Noninvasive Exposure Indices

  • Alberto Modenese,
  • Tiziana Concetta Gioia,
  • Andrea Chiesi,
  • Carlotta Abbacchini,
  • Lucia Borsari,
  • Davide Ferrari,
  • Fabrizio De Pasquale,
  • Renato Di Rico,
  • Raffaella Ricci and
  • Fabriziomaria Gobba
  • + 4 authors

Recent data suggest a general trend in decreased occupational exposure to perchlorethylene (PCE) in the dry-cleaning sector. The aims of this study were to confirm this trend to lower exposure levels in a group of Italian dry cleaners and to evaluate...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
2,825 Views
19 Pages

Job Exposure Matrix, a Solution for Retrospective Assessment of Particle Exposure in a Subway Network and Their Long-Term Effects

  • Tesnim Ben Rayana,
  • Pascal Wild,
  • Amélie Debatisse,
  • Valérie Jouannique,
  • Kirushanthi Sakthithasan,
  • Guillaume Suarez and
  • Irina Guseva Canu

2 October 2023

Introduction: Health effects after long-term exposure to subway particulate matter (PM) remain unknown due to the lack of individual PM exposure data. This study aimed to apply the job exposure matrix (JEM) approach to retrospectively assess occupati...

  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
6,647 Views
12 Pages

Occupational Exposure to Flour Dust. Exposure Assessment and Effectiveness of Control Measures

  • Andrea Martinelli,
  • Fabiola Salamon,
  • Maria Luisa Scapellato,
  • Andrea Trevisan,
  • Liviano Vianello,
  • Rosana Bizzotto,
  • Maria Angiola Crivellaro and
  • Mariella Carrieri

The adverse effects associated with exposure to flour dust have been known since the 1700s. The aim of the study was to assess the occupational exposure to flour dust in Italian facilities, identify the activities characterized by the highest exposur...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
4,120 Views
21 Pages

This study aims to evaluate occupational exposure models by comparing model estimations of Stoffenmanager, version 8.2, and exposure scores calculated using a new exposure model with personal exposure measurements for styrene used in the fiberglass-r...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
2,740 Views
10 Pages

Asbestos Exposure and Severity of COVID-19

  • Galo Granados,
  • María Sáez-López,
  • Cristina Aljama,
  • Júlia Sampol,
  • María-Jesús Cruz,
  • Jaume Ferrer and
  • Se-COVID-19 Team

Background: The aim of this study was to analyse the relationship between occupational exposure to asbestos and the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: We evaluated patients who survived admission in our centre for COVID-19 pneumonia. Demograp...

  • Communication
  • Open Access
19 Citations
7,056 Views
13 Pages

Theoretical Background of Occupational-Exposure Models—Report of an Expert Workshop of the ISES Europe Working Group “Exposure Models”

  • Urs Schlüter,
  • Susan Arnold,
  • Francesca Borghi,
  • John Cherrie,
  • Wouter Fransman,
  • Henri Heussen,
  • Michael Jayjock,
  • Keld Alstrup Jensen,
  • Joonas Koivisto and
  • Natalie von Goetz
  • + 5 authors

On 20 October 2020, the Working Group “Exposure Models” of the Europe Regional Chapter of the International Society of Exposure Science (ISES Europe) organised an online workshop to discuss the theoretical background of models for the ass...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
5,390 Views
17 Pages

The goal of this study is to investigate the wage differential between groups of workers who are exposed to heat and those who are not. Workers in the heat-exposure risk group are defined as workers who work in conditions that cause them to spend mor...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
3,553 Views
18 Pages

Many epidemiological studies have shown an association between outdoor particulate air pollutants and increased morbidity and mortality. Inhalation of ambient aerosols can exacerbate or promote the development of cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases...

  • Review
  • Open Access
186 Citations
18,901 Views
19 Pages

Procedures for risk assessment of chemical mixtures, combined and cumulative exposures are under development, but the scientific database needs considerable expansion. In particular, there is a lack of knowledge on how to monitor effects of complex e...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
3,293 Views
15 Pages

Frequency of Asbestos Exposure and Histological Subtype of Ovarian Carcinoma

  • Pauline Vidican,
  • Olivia Perol,
  • Joëlle Fevotte,
  • Emmanuel Fort,
  • Isabelle Treilleux,
  • Elodie Belladame,
  • Jiri Zavadil,
  • Béatrice Fervers and
  • Barbara Charbotel

The International Agency for Research on Cancer established a causal link between asbestos exposure and ovarian cancer. However, the exposure frequency and histological characteristics of asbestos-associated ovarian cancers remain to be investigated...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,254 Views
11 Pages

25 September 2025

Air pollution is known to affect skin health, but tools to objectively measure individual exposure based on skin responses are limited. This study introduces the Exposure Intensity Index (EII), a novel tool that correlates lifestyle-related pollution...

  • Abstract
  • Open Access
599 Views
2 Pages

Adding Realism to the Assessment of Occupational Exposure to Pesticides Using Probabilistic Modelling: A Case Study on Aggregate Exposure to Pyrethroids

  • Ana Fernandez-Agudo,
  • Agathi Charistou,
  • Niki Arapaki,
  • Kyriaki Machera,
  • Mercedes Alba Gonzalez,
  • Maria del Carmen Gonzalez Caballero and
  • Jose V. Tarazona

Pyrethroid usage has risen due to restrictions on other insecticides, prompting interest in biomonitoring data as exposure indicators [...]

  • Systematic Review
  • Open Access
5 Citations
4,529 Views
20 Pages

Determinants of Pesticide Exposure in Occupational Studies: A Meta-Analysis

  • Christelle Oltramare,
  • Zakia Mediouni,
  • Yara Shoman,
  • Nancy B. Hopf,
  • Halshka Graczyk and
  • Aurélie Berthet

18 July 2023

Few epidemiological studies use exposure determinants specifically tailored to assess pesticide or plant protection product (PPP) exposures when assessing presumed association between occupational exposure and health outcomes among agricultural worke...

  • Article
  • Open Access
941 Views
17 Pages

2 September 2025

With the advancement of mobile communications, technologies based on high-element-count antenna systems—such as massive Multiple Input Multiple Output (massive MIMO)—are playing an increasingly important role in enhancing network capacity...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
3,122 Views
21 Pages

Benzene, a common industrial solvent, poses significant health risks including poisoning and hematopoietic diseases. However, its precise toxicity mechanisms remain unclear. To assess the health impact of prolonged benzene exposure through metabolomi...

  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
3,853 Views
9 Pages

Effect of Exposure Angulation on the Occupational Radiation Exposure during Cardiac Angiography: Simulation Study

  • Younghoon Roh,
  • Jungsu Kim,
  • Hyemin Park,
  • Jungmin Kim,
  • Dongryeol Ryu,
  • Kwangjin Chun,
  • Jeonghun Seo,
  • Bongki Lee,
  • Byungryul Cho and
  • Yongsu Yoon

Cardiac angiography to visualize the cardiac coronary artery for lesions causes a lot of radiation exposure dose to the interventional cardiologist. We evaluated the occupational radiation exposure to the interventional cardiologist based on changes...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
2,244 Views
25 Pages

Mediating Effects of Exposure to Violence in Different Contexts of Child-to-Parent Violence: Validation of the Exposure to Violence Scale

  • Luis Burgos-Benavides,
  • M. Carmen Cano-Lozano,
  • Isabel Suevos-Rodríguez,
  • Paola Bustos-Benítez and
  • Francisco Javier Rodríguez-Díaz

24 March 2025

Exposure to violence is one of the most common adverse effects. In recent years, there has been a particular interest in understanding the link between exposure to violence and the perpetration of other forms of violence, such as child-to-parent viol...

  • Article
  • Open Access
14 Citations
4,575 Views
14 Pages

The Korea Simulation Exposure Model for fine particulate matter (PM2.5) (KoSEM-PM) was developed to estimate population PM2.5 exposure in Korea. The data were acquired based on 59,945 min of the actual microenvironmental PM2.5 measurements and on the...

  • Article
  • Open Access
25 Citations
9,732 Views
13 Pages

Acrylamide in Baby Foods: A Probabilistic Exposure Assessment

  • Francesco Esposito,
  • Agata Nolasco,
  • Francesco Caracciolo,
  • Salvatore Velotto,
  • Paolo Montuori,
  • Raffaele Romano,
  • Tommaso Stasi and
  • Teresa Cirillo

23 November 2021

Acrylamide (also known as 2-propenamide) (AA) is a toxicant that develops in food during high-temperature cooking, and its occurrence is common in biscuits and baked snacks. AA is known for its in vivo neurotoxic and carcinogenic effects, and it is c...

  • Article
  • Open Access
24 Citations
5,475 Views
10 Pages

UV-A Radiation: Safe Human Exposure and Antibacterial Activity

  • Angela Sandri,
  • Aldo Tessari,
  • Danilo Giannetti,
  • Alberto Cetti,
  • Maria M. Lleo and
  • Federico Boschi

UV radiation is used for sterilization but has adverse health effects in humans. UV-A radiation has lower antimicrobial effect than UV-B and UV-C but constitutes a lower health risk, opening up the possibility to sanitize environments with human pres...

  • Article
  • Open Access
14 Citations
10,504 Views
11 Pages

23 December 2022

As the number of electric vehicles (EV) increases, the number of EV chargers also increases. Charging infrastructure will be built into our close environment. Because of this, the assessment of the electromagnetic field exposure generated from the ch...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,457 Views
13 Pages

RF Exposure Assessment by Drone-Based Technology

  • Jesús M. Paniagua-Sánchez,
  • Christopher Marabel-Calderón,
  • Francisco J. García-Cobos,
  • Antonio Gordillo-Guerrero,
  • Montaña Rufo-Pérez and
  • Antonio Jiménez-Barco

7 November 2024

There is growing international interest in assessing population exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields, especially those generated by mobile-phone base stations. The work presented here is an experimental study in which we assess exposure...

  • Article
  • Open Access
974 Views
8 Pages

Assessing Compliance with Evolving Exposure Standards: Respirable Crystalline Silica (RCS) Exposure in Western Australian Mining

  • Adelle Liebenberg,
  • Kiam Padamsey,
  • Kerry Staples,
  • Matthew Oosthuizen,
  • Marcus Cattani,
  • Andy McCarthy and
  • Jacques Oosthuizen

The link between occupational exposure to Respirable Crystalline Silica (RCS) and silicosis, a potentially fatal respiratory disease, has been well-established, leading to global reductions in RCS Exposure Standards (ES). In Western Australia (WA), R...

  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
3,969 Views
15 Pages

Occupational Exposure and Health Impact Assessment of Diisocyanates in Finland

  • Pasi Huuskonen,
  • Simo P. Porras,
  • Bernice Scholten,
  • Lützen Portengen,
  • Sanni Uuksulainen,
  • Katriina Ylinen and
  • Tiina Santonen

27 February 2023

Diisocyanates are a group of chemicals widely used in different industrial applications. The critical health effects related to diisocyanate exposure are isocyanate sensitisation, occupational asthma and bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR). Industria...

  • Proceeding Paper
  • Open Access
2,122 Views
4 Pages

Neurological Impairment from Hand–Arm Vibration Exposure

  • Oscar Lundberg,
  • Ing-Liss Bryngelsson and
  • Per Vihlborg

The aim of this study is to investigate symtom of neurological impairment from occupational hand-arm vibration using a job exposure matrix. The result shows that paresthesia are significantly higher amongst individuals with a cumulative occupational...

  • Review
  • Open Access
256 Citations
19,273 Views
19 Pages

Biological Effects of Human Exposure to Environmental Cadmium

  • Massimiliano Peana,
  • Alessio Pelucelli,
  • Christos T. Chasapis,
  • Spyros P. Perlepes,
  • Vlasoula Bekiari,
  • Serenella Medici and
  • Maria Antonietta Zoroddu

24 December 2022

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic metal for the human organism and for all ecosystems. Cd is naturally found at low levels; however, higher amounts of Cd in the environment result from human activities as it spreads into the air and water in the form of microp...

  • Review
  • Open Access
65 Citations
8,012 Views
23 Pages

Mycotoxins—Biomonitoring and Human Exposure

  • Kristina Habschied,
  • Gabriella Kanižai Šarić,
  • Vinko Krstanović and
  • Krešimir Mastanjević

3 February 2021

Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungal species that commonly have a toxic effect on human and animal health. Different foodstuff can be contaminated and are considered the major source of human exposure to mycotoxins, but occupationa...

  • Article
  • Open Access
34 Citations
5,552 Views
15 Pages

Disinfected water is the major source of haloacetic acids (HAAs) in humans, but their inter- and intra-individual variability for exposure and risk assessment applications is under-researched. Thus, we measured HAAs in cross-sectional and longitudina...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
4,784 Views
22 Pages

Family Business and Transaction Exposure

  • Khalil Nimer,
  • Mahmoud Nassar,
  • Naser Abu Ghazaleh and
  • Abdulhadi Ramadan

This study provides additional evidence and insight into theories on transaction exposure as it empirically examines the magnitude of transaction exposure in Kuwait, a developing country. Specifically, it investigates factors that might influence Kuw...

  • Article
  • Open Access
70 Citations
8,516 Views
20 Pages

Prenatal Exposure to Perfluoroalkyl Substances and Behavioral Development in Children

  • Ilona Quaak,
  • Marijke De Cock,
  • Michiel De Boer,
  • Marja Lamoree,
  • Pim Leonards and
  • Margot Van de Bor

Background: In recent years, prevalence rates of behavioral disorders in children have increased. One factor possibly implied in the etiology of behavioral disorders is exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). The use of PFASs is highly integra...

  • Article
  • Open Access
812 Views
18 Pages

25 September 2025

Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) are a common class of volatile organic compounds linked to adverse health outcomes. Although BTEX have been shown to have endocrine disrupting properties, their potential impacts on pubertal developme...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
3,280 Views
18 Pages

Assessing Property Exposure to Cyclonic Winds under Climate Change

  • Evelyn G. Shu,
  • Mariah Pope,
  • Bradley Wilson,
  • Mark Bauer,
  • Mike Amodeo,
  • Neil Freeman and
  • Jeremy R. Porter

1 November 2023

Properties in the United States face increasing exposure to tropical storm-level winds due to climate change. Driving this increasing risk are severe hurricanes that are more likely to occur when hurricanes form in the future and the northward shift...

  • Article
  • Open Access
29 Citations
5,743 Views
15 Pages

Often spatiotemporal resolution/scale of environmental and health data do not align. Therefore, researchers compute exposure by interpolation or by aggregating data to coarse spatiotemporal scales. The latter is often preferred because of sparse geog...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
3,537 Views
27 Pages

Local Scale Exposure and Fate of Engineered Nanomaterials

  • Mikko Poikkimäki,
  • Joris T. K. Quik,
  • Arto Säämänen and
  • Miikka Dal Maso

29 June 2022

Nanotechnology is a growing megatrend in industrial production and innovations. Many applications utilize engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) that are potentially released into the atmospheric environment, e.g., via direct stack emissions from production...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
3,797 Views
22 Pages

Comparison between Communicated and Calculated Exposure Estimates Obtained through Three Modeling Tools

  • Andrea Spinazzè,
  • Francesca Borghi,
  • Daniele Magni,
  • Costanza Rovida,
  • Monica Locatelli,
  • Andrea Cattaneo and
  • Domenico Maria Cavallo

This study aims to evaluate the risk assessment approach of the REACH legislation in industrial chemical departments with a focus on the use of three models to calculate exposures, and discuss those factors that can determine a bias between the estim...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
4,622 Views
21 Pages

1 October 2019

Wafer-level camera lenses are a very promising process for camera lens fabrication. However, there exist some problems with this technology, such as uneven exposure due to curing non-uniformities. In this study, an optical simulation was implemented...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
3,535 Views
14 Pages

Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure in Relation to Family Characteristics, Stressors and Chemical Co-Exposures in California Girls

  • Gayle C. Windham,
  • Jasmine W. Soriano,
  • Dina Dobraca,
  • Connie S. Sosnoff,
  • Robert A. Hiatt and
  • Lawrence H. Kushi

Childhood environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure is a risk factor for adverse health outcomes and may disproportionately burden lower socioeconomic status groups, exacerbating health disparities. We explored associations of demographic factors, s...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
3,044 Views
19 Pages

It is increasingly being understood that perceptual learning involves different types of plasticity. Thus, whereas the practice-based improvement in the ability to perform specific tasks is believed to rely on top-down plasticity, the capacity of sen...

  • Review
  • Open Access
30 Citations
11,696 Views
13 Pages

The effects of pesticides on the general population, largely as a result of dietary exposure, are unclear. Adopting an organic diet appears to be an obvious solution for reducing dietary pesticide exposure and this is supported by biomonitoring studi...

  • Systematic Review
  • Open Access
9 Citations
4,733 Views
19 Pages

Exposure and Early Effect Biomarkers for Risk Assessment of Occupational Exposure to Formaldehyde: A Systematic Review

  • Carmela Protano,
  • Arianna Antonucci,
  • Andrea De Giorgi,
  • Stefano Zanni,
  • Elisa Mazzeo,
  • Vincenzo Cammalleri,
  • Leila Fabiani,
  • Riccardo Mastrantonio,
  • Mario Muselli and
  • Matteo Vitali
  • + 6 authors

26 April 2024

The aim of the present review was to identify all the biomarkers used for assessing the internal dose and the related early effects determined by the occupational exposure to formaldehyde. For this purpose, a systematic review was performed according...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
2,731 Views
20 Pages

Knowledge of pesticide exposure levels in farmers is necessary for epidemiological studies and regulatory purposes. In the European pesticide registration process, operators’ exposure is predicted using the Agricultural Operator Exposure Model...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
3,334 Views
11 Pages

18 September 2022

Exposure to ambient air pollution is associated with an increased risk of menstrual disorders and infertility. This study examined the relationships between the levels and duration of air pollution exposure and the risk of polycystic ovarian syndrome...

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