Current Oncology

21 pages, 3116 KB

Open AccessReview

The Role of Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts and Tumor-Associated Macrophages in the Tumor Microenvironment and Their Impact on Ovarian Cancer Survival and Therapy

by Alena A. McQuarter, Joseph Cruz, Celina R. Yamauchi, Mariem Chouchen, Cody S. Carter, Tonya J. Webb and Salma Khan

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 59; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010059 (registering DOI) - 19 Jan 2026

Abstract

Ovarian cancer is the deadliest gynecologic cancer, mainly because it is often diagnosed late and resists standard treatments. The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a major role in disease progression and therapy failure. Two key components of the TME, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and tumor-associated [...] Read more.

Ovarian cancer is the deadliest gynecologic cancer, mainly because it is often diagnosed late and resists standard treatments. The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a major role in disease progression and therapy failure. Two key components of the TME, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), create conditions that facilitate tumor growth and immune evasion. CAFs are highly diverse and originate from sources like fibroblasts and stem cells. They support cancer by remodeling the extracellular matrix, promoting angiogenesis, and releasing cytokines and growth factors that aid tumor survival. TAMs, which are usually in an M2 state, also promote metastasis and suppress immune responses by secreting immunosuppressive molecules. Together, CAFs and TAMs interact with cancer cells to activate pathways such as the TGF-β, IL-6, and PI3K/AKT pathways, which drive resistance to therapy. New treatments aim to block these interactions by targeting CAFs and TAMs through depletion, reprogramming, or pathway inhibition, often combined with immunotherapy. Advances such as single-cell sequencing and spatial transcriptomics now enable more precise identification of CAF and TAM subtypes, enabling more targeted therapies. This review summarizes their roles in epithelial ovarian cancer and explores how targeting these cells could improve outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antibody-Mediated Therapy and Other Emerging Therapies in Cancer Treatment)

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16 pages, 446 KB

Open AccessReview

Frailty in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: An Unsettled Clinical Challenge

by Antonio Bonato, Pietro Guerra, Alessandro Vitale and Andrea Martini

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 58; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010058 - 19 Jan 2026

Abstract

Frailty is a clinical syndrome originally described in geriatrics but increasingly recognized across multiple medical fields. A wide variety of clinical tools have been developed to identify and quantify frailty in different contexts. In oncology, the Performance Status (PS) has long guided therapeutic [...] Read more.

Frailty is a clinical syndrome originally described in geriatrics but increasingly recognized across multiple medical fields. A wide variety of clinical tools have been developed to identify and quantify frailty in different contexts. In oncology, the Performance Status (PS) has long guided therapeutic decisions; however, with the evolution of cancer treatments and the aging of the patient population, a more comprehensive assessment of frailty is emerging as a valuable clinical tool. In patients with cirrhosis, frailty may manifest earlier than in the general population, and the Liver Frailty Index (LFI) has gained prominence as a validated measure among liver transplant candidates. Individuals with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) may exhibit frailty due to both the underlying cirrhosis and tumor burden. Nonetheless, evidence on the role of frailty in guiding treatment decisions for HCC remains limited, and standardized assessment tools are still lacking to optimize patient stratification and therapeutic allocation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Gastrointestinal Oncology)

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12 pages, 653 KB

Open AccessArticle

Clinical Outcomes of Pembrolizumab in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Subsites Excluded from the KEYNOTE-048 Trial

by Gai Yamashita, Takuro Okada, Isaku Okamoto, Takahito Kondo, Tatsuya Ito, Shota Fujii, Takuma Kishida, Yusuke Aihara, Kenji Hanyu, Yuri Ueda, Kunihiko Tokashiki, Hiroki Sato, Yuki Harada, Kaho Momiyama, Takashi Matsuki, Yukiomi Kushihashi, Tatsuo Masubuchi, Yuichiro Tada, Taku Yamashita and Kiyoaki Tsukahara

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 57; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010057 - 18 Jan 2026

Abstract

Recurrent or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (R/M SCCHN) carries a poor prognosis; however, immune checkpoint inhibitors have emerged as critical therapeutic options. Although the KEYNOTE-048 trial established the efficacy of pembrolizumab, the population was restricted to major sites [...] Read more.

Recurrent or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (R/M SCCHN) carries a poor prognosis; however, immune checkpoint inhibitors have emerged as critical therapeutic options. Although the KEYNOTE-048 trial established the efficacy of pembrolizumab, the population was restricted to major sites (e.g., oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx, and larynx), excluding subsites such as the paranasal sinuses and nasopharynx. To evaluate outcomes in these populations, we conducted a multicenter retrospective study of 167 patients with R/M SCCHN treated with pembrolizumab between December 2019 and February 2022. The cohort comprised 127 patients with tumors in included sites and 27 in excluded subsites. Primary endpoints included overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), overall response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), and immune-related adverse events (irAEs). In the excluded subsite group, median OS was 15.2 months (1-year rate: 70.6%), and median PFS was 4.9 months (1-year rate: 21.2%). The ORR was 22.2% and the DCR was 59.3%. The incidence of irAEs was 25.9%, with Grade ≥ 3 events in 3.7%. Survival outcomes did not differ significantly from those in included sites. These findings suggest the potential efficacy and safety of pembrolizumab in subsites excluded from KEYNOTE-048, warranting validation in prospective trials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Head and Neck Oncology)

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11 pages, 702 KB

Open AccessArticle

Metastasis-Free Survival in Patients with Biochemical Recurrence After Robot-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy: A Multicenter, Retrospective Cohort Study in Japan (MSUG94 Group)

by Minori Nezasa, Masayuki Tomioka, Tomoyuki Tatenuma, Takeshi Sasaki, Yoshinori Ikehata, Akinori Nakayama, Masahiro Toide, Tatsuaki Yoneda, Kazushige Sakaguchi, Kazuhide Makiyama, Takahiro Inoue, Hiroshi Kitamura, Kazutaka Saito, Fumitaka Koga, Shinji Urakami and Takuya Koie

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 56; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010056 - 18 Jan 2026

Abstract

Robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) is the definitive surgical treatment for localized prostate cancer (PCa). Some patients with post-RARP biological recurrence (BCR) eventually develop distant metastases and subsequent PCa-related mortality. The objective of this study was to clarify the predictive factors for the risk [...] Read more.

Robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) is the definitive surgical treatment for localized prostate cancer (PCa). Some patients with post-RARP biological recurrence (BCR) eventually develop distant metastases and subsequent PCa-related mortality. The objective of this study was to clarify the predictive factors for the risk of metastatic disease after BCR in patients with PCa who underwent RARP. This multicenter retrospective cohort study was conducted in nine Japanese institutions and enrolled 491 men with BCR, detected between 2011 and 2024. During the median 59-month follow-up period, 44 patients (9.0%) had radiological confirmation of distant metastasis. Patients with developed metastases after BCR exhibited higher biopsy Gleason grade and pathological T stage, increased lymphovascular invasion (LVI) in the surgical specimen, and a shorter interval from RARP to BCR. In univariate analysis, LVI and a time to BCR after RARP of ≤14.9 months were significant predictors of distant metastasis. In the multivariate analysis, LVI constituted a significant independent predictor of distant metastasis (p = 0.011). The 3-year metastasis-free survival (MFS) rates were 85.5% and 94.1% in patients with and without LVI, respectively. The MFS was significantly prolonged in patients with negative LVI compared to those with positive LVI (p = 0.007). In Japanese males with BCR after RARP, LVI was identified as an independent predictor of metastatic progression. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Genitourinary Oncology)

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15 pages, 5748 KB

Open AccessCase Report

Targeting the Uncommon: A Case Report of Osimertinib Response in Advanced NSCLC Patient with Dual EGFR (E701fs and L702fs) Frameshift Deletions

by Angel Kwan Qi Wong, Saqib Raza Khan, Danial Khan Hadi, Daniel Breadner and Mark David Vincent

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 55; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010055 - 18 Jan 2026

Abstract

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for approximately 85% of lung cancers with adenocarcinoma being the most common subtype. Patients with stage IV NSCLC typically have poor prognosis. In these patients, identification of actionable genomic alterations allows for the selection of targeted therapy [...] Read more.

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for approximately 85% of lung cancers with adenocarcinoma being the most common subtype. Patients with stage IV NSCLC typically have poor prognosis. In these patients, identification of actionable genomic alterations allows for the selection of targeted therapy rather than chemotherapy or chemo-immunotherapy. EGFR mutations are a common oncogenic driver in NSCLC and are targetable by tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). However, most of the studies primarily focus on common mutations, which are exon 19 deletions (Ex19del) and exon 21 (L858R) point mutations, and there is inconsistent data on efficacy in the treatment of patients with uncommon EGFR mutations. Currently, the first-line treatment for patients with common EGFR mutations involves a third-generation TKI, typically osimertinib. This case describes a 66-year-old gentleman with two uncommon EGFR frameshift deletions (E701fs and L702fs). His tumor staging was denoted as cT3N2M1b, stage IVA. The patient demonstrated a radiological and biochemical response to osimertinib as part of the OCELOT clinical trial (supported by a grant from AstraZeneca), with evidence of tumor marker decline and radiographic improvement within two months of osimertinib treatment initiation. This response has been durable with continued radiological stability and biochemical improvement at 11 months and ongoing. This case will help guide management for patients with this uncommon EGFR mutations and contribute to the scarce literature of EGFR frameshift deletions in advanced NSCLC patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Thoracic Oncology)

14 pages, 238 KB

Open AccessReview

Amivantamab Plus Lazertinib and Platin-Based Chemotherapy Plus Osimertinib in EGFR-Mutant NSCLC: How to Choose Among Them and When Is Monotherapy with Osimertinib Still the Best Option?

by Paolo Maione, Francesco Jacopo Romano and Cesare Gridelli

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 54; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010054 - 17 Jan 2026

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Abstract

In the last year, great advances in the treatment outcomes of advanced EGFR-mutant NSCLC have been achieved. Two combination regimens, amivantamab plus lazertinib and platin-based chemotherapy plus osimertinib, have yielded, in the phase III randomized trials named MARIPOSA and FLAURA 2, statistically and [...] Read more.

In the last year, great advances in the treatment outcomes of advanced EGFR-mutant NSCLC have been achieved. Two combination regimens, amivantamab plus lazertinib and platin-based chemotherapy plus osimertinib, have yielded, in the phase III randomized trials named MARIPOSA and FLAURA 2, statistically and clinically significant improvements in overall survival compared with monotherapy with osimertinib. However, translation to clinical practice of these relevant results is challenging for two main reasons. The first is that we have no evidence-based tools to choose among the two combinations, except their different safety profiles. The second is that combinations are significantly more toxic than osimertinib alone. Thus, osimertinib remains an effective treatment with an excellent safety profile, perhaps to be considered as still the best option in the majority of elderly patients and in all patients that do not intend to trade-off an excess of toxicity with survival prolongment. The safety and efficacy characteristics of the three treatment options are the basis for a patient-tailored treatment choice, but in a significant proportion of patients, a personal and intimate approach to quality of life and survival prolongment is to be considered the main driver within a well-structured shared decision-making process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Thoracic Oncology)

18 pages, 3974 KB

Open AccessArticle

Machine Learning Model Based on Multiparametric MRI for Distinguishing HER2 Expression Level in Breast Cancer

by Yongxin Chen, Weifeng Liu, Wenjie Tang, Qingcong Kong, Siyi Chen, Shuang Liu, Liwen Pan, Yuan Guo and Xinqing Jiang

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 53; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010053 - 16 Jan 2026

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Abstract

This study aimed to develop machine learning models based on conventional MRI features to classify HER2 expression levels in invasive breast cancer and explore their association with disease-free survival (DFS). A total of 678 patients from two centers were included, with Center 1 [...] Read more.

This study aimed to develop machine learning models based on conventional MRI features to classify HER2 expression levels in invasive breast cancer and explore their association with disease-free survival (DFS). A total of 678 patients from two centers were included, with Center 1 divided into training and internal test sets and Center 2 serving as an external test set. Random Forest models were trained to distinguish HER2-positive vs. HER2-negative (Task 1) and HER2-low vs. HER2-zero tumors (Task 2) using BI-RADS–based MRI features. SHapley Additive exPlanations were applied to rank feature importance, assist feature selection, and enhance model interpretability. DFS was analyzed using Kaplan–Meier curves and log-rank tests. In Task 1, key features included tumor size, axillary lymph nodes, fibroglandular tissue, peritumoral edema, and multifocal, achieving AUCs of 0.75 and 0.73 in the internal and external test sets, respectively. In Task 2, tumor size, peritumoral edema, and multifocal yielded AUCs of 0.73 and 0.72, respectively. Higher task-specific model scores were associated with shorter DFS in Task 1 (p = 0.037) and longer DFS in Task 2 (p = 0.046). MRI-based machine learning models can noninvasively stratify HER2 expression levels, with potential for prognostic stratification and clinical application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Breast Cancer)

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10 pages, 344 KB

Open AccessArticle

Towards Cervical Cancer Elimination: Insights from an In-Depth Regional Review of Patients with Cervical Cancer

by Anna N. Wilkinson, Kristin Wright, Colleen Savage, Dana Pearl, Elena Park, Wilma Hopman and Tara Baetz

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010052 - 16 Jan 2026

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Abstract

Cervical cancer is a largely preventable disease, with over 90% of cases caused by persistent infection with human papillomavirus (HPV). Despite the availability of HPV vaccination and cervical screening, incidence rates in Canada have been rising since 2015, particularly among underserved populations. This [...] Read more.

Cervical cancer is a largely preventable disease, with over 90% of cases caused by persistent infection with human papillomavirus (HPV). Despite the availability of HPV vaccination and cervical screening, incidence rates in Canada have been rising since 2015, particularly among underserved populations. This study investigates contributing factors behind cervical cancer diagnoses in Eastern Ontario over a two-year period to identify gaps leading to failures in prevention and screening. A retrospective chart review was conducted for cervical cancer cases diagnosed between January 2022 and December 2023 at two regional cancer centres in Eastern Ontario. Cases were categorized as screen-detected, inadequately screened, or system failure, based on prior screening history and care processes. Data was collected on patient, screening, and cancer characteristics. Of 132 cases, 22 (16.7%) were screen-detected, 73 (55.3%) were inadequately screened, and 37 (28.0%) were attributed to healthcare system failure. Later-stage disease was significantly more common in the latter two groups. Thirty-one (23.5%) cases presented with palliative diagnoses, and 18 (13.6%) individuals died within 2.5 years. Inadequate screening was associated with rurality, deprivation, and lack of a primary care provider. System failures included false-negative Pap tests, loss to follow-up, and misapplication of screening guidelines. This study evaluated failures in cervical cancer prevention, which led to cervical cancer diagnoses in Eastern Ontario. Gaps included suboptimal screening participation, lack of access to care, health care system breakdowns, and limitations of the Pap test. Findings provide concrete suggestions for eliminating cervical cancer in Canada. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Gynecologic Oncology)

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12 pages, 1278 KB

Open AccessArticle

Palbociclib in Combination with Endocrine Therapy in Patients with Metastatic Breast Cancer in a Real-World Population: Impact of Dose-Intensity, Dose Reductions and Cycle Delays on Efficacy

by Julie Coussirou, Julien Grenier, Alice Mege, Antoine Arnaud, Françoise De Crozals, Emmanuel Bonnet and Léa Vazquez

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010051 - 15 Jan 2026

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Abstract

Purpose: With the addition of palbociclib to endocrine therapy, many hormone receptor-positive (HR+) metastatic breast cancer (mBC) patients experience toxicities that can lead to dose reductions and cycle delays. We examined the actual doses of palbociclib received by patients and their treatment [...] Read more.

Purpose: With the addition of palbociclib to endocrine therapy, many hormone receptor-positive (HR+) metastatic breast cancer (mBC) patients experience toxicities that can lead to dose reductions and cycle delays. We examined the actual doses of palbociclib received by patients and their treatment responses. These dose adjustments, made at the physician’s discretion, are not always consistent with pharmaceutical company recommendations. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of dose adjustments on dose intensity and treatment response in our patients. Methods: Records of patients with HR+ mBC treated with palbociclib between December 2016 and January 2019 at the Sainte-Catherine Institute were retrospectively reviewed. Dose intensity was defined as the total dose of palbociclib received by each patient during the first six months of treatment. Anticipated dose reductions and extended cycle delays were recorded. Treatment response at six months and survival were assessed using statistical analyses. Results: A total of 131 women were included; the median age was 67 years. Forty-six patients (35%) experienced an anticipated dose reduction or an extended cycle delay during the first six months of treatment. Logistic regression analysis showed that factors correlated with six-month treatment response included anticipated dose reduction or extended cycle delay (OR = 14.6, 95% CI 3.74–97.4, p < 0.001), cycle delay > 4 weeks (OR = 5.94, 95% CI 1.58–21, p = 0.01), initial dosage < 125 mg (OR = 4.09, 95% CI 1.13–13.7, p = 0.034), and six-month dose intensity < 14,250 mg (OR = 26.0, 95% CI 4.91–481, p < 0.001). Conclusions: In this real-world assessment of clinical outcomes in French patients with HR+ mBC treated with palbociclib, a palbociclib dose intensity lower than recommended—particularly due to cycle delays longer than four weeks—was associated with an increased risk of six-month disease progression. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Breast Cancer)

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9 pages, 288 KB

Open AccessArticle

Lung Carcinoids—Time to Change Practices

by Ana Rodrigues, Nuno Coimbra, Inês Lucena Sampaio, Isabel Azevedo, Marta Soares, Carmen Jerónimo and Rui Henrique

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010050 - 15 Jan 2026

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Abstract

Background: Lung carcinoids—typical and atypical—are rare neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) representing 1–2% of lung cancers. Despite clinicopathological differences, their clinical management often mirrors lung cancer protocols rather than NET-specific recommendations. Objectives: Portray a 12-year real-world experience with lung carcinoids at a Comprehensive [...] Read more.

Background: Lung carcinoids—typical and atypical—are rare neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) representing 1–2% of lung cancers. Despite clinicopathological differences, their clinical management often mirrors lung cancer protocols rather than NET-specific recommendations. Objectives: Portray a 12-year real-world experience with lung carcinoids at a Comprehensive Cancer Center, identifying gaps in diagnostic work-up, treatment decision-making, and follow-up. Methods: Retrospective observational cohort study of adult patients with histologically confirmed lung carcinoids diagnosed at IPO Porto between January 2013 and December 2024. Demographic, clinical, imaging, and treatment data were collected from electronic patient records. Analyses were descriptive. Results: Among 179 identified cases, 129 met eligibility criteria. Median age was 62 years (range 18–84); 53.6% were women and 53.5% were non-smokers; 84.5% had ECOG-PS 0–1. The most frequent presentation was respiratory symptoms (34.1%), followed by incidental findings (43.4%, of which ~20% were during staging or surveillance of other cancers). Typical carcinoids accounted for 49.6% and atypical for 43.4%. FDG-PET/CT was requested in 70.9% of cases, including many with typical carcinoid, and SSTR-PET/CT in 64.6% (dual PET in 38.8%). Most patients (65.1%) presented with stage I disease; 17.1% were stage IV. Mean time-to-first treatment was 83 days (range 1–259). Surgery was the first treatment option for 78.3% of patients. Conclusions: This real-world series highlights heterogeneity in diagnostic pathways, excessive FDG-PET use in typical carcinoids, and non-standardized follow-up. Dedicated multidisciplinary lung-NET boards and national reference centers are needed to homogenize and streamline patient management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Thoracic Oncology)

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13 pages, 694 KB

Open AccessArticle

Radiation Oncology Follow-Up of Prostate Cancer Survivors Following Completion of Radiotherapy: A Population-Based Study

by Joshua O. Cerasuolo, Jonathan Sussman, Ian S. Dayes, Rinku Sutradhar, Manaf Zargoush and Hsien Seow

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010049 - 15 Jan 2026

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Abstract

Prostate cancer survivors require coordinated long-term care after treatment. We examined patterns of follow-up care and identified characteristics associated with the frequency of radiation oncology (RO) visits during survivorship. We conducted a population-based cohort study of men diagnosed with prostate cancer between April [...] Read more.

Prostate cancer survivors require coordinated long-term care after treatment. We examined patterns of follow-up care and identified characteristics associated with the frequency of radiation oncology (RO) visits during survivorship. We conducted a population-based cohort study of men diagnosed with prostate cancer between April 2010 and March 2019 in Ontario, Canada, who underwent first-line radiotherapy. Survivorship began three years following radiation. Using a recurrent event framework, we identified demographic and clinical characteristics associated with the rate of RO follow-up. Survivors seeking RO follow-up declined by 46.2% over five years of survivorship. Higher-risk characteristics, such as higher ISUP grade, higher stage, detectable prostate-specific antigen (PSA) score, and receipt of brachytherapy and/or hormones, were associated with more frequent RO visits. For instance, relative to International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) Grade 1, those with Grades 3 through 5 experienced follow-up rates that were 20%, 25%, and 34% higher, respectively. Despite concordance between patient risk and rate of RO follow-up, 23.6% of survivors continued to visit their RO providers into their fifth year of survivorship, more than half of whom were ISUP grades 1–2. Primary care follow-up remained stable. While frequency of RO follow-up appropriately reflected patient risk profile, many low-risk survivors still sought long-term RO-led care. This suggests an opportunity to encourage lower-risk prostate cancer survivors to seek follow-up care with their general practitioner. Full article

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23 pages, 327 KB

Open AccessReview

Advances in Screening, Immunotherapy, Targeted Agents, and Precision Surgery in Cervical Cancer: A Comprehensive Clinical Review (2018–2025)

by Priyanka Nagdev and Mythri Chittilla

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010048 - 15 Jan 2026

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Abstract

Cervical cancer remains a significant global health burden, disproportionately affecting women in low- and middle-income countries despite being preventable. Since 2018, rapid advances in molecular profiling, immunotherapy, refinement of minimally invasive surgery, and targeted therapeutics have transformed diagnostic and therapeutic paradigms. This narrative [...] Read more.

Cervical cancer remains a significant global health burden, disproportionately affecting women in low- and middle-income countries despite being preventable. Since 2018, rapid advances in molecular profiling, immunotherapy, refinement of minimally invasive surgery, and targeted therapeutics have transformed diagnostic and therapeutic paradigms. This narrative review synthesizes clinical and translational progress across the continuum of care from 2018 to 2025. We summarize the evolving landscape of precision screening—including HPV genotyping, DNA methylation assays, liquid biopsy, and AI-assisted cytology—and discuss their implications for global elimination goals. Surgical management has shifted toward evidence-based de-escalation with data from SHAPE, ConCerv, and ongoing RACC informing fertility preservation and minimally invasive approaches. For locally advanced disease, KEYNOTE-A18 establishes pembrolizumab plus chemoradiation as a new curative standard, while INTERLACE underscores the benefit of induction chemotherapy. In the metastatic setting, survival outcomes have improved with the integration of checkpoint inhibitors (KEYNOTE-826, BEATcc, EMPOWER-Cervical 1), vascular-targeted therapies, and antibody–drug conjugates, including tisotumab vedotin and emerging HER2 and TROP-2–directed agents. We further highlight emerging biomarkers—PD-L1, TMB, MSI status, HPV integration patterns, APOBEC signatures, methylation classifiers, ctHPV-DNA—and their evolving role in treatment selection and surveillance. Future directions include neoadjuvant checkpoint inhibition, PARP-IO combinations, HER3-directed ADCs, DDR-targeted radiosensitizers, HPV-specific cellular therapies, and AI-integrated precision medicine. Collectively, these advances are reshaping cervical cancer care toward biologically individualized, globally implementable strategies capable of accelerating WHO elimination targets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Management of Cervical Cancer)

14 pages, 890 KB

Open AccessArticle

Unique Clinical Features of Imaging-Stage I Peripheral Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Retrospective Study

by Chengzhang Xiong, Wenjing Zhang, Qing Wang, Hao Yin, Jibin Chen, Wenjun Jiang and Xu Han

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010047 - 15 Jan 2026

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Abstract

The incidence of peripheral lung squamous cell carcinoma (p-LUSC) has increased in recent years, but the clinical features of early-stage p-LUSC remain unclear. In the present study, we aim to elucidate the general clinical features of p-LUSC by comparing it with peripheral lung [...] Read more.

The incidence of peripheral lung squamous cell carcinoma (p-LUSC) has increased in recent years, but the clinical features of early-stage p-LUSC remain unclear. In the present study, we aim to elucidate the general clinical features of p-LUSC by comparing it with peripheral lung adenocarcinoma (p-LUAD). Patients with p-LUSC or p-LUAD who were at an early imaging stage and underwent complete lobectomy with systematic lymph node dissection were included. The clinical characteristics of p-LUSC were elucidated through comparative analysis with p-LUAD, and independent prognostic factors for recurrence-free survival were identified. A total of 103 patients with p-LUSC and 600 patients with p-LUAD were included. Compared with p-LUAD, all p-LUSC cases appeared as solid nodules (SDNs) on imaging, and p-LUSC was associated with the male sex, older age, smoking history, lobulation sign, interstitial pneumonia, and a shorter volume doubling time. In terms of malignant aggressiveness, p-LUSC demonstrated a significantly lower lymph node metastasis rate than SDNs of p-LUAD in the >2.0 to ≤3.0 cm group, while no statistically significant difference was observed between the two groups in the 0–2.0 cm group. As for prognosis, tumor size and lymph node metastasis were found as independent risk factors for tumor recurrence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Thoracic Oncology)

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11 pages, 250 KB

Open AccessArticle

Parenchymal-Sparing Strategy in Colorectal Liver Metastases: A Single-Center Experience

by Eleonora Pozzi, Giuliano La Barba, Fabrizio D’Acapito, Riccardo Turrini, Giulia Elena Cantelli, Giulia Marchetti, Valentina Zucchini and Giorgio Ercolani

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010046 - 15 Jan 2026

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Abstract

Major hepatectomy (MH) has traditionally been associated with higher R0 rates in colorectal liver metastases (CRLM), but at the cost of increased morbidity. Parenchymal-sparing hepatectomy (PSH) has emerged as an alternative approach aimed at reducing perioperative complications while preserving functional liver parenchyma without [...] Read more.

Major hepatectomy (MH) has traditionally been associated with higher R0 rates in colorectal liver metastases (CRLM), but at the cost of increased morbidity. Parenchymal-sparing hepatectomy (PSH) has emerged as an alternative approach aimed at reducing perioperative complications while preserving functional liver parenchyma without compromising oncological outcomes. We retrospectively analyzed 248 consecutive patients undergoing liver resection for CRLM between 2016 and 2025, classified as PSH (n = 215, 86.7%) or MH (n = 33, 13.3%). MH was performed more frequently in patients with greater tumor burden, including larger lesions, more numerous metastases, and bilobar disease (all p < 0.001). PSH was associated with shorter hospital stay, fewer postoperative complications, and lower 30-day readmission rate. In multivariable Cox analyses, surgical strategy was not associated with recurrence-free survival or overall survival, which were primarily driven by tumor burden. Among patients who developed liver recurrence, repeat hepatectomy was more often feasible after PSH than MH (p = 0.026), emphasizing the long-term value of preserving functional parenchyma. Overall, PSH was associated with lower postoperative morbidity, enabling earlier recovery, while facilitating future liver resections when needed in this chronically evolving disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Surgical Strategies for Managing Metastatic Colorectal Cancer)

13 pages, 995 KB

Open AccessArticle

Real-World Treatment Patterns and Outcomes of Intraluminal Ablative Therapies in Noninvasive Urethral Carcinoma: A National Cancer Database Analysis

by Eusebio Luna Velasquez, Vatsala Mundra, Renil S. Titus, Jiaqiong Xu, Carlos Riveros, Dharam Kaushik, Amar Singh, Suran Somawardana, Christopher J. D. Wallis and Raj Satkunasivam

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010045 - 14 Jan 2026

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Abstract

Objective: To evaluate treatment patterns, predictors of treatment selection, and overall survival (OS) in patients with noninvasive (Ta–Tis) urothelial carcinoma of the urethra (UUC). Patients and Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of adults diagnosed with noninvasive UUC (stage Ta or [...] Read more.

Objective: To evaluate treatment patterns, predictors of treatment selection, and overall survival (OS) in patients with noninvasive (Ta–Tis) urothelial carcinoma of the urethra (UUC). Patients and Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of adults diagnosed with noninvasive UUC (stage Ta or Tis, N0, M0) between 2018 and 2021 using the National Cancer Database. Patients were categorized into prostatic and non-prostatic urethral cohorts. Treatment groups included endoluminal ablation alone, ablation combined with topical intraluminal therapy, urethrectomy, and no subsequent treatment. Multinomial logistic regression was used to identify predictors of treatment selection. The OS was assessed using Kaplan–Meier and multivariable Cox regression, with separate models for each anatomical cohort. Results: A total of 436 patients were included (185 non-prostatic, 251 prostatic); 91.9% (n = 401) were male. Ablation alone was the most common treatment in both cohorts (non-prostatic: 57.3%; prostatic: 62.6%), followed by urethrectomy (non-prostatic: 21.1%) and ablation plus topical therapy (prostatic: 20.3%). In the non-prostatic cohort, high-grade histology (OR 15.15; 95% CI, 3.82–60.04) and Tis stage (OR 3.27; 95% CI, 1.10–9.69) were associated with increased odds of urethrectomy. In the prostatic cohort, high-grade histology was associated with increased use of urethrectomy (OR 59.29; 95% CI, 4.61–763.17) and ablation plus topical therapy (OR 3.09; 95% CI, 1.21–7.90). Tis stage was also associated with ablation plus topical therapy (OR 2.53; 95% CI, 1.14–5.62). This treatment approach was associated with improved OS compared with ablation alone (HR 0.18; 95% CI, 0.05–0.60; p = 0.005). Conclusions: Treatment selection differed substantially by tumor location, stage, and grade, reflecting both treatment selection in noninvasive UUC varied by tumor location, grade, and stage. In prostatic tumors, ablation plus topical therapy was associated with improved survival, supporting its role as a risk-adapted, organ-sparing strategy in selected patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Genitourinary Oncology)

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13 pages, 636 KB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of an Interdisciplinary Integrative Group-Based Program for Patients with Cancer: Prospective, Nonrandomized Intervention Study with a Waiting-List Control

by Burcu Babadağ Savaş, Bettina Märtens, Yvonne Ziert and Diana Steinmann

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010044 - 14 Jan 2026

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Abstract

Background/Objectives: Cancer is a disease with a rising global incidence each year, and an interdisciplinary approach for both its treatment and care is needed. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a 10-week interdisciplinary integrative oncology group-based program for patients with [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Cancer is a disease with a rising global incidence each year, and an interdisciplinary approach for both its treatment and care is needed. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a 10-week interdisciplinary integrative oncology group-based program for patients with cancer on quality of life, fatigue, resilience, well-being, anxiety and depression. Methods: This prospective, nonrandomized intervention, waiting-list control group study evaluated the quality of life, fatigue, resilience, anxiety, depression and well-being of a total of 128 patients with cancer (intervention group: n = 86; waiting-list control group: n = 42) at baseline (week 0) and at the end of the observation period (week 10). Results: Compared with patients in the waiting-list group, patients who participated in a 10-week interdisciplinary integrative group program during or after cancer treatment had positive effects on quality of life, social/family well-being, functional well-being, resilience, fatigue, and anxiety. Specifically, significant time × group effects were observed on (FACT-G: p = 0.002, η² = 0.73; FACIT-Fatigue: p = 0.014, η² = 0.47; FACIT-F: p = 0.002, η² = 0.74), social/family well-being (p = 0.015, η² = 0.46), functional well-being (p < 0.001, η² = 0.102), with a large effect size and resilience mean scores (p = 0.003, η² = 0.069), and anxiety mean scores (p = 0.005, η² = 0.060), with a medium effect size. Conclusions: This study revealed that compared with nonparticipants, participants in the 10-week interdisciplinary program benefited more from the program. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Psychosocial Oncology)

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12 pages, 573 KB

Open AccessArticle

Prognostic Significance of Lung Immune Prognostic Index at Diagnosis in Stage III Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

by Tülay Eren, Engin Eren Kavak, İsmail Dili and Esra Zeynelgil

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010043 - 13 Jan 2026

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Abstract

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the association between the Lung Immune Prognostic Index (LIPI) measured at diagnosis and both event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) in patients with stage III non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods: [...] Read more.

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the association between the Lung Immune Prognostic Index (LIPI) measured at diagnosis and both event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) in patients with stage III non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods: This retrospective cohort included patients diagnosed with stage III NSCLC between September 2022 and July 2024, all of whom had a minimum follow-up duration of six months. LIPI was calculated using the derived neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (dNLR) and lactate dehydrogenase levels at diagnosis. Clinical, demographic, and treatment-related data were systematically collected. Survival outcomes were estimated using the Kaplan–Meier approach, while factors associated with prognosis were examined through Cox proportional hazards models. Results: The study population consisted of 68 patients, predominantly male (86.8%), with a mean age of 63.4 ± 8.7 years. According to the Lung Immune Prognostic Index classification, 29 patients (42.6%) were categorized as having a good score, 27 (39.7%) as intermediate, and 12 (17.6%) as poor. During a median follow-up of 15.4 months, a total of 40 progressions and 22 deaths occurred. Median EFS was 17.7, 9.4, and 5.8 months for good, intermediate, and poor LIPI groups, respectively (p < 0.001). Median OS was 25.7 months in the good LIPI group, was not reached in the intermediate group due to insufficient events, and was 6.7 months in the poor group (p < 0.001). In multivariate Cox analysis, poor LIPI was independently associated with inferior survival (EFS: HR = 2.87, 95% CI: 1.85–4.46, p < 0.001; OS: HR = 2.59, 95% CI: 1.40–4.78, p = 0.002). Conclusions: LIPI calculated at diagnosis is an independent prognostic factor for both EFS and OS in stage III NSCLC. Validation in larger, prospective cohorts is warranted to further define its prognostic role in stage III NSCLC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Thoracic Oncology)

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13 pages, 1003 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating the Utility and Implementation Barriers of a Liquid Biopsy Biomarker Test Early in the Lung Cancer Diagnostic Pathway to Improve Timeliness of Palliative Systemic Therapy

by Adi Kartolo, Laura Semenuk, Harriet Feilotter, Colleen Savage, Alexander Boag, Wilma Hopman, Geneviève Digby and Mihaela Mates

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010042 - 13 Jan 2026

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Abstract

Purpose: Timeliness of systemic therapy initiation for advanced lung cancer is highly dependent on pathology and molecular pathology laboratory services. Here, we aimed to prospectively evaluate liquid biopsy as a potential strategy to expedite systemic therapy decision-making in lung cancer management. Patients and [...] Read more.

Purpose: Timeliness of systemic therapy initiation for advanced lung cancer is highly dependent on pathology and molecular pathology laboratory services. Here, we aimed to prospectively evaluate liquid biopsy as a potential strategy to expedite systemic therapy decision-making in lung cancer management. Patients and Methods: This prospective cohort study included consecutive patients with suspected lung cancer seen at the time of initial specialist consultation who underwent both liquid and solid tumour biopsy (group A) and patients with confirmed lung malignancy who underwent solid tumour biopsy alone (group B), between 1 February 2022 and 31 May 2023. Due to laboratory factors, liquid biopsies were processed in batches of 13, whereas solid tumour biopsies were processed individually upon receipt, as per standard practices. Co-primary endpoints included the time from solid versus liquid biopsies to biomarker reporting and palliative systemic therapy initiation. Results: A total of 324 patients were included in the study. The median time from date of blood draw to date of liquid biopsy result was 78 days. For group A (n = 50), the median time from date of solid tumour biopsy to biomarker reporting was 22 days, and the median time from date of solid tumour biopsy to palliative systemic therapy was 42 days. The median time from date of liquid biopsy blood draw to palliative systemic therapy initiation was 56 days. For group B (n = 274), the median times from date of biopsy to biomarker reporting and to palliative systemic therapy initiation in all patients were 22 and 47 days, respectively. Conclusions: While we did not demonstrate improvement in timeliness of biomarker reporting or systemic therapy initiation with liquid biopsy, several barriers leading to delay in liquid biopsy reporting were identified due to unexpected COVID-19-related supply chain disruption and the cost-limiting need to batch sample analysis. Further studies that address the identified barriers are warranted to assess the potential improvement in timeliness of care, should liquid biopsy analysis be implemented in real-time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Thoracic Oncology)

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13 pages, 933 KB

Open AccessReview

The Role of Androgen Receptor and Antiandrogen Therapy in Breast Cancer: A Scoping Review

by Antonio Ghidini, Roberta Bukovec, Luisa Roncari, Isabella Garassino, Fulvia Milena Cribiù and Fausto Petrelli

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010041 - 12 Jan 2026

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Abstract

Breast cancer is a complex and highly heterogeneous disease, and its management is increasingly moving towards the principles of precision medicine. In this context, the androgen receptor (AR) has emerged as a promising therapeutic target, particularly within the challenging subgroup of triple-negative breast [...] Read more.

Breast cancer is a complex and highly heterogeneous disease, and its management is increasingly moving towards the principles of precision medicine. In this context, the androgen receptor (AR) has emerged as a promising therapeutic target, particularly within the challenging subgroup of triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) that express it. This scoping review provides a comprehensive and detailed analysis of the multifaceted role of AR in breast cancer. We delve into its intricate molecular structure, its differential function in ER-positive vs. TNBC subtypes, and the detailed molecular mechanisms that govern its activity. We provide a thorough examination of the landmark clinical trials with antiandrogen agents, including not only enzalutamide but also other first- and second-generation compounds, and discuss the emerging data on their efficacy. Furthermore, we will explore the critical challenges that hinder their widespread clinical adoption, such as primary and acquired resistance mechanisms, the need for robust predictive biomarkers, and the heterogeneity of AR expression. Finally, we outline future research directions, focusing on novel combination therapies and the development of next-generation agents and predictive tools to optimize patient selection and improve clinical outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Breast Cancer)

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13 pages, 710 KB

Open AccessReview

Outpatient Surgery in Neuro-Oncology—Advancing Patient Access and Care

by Patrick E. Steadman and Mark Bernstein

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010040 - 12 Jan 2026

Viewed by 109

Abstract

Outpatient neurosurgical oncology has expanded with advances in anesthesia, imaging, and minimally invasive techniques, enabling safe same-day discharge for selected patients undergoing procedures such as stereotactic biopsy and craniotomy. In this review, we find that across multiple international series, same-day discharge rates in [...] Read more.

Outpatient neurosurgical oncology has expanded with advances in anesthesia, imaging, and minimally invasive techniques, enabling safe same-day discharge for selected patients undergoing procedures such as stereotactic biopsy and craniotomy. In this review, we find that across multiple international series, same-day discharge rates in several studies ranging from 85 to 95%, with low complication (3–6%) and readmission rates when structured pathways, including standardized selection criteria, enhanced recovery protocols, and routine 4-h postoperative CT imaging, are used. Studies on economic analyses demonstrate substantial cost savings driven by reduced inpatient bed utilization, with no increase in adverse events. Key challenges identified include medicolegal concerns amongst physicians, patient education, and limitations in organization adoption. Telemedicine and remote monitoring are increasingly incorporated to streamline preoperative evaluation and postoperative follow-up, improving access and continuity of care. Emerging technologies such as laser interstitial thermal therapy and focused ultrasound may further expand the outpatient neuro-oncology repertoire. Overall, current evidence supports outpatient neurosurgical oncology as a safe, efficient, and patient-centered model when applied with structured clinical pathways and patient selection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advancements in the Surgical Treatment of Brain Tumors—2nd Edition)

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13 pages, 4181 KB

Open AccessArticle

Interobserver Variation Within Planning Target Volume and Organs at Risk in a Patient with Oropharyngeal Carcinoma: A Contouring Study with Anatomical Analysis

by Fabian Baier, Oliver Koelbl, Felix Steger, Isabella Gruber and Christoph Suess

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010039 - 11 Jan 2026

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Abstract

Background: Despite the availability of contouring guidelines and advanced imaging modalities, interobserver variability (IOV) in the delineation of the planning target volume and organs at risk remains a critical factor influencing treatment quality in radiotherapy. The aim of this study was to examine [...] Read more.

Background: Despite the availability of contouring guidelines and advanced imaging modalities, interobserver variability (IOV) in the delineation of the planning target volume and organs at risk remains a critical factor influencing treatment quality in radiotherapy. The aim of this study was to examine variations in contour delineation with respect to anatomical landmarks, as well as differences in the inclusion of lymph node levels within the PTV. Methods: Ten senior radiation oncologists from six different institutions participated in the study and contoured PTV1, PTV2 and 16 OARs in a patient with oropharyngeal carcinoma. Interobserver variation was quantified by volume statistics such as mean, standard deviation (SD) and ranges, as well as using coefficient of variance (CoV) and conformity index (CI). Results: High agreement was observed in the inclusion of the ipsilateral lymph node levels Ib–IVa and VIIa+b, whereas notable discrepancies were identified in the delineation inclusion of the cervical triangle group and lateral supraclavicular nodes. Regarding OARs, the greatest variability was observed in the delineation of the left and right inner ear, with volume ranges of 0.12–2.84 cm³ and 0.11–2.38 cm³, respectively. Conclusions: This study reaffirms the presence of significant interobserver variability in the delineation of PTVs and OARs in patients with oropharyngeal carcinoma. Especially inclusion of elective lymph node levels and definition of margins around the gross tumor volume are substantial factors for IOV. By emphasizing structured anatomical assessment as a standard approach, variability can be minimized, treatment consistency enhanced, and ultimately, patient outcomes improved. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Head and Neck Oncology)

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13 pages, 447 KB

Open AccessPerspective

Advances in End-of-Life Care in Canada: Implications for Oncology Nursing

by Reanne Booker, Stephanie Lelond and Kalli Stilos

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010038 - 9 Jan 2026

Viewed by 184

Abstract

This paper explores recent advancements in end-of-life (EOL) care in Canada, focusing on palliative care (PC) in oncology, advance care planning (ACP), and medical assistance in dying (MAiD). Despite improvements in cancer treatment, cancer remains a leading cause of death in Canada, with [...] Read more.

This paper explores recent advancements in end-of-life (EOL) care in Canada, focusing on palliative care (PC) in oncology, advance care planning (ACP), and medical assistance in dying (MAiD). Despite improvements in cancer treatment, cancer remains a leading cause of death in Canada, with patients facing significant physical, psychosocial, and emotional challenges throughout the illness trajectory. Over the past few decades, PC has evolved to address serious illness from diagnosis onward, enhancing symptom management, quality of life, and patient satisfaction, while reducing hospital admissions and unnecessary treatments. However, barriers such as misconceptions about PC, late PC referrals, and limited access to PC, particularly in rural and remote areas, still exist. This perspective paper draws on the authors’ collective clinical and research experience in oncology and PC, complemented by a focused review of key literature. Ongoing education for oncology nurses on EOL care, including on PC, ACP, and MAiD, as well as continued efforts to expand access to PC for all Canadians, are imperative in order to improve the EOL experience for people affected by cancer nationwide. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Reviews in Section "Oncology Nursing")

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18 pages, 4241 KB

Open AccessArticle

Discovery of a Ferroptosis-Related lncRNA–miRNA–mRNA Gene Signature in Endometrial Cancer Through a Comprehensive Co-Expression Network Analysis

by Hikaru Murakami, Junlong Wang and Herbert Yu

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010037 - 9 Jan 2026

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Abstract

Background: As a newly recognized type of cell death implicated in cancer, ferroptosis plays multiple roles in tumor biology. Here, we sought to construct a prognostic framework for EC on the basis of ferroptosis-related long non-coding RNAs (FerlncRNAs), microRNAs (FermiRNAs), and mRNAs [...] Read more.

Background: As a newly recognized type of cell death implicated in cancer, ferroptosis plays multiple roles in tumor biology. Here, we sought to construct a prognostic framework for EC on the basis of ferroptosis-related long non-coding RNAs (FerlncRNAs), microRNAs (FermiRNAs), and mRNAs (FRGs) for endometrial cancer (EC). Methods: Transcriptomic profiles of tumors and matched clinical data for 544 EC patients were retrieved from TCGA-UCEC. A prognostic framework was generated through Cox regression, integrating ferroptosis-linked lncRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs. EC cases were stratified into groups with high or low predicted risk based on ferroptosis-related gene expression. The model’s prognostic utility was examined through Kaplan–Meier (K–M) analysis and receiver operating characteristic curves. Results: A prognostic model based on 16 RNAs, including 10 FerlncRNAs, 2 FermiRNAs, and 4 FRGs, was developed. Analysis using K–M plots showed that high-risk patients experienced shorter overall survival than their low-risk counterparts (p < 0.001). The model’s area under curve (AUC) values were 0.731, 0.749, and 0.768 at 1-, 3-, and 5-year time points, surpassing those of standard clinical parameters. Furthermore, in an external validation cohort, these signature RNAs were associated with EC prognosis. Conclusions: The novel ferroptosis-related lncRNA–miRNA–mRNA prognostic model provides a basis to assess clinical prognosis in EC patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Gynecologic Oncology)

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15 pages, 2428 KB

Open AccessArticle

Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumors Extending Primarily Below the Sella and into the Clivus: A Distinct Growth Pattern with Specific Challenges

by Lennart W. Sannwald, Nina Kreße, Nadja Grübel, Andreas Knoll, Johannes Roßkopf, Michal Hlavac, Christian R. Wirtz and Andrej Pala

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010036 - 8 Jan 2026

Viewed by 140

Abstract

Evaluation of pituitary neuroendocrine tumors remains complex depending on the exact growth pattern, involvement of critical neurovascular structures, pituitary function and endocrinological activity of the tumor. A predominant growth into the sphenoid sinus and clivus poses specific challenges. We reviewed 557 surgeries for [...] Read more.

Evaluation of pituitary neuroendocrine tumors remains complex depending on the exact growth pattern, involvement of critical neurovascular structures, pituitary function and endocrinological activity of the tumor. A predominant growth into the sphenoid sinus and clivus poses specific challenges. We reviewed 557 surgeries for pituitary neuroendocrine tumors in an endonasal endoscopic technique performed between 1 January 2015 and 31 August 2025 to identify 13 cases (2.3%). Clinical, radiological and surgical data were selected by chart review. Thirteen cases aged from 31 to 68 years with almost exclusively non-functioning or clinically silent tumors (92%) were identified. Clival infiltration was restricted to the dorsum sellae in 2/13 (15%), spread to the floor of the sphenoid in 6/13 (46%) and extended inferior to the sphenoid in 5/13 (38%) cases with a high rate of cavernous sinus (62%) and sphenoid sinus infiltration (69%). Complete resection was achieved in 31%, and the residual tumor was clival/sphenoidal in 5/13 cases or within the cavernous sinus in 6/13 cases. The diaphragma sellae was reported to be intact in 92% of cases, and postoperative transient arginine vasopressin deficiency did not occur. Pituitary neuroendocrine tumors predominantly growing below the sella and infiltrating the clivus and sphenoid present specific challenges with a high rate of preoperative pituitary insufficiency, frequent cavernous sinus infiltration and postoperative tumor residuals in the cavernous sinus, sphenoid bone and clivus which are sometimes difficult to delineate. The surgical approach must be tailored specifically to treat the clival infiltration zone to reduce the risk of recurrence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Innovations in Brain Tumor Surgery: Techniques and Outcomes)

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20 pages, 2586 KB

Open AccessArticle

An AI-Based Radiomics Model Using MRI ADC Maps for Accurate Prediction of Advanced Prostate Cancer Progression

by Kexin Wang, Pengsheng Wu, Yuke Chen and Huihui Wang

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010035 - 8 Jan 2026

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Abstract

The use of deep learning radiomics to predict whether advanced prostate cancer (PCa) will progress within two years after treatment has been validated, yet there remains a lack of research on estimating time to progression. Patients were enrolled from October 2017 to March [...] Read more.

The use of deep learning radiomics to predict whether advanced prostate cancer (PCa) will progress within two years after treatment has been validated, yet there remains a lack of research on estimating time to progression. Patients were enrolled from October 2017 to March 2024. One hundred and eighty-two patients with advanced PCa diagnosed through ultrasound-guided systematic prostate biopsy were enrolled. A deep learning-based radiomics model for predicting progression was firstly developed using pretreatment MR apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps, and the performance of manual (ROIref) versus AI-derived (ROIai) tumor segmentations was compared. Then, survival analysis was performed to compare ROIref-based and ROIai-based radiomics-predicted probabilities in the risk stratification. The area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC) was used to estimate the model efficacy. The model achieved high AUC values for progression prediction in test sets (ROIref: 0.840, ROIai: 0.852). No significant difference was observed between ROIai-based and ROIref-based approaches (ΔAUC = 0.012, p = 0.870) in the test set. Both ROIref-predicted and ROIai-predicted probabilities independently predicted progression in multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression models (p < 0.001) and stratified patients into distinct survival groups (log-rank p < 0.001). Decision curve analysis confirmed equivalent clinical utility across thresholds (0.1–0.6), with net benefit exceeding the “treat all” and “treat none” strategies. In conclusion, deep learning-based radiomics models could effectively predict advanced PCa progression, with AI-derived tumor annotations performing equally to manual expert ones. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Shaping the Future of Oncology: The Role of Generative AI in Clinical and Research Environments)

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18 pages, 1326 KB

Open AccessReview

MR-Guided Radiotherapy in Oesophageal Cancer: From Principles to Practice—A Narrative Review

by Su Chen Fong, Eddie Lau, David S. Liu, Niall C. Tebbutt, Richard Khor, Trevor Leong, David Williams, Sergio Uribe and Sweet Ping Ng

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010034 - 8 Jan 2026

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Abstract

Oesophageal cancer remains a significant global health burden with poor survival outcomes despite multimodal treatment. Recent advances in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have opened opportunities to improve radiotherapy delivery. This review examines the role of MRI and MR-guided radiotherapy (MRgRT) in oesophageal cancer, [...] Read more.

Oesophageal cancer remains a significant global health burden with poor survival outcomes despite multimodal treatment. Recent advances in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have opened opportunities to improve radiotherapy delivery. This review examines the role of MRI and MR-guided radiotherapy (MRgRT) in oesophageal cancer, focusing on applications in staging, treatment planning, and response assessment, with particular emphasis on magnetic resonance linear accelerator (MR-Linac)-based delivery. Compared to computed tomography (CT), MRI offers superior soft-tissue contrast, enabling more accurate tumour delineation and the potential for reduced treatment margins. Real-time MR imaging during treatment can facilitate motion management, while daily adaptive planning can accommodate anatomical changes throughout the treatment course. Functional MRI sequences, including diffusion-weighted and dynamic contrast-enhanced imaging, offer quantitative data for treatment response monitoring. Early clinical and dosimetric studies demonstrate that MRgRT can significantly reduce radiation dose to critical organs while maintaining target coverage. However, clinical evidence for MRgRT in oesophageal cancer is limited to small early-phase studies, with no phase II/III trials demonstrating improvements in survival, toxicity, or patient-reported outcomes. Long-term clinical benefits and cost-effectiveness remain unproven, highlighting the need for prospective outcome-focused studies to define the role for MRgRT within multimodality treatment pathways. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adaptive Radiotherapy: Advanced Imaging for Personalised Treatment)

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22 pages, 684 KB

Open AccessReview

Pancreatic Cancer Education: A Scoping Review of Evidence Across Patients, Professionals and the Public

by Olivia Watson, Gary Mitchell, Tara Anderson, Fadwa Al Halaiqa, Ahmad H. Abu Raddaha, Ashikin Atan, Susan McLaughlin and Stephanie Craig

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010033 - 8 Jan 2026

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Abstract

Background: Pancreatic cancer is the least survivable malignancy, with five-year survival below 10%. Its vague, non-specific symptoms contribute to late diagnosis and poor outcomes. Targeted education for healthcare professionals, students, patients, carers, and the public may improve awareness, confidence, and early help-seeking. [...] Read more.

Background: Pancreatic cancer is the least survivable malignancy, with five-year survival below 10%. Its vague, non-specific symptoms contribute to late diagnosis and poor outcomes. Targeted education for healthcare professionals, students, patients, carers, and the public may improve awareness, confidence, and early help-seeking. This scoping review aimed to map and synthesize peer-reviewed evidence on pancreatic cancer education, identifying intervention types, outcomes, and gaps in knowledge. Methods: A scoping review was undertaken using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) framework and the Arksey and O’Malley framework and reported in accordance with PRISMA-ScR guidelines. The protocol was registered on the Open Science Framework. Four databases (MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO) were searched for English-language, peer-reviewed studies evaluating educational interventions on pancreatic cancer for healthcare students, professionals, patients, carers, or the public. Grey literature was excluded to maintain a consistent methodological standard. Data were charted and synthesised narratively. Results: Nine studies (2018–2024) met inclusion criteria, predominantly from high-income countries. Interventions targeted students and professionals (n = 3), patients (n = 2), the public (n = 2), or mixed groups (n = 2), using modalities such as team-based learning, workshops, virtual reality, serious games, and digital animations. Four interrelated themes were identified, encompassing (1) Self-efficacy; (2) Knowledge; (3) Behavior; and (4) Acceptability. Digital and interactive approaches demonstrated particularly strong engagement and learning gains. Conclusions: Pancreatic cancer education shows clear potential to enhance knowledge, confidence, and engagement across diverse audiences. Digital platforms offer scalable opportunities but require quality assurance and long-term evaluation to sustain impact. The evidence base remains limited and fragmented, highlighting the need for validated outcome measures, longitudinal research, and greater international representation to support the integration of education into a global pancreatic cancer control strategy. Future studies should also evaluate how educational interventions influence clinical practice and real-world help-seeking behaviour. Full article

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17 pages, 870 KB

Open AccessReview

Hepatocellular Carcinoma Around the Clock

by Mariana Verdelho Machado

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010032 - 7 Jan 2026

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Abstract

The dramatic shift in human behavior from hunter-gatherer to modern lifestyles has led to a systematic disruption of the human circadian cycle. Contributors include night-shift work, jet lag, and less intuitive but widespread factors, such as exposure to artificial light at night and [...] Read more.

The dramatic shift in human behavior from hunter-gatherer to modern lifestyles has led to a systematic disruption of the human circadian cycle. Contributors include night-shift work, jet lag, and less intuitive but widespread factors, such as exposure to artificial light at night and irregular eating schedules. Circadian disruption is classified as a Group 2A carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third most deadly cancer worldwide, with a rising prevalence in Western countries, largely driven by increasing rates of obesity and steatotic liver disease-associated hepatocarcinogenesis. Emerging evidence suggests that circadian disruption plays a significant role in HCC pathogenesis. Several genes involved in metabolism, cell survival, and immunosurveillance are under the control of circadian rhythms. Experimental preclinical data and epidemiological studies have indicated a strong association between circadian disruption and HCC development. Moreover, molecular signatures related to circadian regulation appear to accurately predict the prognosis of patients with HCC. The concept of chronotherapy is also gaining interest, with studies suggesting improved immunotherapy effectiveness when immune checkpoint inhibitors are administered in the morning. This review summarizes the current literature on the impact of circadian disruption on HCC pathogenesis, prognosis, and treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Therapeutic Strategies, Biomarkers, and Molecular Pathways in Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Cancers)

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21 pages, 374 KB

Open AccessReview

Machine Learning in Biomarker-Driven Precision Oncology: Automated Immunohistochemistry Scoring and Emerging Directions in Genitourinary Cancers

by Matthew Yap, Ioana-Maria Mihai and Gang Wang

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010031 - 6 Jan 2026

Viewed by 325

Abstract

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is essential for diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarker assessment in oncology, but manual interpretation is limited by subjectivity and inter-observer variability. Machine learning (ML), a computational subset of AI that allows algorithms to recognise patterns and learn from annotated datasets to [...] Read more.

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is essential for diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarker assessment in oncology, but manual interpretation is limited by subjectivity and inter-observer variability. Machine learning (ML), a computational subset of AI that allows algorithms to recognise patterns and learn from annotated datasets to make predictions or decisions, has led to advancements in digital pathology by supporting automated quantification of biomarker expression on whole-slide images (WSIs). This review evaluates the role of ML-assisted IHC scoring in the transition from validated biomarkers to the discovery of emerging prognostic and predictive IHC biomarkers for genitourinary (GU) tumours. Current applications include ML-based scoring of routinely used biomarkers such as ER/PR, HER2, mismatch repair (MMR) proteins, PD-L1, and Ki-67, demonstrating improved consistency and scalability. Emerging studies in GU cancers show that algorithms can quantify markers including androgen receptor (AR), PTEN, cytokeratins, Uroplakin II, Nectin-4 and immune checkpoint proteins, with early evidence indicating associations between ML-derived metrics and clinical outcomes. Important limitations remain, including limited availability of training datasets, variability in staining protocols, and regulatory challenges. Overall, ML-assisted IHC scoring is a reproducible and evolving approach that may support biomarker discovery and enhance precision GU oncology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Genitourinary Oncology)

15 pages, 1790 KB

Open AccessArticle

Improving Prognostic Prediction in Head and Neck Cancer Through a Combined Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index and Prognostic Nutritional Index Score

by Takuya Miura, Hisashi Kessoku, Masato Nagaoka, Yohei Morishita, Toshiki Kobayashi and Hiromi Kojima

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010030 - 5 Jan 2026

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Abstract

This study evaluated whether a composite index combining the systemic immune–inflammation index (SII) and prognostic nutritional index (PNI), the coSII–PNI score, enhances prognostic prediction in head and neck cancer. We retrospectively evaluated 166 patients who underwent curative surgery between 2015 and 2023. Patients [...] Read more.

This study evaluated whether a composite index combining the systemic immune–inflammation index (SII) and prognostic nutritional index (PNI), the coSII–PNI score, enhances prognostic prediction in head and neck cancer. We retrospectively evaluated 166 patients who underwent curative surgery between 2015 and 2023. Patients were stratified into three groups according to the coSII–PNI score (range, 0–2) derived from preoperative blood data. The optimal cutoff values for SII and PNI were 743 and 49, respectively. A significant correlation was observed between the SII and PNI (r = −0.386, p < 0.01). Patients with a high coSII–PNI score (low SII + high PNI) showed significantly better disease-free and overall survival than those with lower scores (both p < 0.01). The areas under the curve for predicting prognosis were 0.649 for SII, 0.717 for PNI, and 0.730 for the coSII–PNI score. These findings indicate that integrating systemic inflammation and nutritional status improves prognostic accuracy compared with either index alone. Therefore, the coSII–PNI score may serve as a simple, practical preoperative biomarker for risk stratification in patients with head and neck cancer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Head and Neck Oncology)

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Curr. Oncol., Volume 33, Issue 1 (January 2026) – 59 articles

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