Current Oncology

41 pages, 1161 KB

Open AccessGuidelines

Guidance for Canadian Breast Cancer Practice: National Consensus Recommendations for the Systemic Treatment of Patients with HR+/HER2– Metastatic Breast Cancer 2025

by Katarzyna J. Jerzak, Aalok Kumar, Jean-François Boileau, Nathaniel Bouganim, Christine Brezden-Masley, Jeffrey Q. Cao, David W. Cescon, Stephen Chia, Scott Edwards, Anil Abraham Joy, Kara Laing, Nathalie LeVasseur, Sasha Lupichuk, Sandeep Sehdev, Christine Simmons, Marc Webster, Karen A. Gelmon, Mita Manna and on behalf of patient advocacy, Breast Cancer Canada

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(2), 106; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33020106 - 9 Feb 2026

Abstract

Hormone receptor positive (HR+), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative (HER2–) breast cancer accounts for approximately two-thirds of all breast cancers. The treatment landscape for HR+/HER2– metastatic breast cancer has evolved in recent years, with multiple new therapies demonstrating clinical efficacy and improved [...] Read more.

Hormone receptor positive (HR+), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative (HER2–) breast cancer accounts for approximately two-thirds of all breast cancers. The treatment landscape for HR+/HER2– metastatic breast cancer has evolved in recent years, with multiple new therapies demonstrating clinical efficacy and improved patient outcomes. To provide evidence-informed guidance on best practices in the management of patients with HR+/HER2– metastatic breast cancer in Canada, consensus recommendations were developed by Research Excellence, Active Leadership Canadian Breast Cancer Alliance (REAL Alliance), a standing nucleus committee with both clinical–academic oncologists from across Canada and representatives from Breast Cancer Canada, a patient advocacy organization. Recommendations were generated using a modified Delphi approach involving up to three anonymous voting rounds, with a predefined consensus threshold of 75%. These consensus recommendations offer guidance on optimal therapeutic strategies for HR+/HER2– metastatic breast cancer within the Canadian landscape, including integration of precision oncology and targeted therapies, optimal sequencing of therapies, and the importance of balancing the benefits of treatments with patient quality of life and preferences. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue REAL Canadian Breast Cancer Alliance Collection)

8 pages, 945 KB

Open AccessCase Report

Primary Renal Neuroendocrine Tumor: Diagnostic Challenges in a Rare Entity—A Case Report

by Raphaela D. Lewetag, Katharina Kluthe, Nils F. Trautwein, Ulrich M. Lauer, Christian la Fougère, Bence Sipos, Lars Zender, Clemens Hinterleitner, Stephan Singer and Martina Hinterleitner

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(2), 105; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33020105 - 6 Feb 2026

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Abstract

Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) represent a rare, heterogeneous group of malignancies. Within this tumor entity, primary renal neuroendocrine tumors (PRNETs) are exceedingly rare, with only 160 cases reported worldwide. Due to the absence of native neuroendocrine cells in the renal parenchyma, their cellular origin [...] Read more.

Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) represent a rare, heterogeneous group of malignancies. Within this tumor entity, primary renal neuroendocrine tumors (PRNETs) are exceedingly rare, with only 160 cases reported worldwide. Due to the absence of native neuroendocrine cells in the renal parenchyma, their cellular origin remains unclear. Clinical and diagnostic challenges are reflected by the low incidence, non-specific clinical presentation, resemblance to common renal neoplasms, and the need for specialized histopathological diagnostic examination. Here, we present the case of a 61-year-old female with an incidentally diagnosed left-sided PRNET in September 2024. This case highlights the diagnostic complexity of PRNET and, importantly, underscores its genomic heterogeneity. It demonstrates a lack of typical renal cell carcinoma (RCC) or common NEN-associated gene alterations, emphasizing their unique molecular landscape. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Genitourinary Oncology)

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11 pages, 561 KB

Open AccessArticle

Brain Tumor Care in Relation to Patient Age—An Observational Study Between Years 2016 and 2022 in a Nationwide Cohort in Germany

by Frederic Bold, Gerardo Rico Gonzalez, Rüdiger Gerlach, Oliver Heese, Steffen K. Rosahl, Michael Stoffel, Juraj Kukolja, Frederick Palm, Emilia Machado Musri, Ali Allam, Ralf Kuhlen, Julius Dengler, Sven Hohenstein, Andreas Bollmann and Nora F. Dengler

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(2), 104; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33020104 (registering DOI) - 5 Feb 2026

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Abstract

As societies continue to age, brain tumors increasingly affect older patients. Still, large-scale evidence on whether the relationship between age and brain tumor has been evolving over time is scarce. We examined longitudinal trends among different age groups of patients with brain tumors [...] Read more.

As societies continue to age, brain tumors increasingly affect older patients. Still, large-scale evidence on whether the relationship between age and brain tumor has been evolving over time is scarce. We examined longitudinal trends among different age groups of patients with brain tumors at 78 German hospitals. Two time periods were compared as follows: phase 1 (1 January 2016–31 December 2019; pre-pandemic) and phase 2 (1 January 2020–31 December 2022; pandemic). Patients were categorized as non-elderly (<65 years) or elderly (≥65 years), and according to 10-year age brackets. The clinical condition was quantified using the Elixhauser Comorbidity Index (ECI) and the Hospital Frailty Risk Score (HFRS). Among the 20,005 patients included, changes in characteristics of non-elderly/elderly patients over time behaved similarly, with improvements in ECI (19.3 to 18.4/15.2 to 14.3; each p < 0.01) and HFRS (2.1 to 1.6/4.7 to 4.1; each p < 0.01), and increases in rates of brain tumor resection (26.1% to 31.8%/22.7% to 27.8%; each p < 0.01). Only patients aged 75–84 years did not follow any of those trends. Over the examined 7-year period, general trends in brain tumor care in elderly subjects resembled those observed in non-elderly patients, except for those aged 75–84 years. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Geriatric Oncology: Toward Optimized Cancer Care)

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19 pages, 565 KB

Open AccessReview

Predictors of Response and Mechanisms of Resistance to Antibody Drug Conjugates in Urothelial Carcinoma

by Jing Huang, Ademola Ojo and Bobby Liaw

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(2), 103; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33020103 - 5 Feb 2026

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Abstract

Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) have reshaped the treatment landscape of urothelial carcinoma (UC) by enabling selective delivery of highly potent cytotoxic agents to tumor cells. Enfortumab vedotin, sacituzumab govitecan, and HER2-directed ADCs have demonstrated meaningful clinical activity across metastatic and earlier disease settings, with [...] Read more.

Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) have reshaped the treatment landscape of urothelial carcinoma (UC) by enabling selective delivery of highly potent cytotoxic agents to tumor cells. Enfortumab vedotin, sacituzumab govitecan, and HER2-directed ADCs have demonstrated meaningful clinical activity across metastatic and earlier disease settings, with enfortumab vedotin plus pembrolizumab now established as a first-line standard of care. Despite these advances, therapeutic responses remain heterogeneous, and resistance frequently limits durability. This review summarizes current knowledge on predictors of response and mechanisms of resistance to ADCs in UC, highlighting the roles of target antigen expression and heterogeneity, genomic alterations, payload sensitivity, drug efflux transporters, and tumor microenvironmental factors. We discuss emerging biomarkers beyond antigen abundance, patterns of cross-resistance and treatment sequencing, and evolving strategies to overcome resistance, including next-generation ADC design and rational combination therapies. Advancing biomarker-driven patient selection and addressing mechanisms of resistance will be critical to maximizing the durability and clinical impact of ADCs in urothelial carcinoma. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Immune Checkpoint Inhibition and Antibody Drug Conjugates in Urothelial Carcinoma)

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12 pages, 528 KB

Open AccessArticle

People Living with HIV Eligibility in Canadian Cancer Clinical Trials

by Maria F. Comelles, Santiago Perez-Patrigeon, Tessa Senneker, Anna Johnson, Lisa K. Hicks, Lynda Balneaves, Bingshu E. Chen and Annette E. Hay

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(2), 102; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33020102 - 5 Feb 2026

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Abstract

Background: People living with HIV (PLWH) have historically been excluded from cancer clinical trials, prompting the 2017 ASCO–Friends of Cancer Research recommendations to limit unjustified exclusions and promote equitable access. This study evaluated how Canadian Cancer Trials Group (CCTG) protocols align with these [...] Read more.

Background: People living with HIV (PLWH) have historically been excluded from cancer clinical trials, prompting the 2017 ASCO–Friends of Cancer Research recommendations to limit unjustified exclusions and promote equitable access. This study evaluated how Canadian Cancer Trials Group (CCTG) protocols align with these recommendations. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional review of CCTG active trial protocols, abstracting HIV eligibility language and trial characteristics, and assessing associations using Chi-square tests. Results: Of 136 trials activated between 1999 and 2025, 81.6% involved solid tumors, 63.2% systemic therapy interventions, and 61.5% phase III designs. PLWH were included, not mentioned or excluded in 49/136 (36%), 55/136 (40.4%) and 32/136 (23.5%) respectively, with justification in 7/32 (21.9%). In multivariable analyses, exclusion was more likely in trials of immune checkpoint blockade therapy (p = 0.039) and those with industry support (p = 0.014). Adjusted models showed that both industry sponsorship and immune checkpoint blockade independently reduced HIV trial inclusion. Conclusions: Most CCTG-associated trials were inclusive or neutral toward PLWH; however, a proportion still excluded them, often without justification. This first national assessment evaluating adoption of ASCO Friends of Cancer Research–HIV guidance establishes a Canadian benchmark for equitable trial design and future research as both cancer and HIV therapies continue to evolve. Full article

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16 pages, 1192 KB

Open AccessArticle

Role of HER2 in Response to Neoadjuvant Endocrine Therapy in Luminal Breast Cancer

by Celia del Monte, Covadonga Martí, Elena Rodríguez, Elisa Moreno-Palacios, Laura Frías, Marcos Meléndez, Adolfo Loayza, Laura Yébenes and José Ignacio Sánchez-Méndez

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(2), 99; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33020099 - 4 Feb 2026

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Abstract

Purpose: Recently, authors have shown increasing interest in the emerging HER2-low subtype in breast cancer. These tumors are currently classified and treated as HER2-negative tumors. Neoadjuvant endocrine therapy (NET) has been used to achieve tumor downstaging and assess treatment response in postmenopausal [...] Read more.

Purpose: Recently, authors have shown increasing interest in the emerging HER2-low subtype in breast cancer. These tumors are currently classified and treated as HER2-negative tumors. Neoadjuvant endocrine therapy (NET) has been used to achieve tumor downstaging and assess treatment response in postmenopausal women with low-grade luminal HER2-negative tumors. This study aimed to determine whether the response to NET was affected by low levels of HER2 expression in luminal tumors. Methods: The study was a single-centered retrospective investigation. Data were gathered from the medical records of patients from 2017 to 2023. All patients had luminal HER2-negative tumors and were treated with NET and subsequent surgery. Results: In total, 175 tumors were analyzed; 24.0% of the tumors were HER2-zero, 48.0% were HER2-low 1+, and 28.0% were HER2-low 2+. No significant differences were found when assessing NET response between the three groups, nor when evaluating tumor features. Response to NET was influenced by estrogen receptor levels, histological subtype and histological grade at diagnosis, Ki67 levels at interim biopsy, and NET duration. No differences were found for progression-free survival (PFS) or overall survival (OS) between HER2 groups. The group with Ki67 ≤ 10% at interim biopsy had longer PFS than the Ki67 > 10% group (p < 0.05). No differences for OS were found between these groups. Conclusions: Response to NET was not influenced by low levels of HER2 expression in luminal tumors when compared to HER2-zero tumors. PFS was longer for patients who had lower Ki67 levels at interim biopsy after NET. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Breast Cancer)

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15 pages, 1943 KB

Open AccessArticle

Combined Ultrasound and MRI Assessment in Patients Undergoing Reoperation for Recurrent Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: Oncological Outcomes and Surgical Safety

by Zimei Tang, Jie Liu, Rong Wang, Gang Tian, Anwen Ren, Jiexiao Li, Yiran Wang, Wen Yang, Peng Sun, Tao Huang, Ximeng Zhang and Jie Ming

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(2), 98; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33020098 - 4 Feb 2026

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Abstract

Reoperation for papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) requires precise lymph node metastasis assessment, yet ultrasound (US) alone may be insufficient in complex or high-risk cases. This study evaluated whether supplementing US with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) improves surgical guidance and outcomes in reoperation. We [...] Read more.

Reoperation for papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) requires precise lymph node metastasis assessment, yet ultrasound (US) alone may be insufficient in complex or high-risk cases. This study evaluated whether supplementing US with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) improves surgical guidance and outcomes in reoperation. We retrospectively analyzed 375 patients who underwent reoperation between 2014 and 2022. Propensity score matching yielded 101 patients in the USUS-only group and 62 in the US+MRI group. Pathological and imaging data were compared to assess diagnostic performance, surgical outcomes, biochemical responses, and recurrence-free survival. The combined approach significantly increased sensitivity for detecting central lymph node metastasis from 52.5% to 90.9% and resulted in higher rates of central neck dissections (65.1% versus 45.5%) with greater lymph node yield (median: 29 versus 20) but lower lymph node ratios. More patients in the combined group achieved excellent biochemical responses (50.0% versus 27.7%). While overall recurrence-free survival (RFS) was not significantly different, the US+MRI group showed improved RFS among patients with ≥2 positive central nodes (HR = 0.24, p = 0.032). Importantly, complication rates were comparable, suggesting that improved outcomes were achieved without added surgical risk. Combined US and MRI assessment enhances diagnostic performance and may improve surgical and oncological outcomes in select high-risk patients undergoing PTC reoperation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Thyroid Cancer Management)

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10 pages, 459 KB

Open AccessArticle

Redefining Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumors in MEN1: Prevalence, Clinical Behavior, and Implications for Long-Term Surveillance

by Roberta Modica, Alessia Liccardi, Roberto Minotta, Elio Benevento, Gianfranco Di Iasi, Massimo Di Nola, Michele Coletta and Annamaria Colao

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(2), 97; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33020097 - 4 Feb 2026

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Abstract

Background: Pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs) are a core manifestation of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1), yet their true prevalence, biological behavior, and optimal management remain debated. Earlier reports suggested increased aggressiveness compared with sporadic PitNETs, while more recent surveillance-based studies indicate a [...] Read more.

Background: Pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs) are a core manifestation of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1), yet their true prevalence, biological behavior, and optimal management remain debated. Earlier reports suggested increased aggressiveness compared with sporadic PitNETs, while more recent surveillance-based studies indicate a predominantly indolent phenotype. Methods: We conducted a retrospective single-center study including all patients with clinical, familial, or genetic MEN1 referred to the Endocrinology Unit of the University of Naples “Federico II”, ENETS Center of Excellence, between January 2004 and June 2025. Demographic, clinical, radiological, hormonal, and therapeutic data were systematically collected. PitNETs were classified by size and hormonal activity. Results: Among 103 MEN1 patients (61 women), 50 (48.5%) were diagnosed with PitNETs at a mean age of 35.1 years. Microadenomas predominated (60%), and tumors were equally distributed between functioning and non-functioning lesions. Prolactin-secreting PitNETs were the most common functioning subtype (42%), followed by rare GH-, ACTH-, or mixed-secreting PitNETs. Dopamine agonists, mainly cabergoline, were prescribed in 38% of cases, while neurosurgical intervention was required in 14%, exclusively for macroadenomas. During follow-up, recurrence occurred in 8% of patients. No significant sex-related differences were observed in prevalence, tumor size, functional status, treatment approach, or outcomes. Conclusions: In our MEN1 cohort, PitNETs were frequent but largely indolent, with a predominance of microadenomas and limited need for surgery. Our findings support individualized, subtype-driven surveillance strategies, with conservative management for clinically non-functioning microadenomas and closer monitoring of prolactin-secreting PitNETs due to variable medical responsiveness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neuro-Oncology)

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11 pages, 3053 KB

Open AccessCase Report

Prevention and Management of Dermatologic Adverse Events in Patients Treated with Amivantamab Plus Lazertinib

by Carolyn Szwed, Leszek Blicharz, Magdalena Knetki-Wroblewska, Lidia Rudnicka and Joanna Czuwara

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(2), 96; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33020096 - 4 Feb 2026

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Abstract

Amivantamab plus lazertinib (amivantamab+lazertinib) is a novel combination therapy used to treat epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mutated non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Although this regimen has demonstrated clinical efficacy in locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC, it is associated with a range of dermatologic [...] Read more.

Amivantamab plus lazertinib (amivantamab+lazertinib) is a novel combination therapy used to treat epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mutated non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Although this regimen has demonstrated clinical efficacy in locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC, it is associated with a range of dermatologic adverse events that may develop rapidly and require prompt intervention. Early management of these side effects is critical for maintaining oncologic treatment, optimizing clinical outcomes, and improving patients’ quality of life. Cases: We present four patients with EGFR-mutated NSCLC who experienced dermatologic adverse events during amivantamab+lazertinib therapy. Two developed severe facial papulopustular eruptions, and two presented with necrotic folliculitis with sanguineous scalp erosions. Additional dermatologic manifestations included paronychia, pruritus, xerosis, mucositis, and trichomegaly. Notably, one patient experienced milder dermatologic side effects due to early initiation of a dermatologic prophylactic regimen. Conclusions: Dermatologic adverse events during amivantamab+lazertinib therapy are frequent and may be more severe than those typically observed with EGFR inhibitors. Early prophylactic measures and timely intervention are essential for managing these adverse events, supporting treatment adherence, and maximizing the therapeutic efficacy of this combined oncologic regimen. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Thoracic Oncology)

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25 pages, 695 KB

Open AccessArticle

Transitioning from Cytology to HPV Test-Based Primary Cervical Screening in Canada: A Population-Based Survey of Women’s Screening and Information Preferences

by Ovidiu Tatar, Patricia Zhu, Shannon Salvador, Susie Lau, Jessica Ruel-Laliberté, Samara Perez, Emily McBride and Zeev Rosberger

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(2), 95; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33020095 - 4 Feb 2026

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Abstract

Background: Canada’s cervical cancer elimination plan is challenged by suboptimal screening participation and rising incidence of cervical cancer over the past decade. Cytology, the primary cervical screening method in Canada, is being replaced with HPV testing, which offers superior sensitivity for detecting [...] Read more.

Background: Canada’s cervical cancer elimination plan is challenged by suboptimal screening participation and rising incidence of cervical cancer over the past decade. Cytology, the primary cervical screening method in Canada, is being replaced with HPV testing, which offers superior sensitivity for detecting pre-cancerous lesions and supports initiating screening at age 25 or older and extending screening intervals to five years. Research has shown that women’s insufficient knowledge and negative attitudes toward HPV screening represent a significant barrier to screening uptake. Methods: We conducted a web-based national survey using Best–Worst Scaling (trade off utilities) to quantify women’s preferences for screening test modality, age of initiation, and screening intervals. We also assessed preferences for information sources, provider type, and communication methods. Underscreened individuals were oversampled. Results: Among adequately screened (N = 1778) and underscreened (N = 1570) individuals, preferences favoured co-testing (cytology plus HPV testing), initiating screening at age 21, and three-year screening intervals. Underscreened participants showed relatively higher preference for HPV self-sampling, and as opposed to adequately screened participants, preferred screening by a gynecologist rather than a family physician. Across groups, participants preferred receiving screening-related information and communication by email over postal mail. Conclusions: The misalignment between women’s preferences and current HPV test-based screening implementation plans requires immediate education interventions and modernized, user-preferred communication channels for cervical screening-eligible individuals in Canada. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Gynecologic Oncology)

9 pages, 2234 KB

Open AccessCase Report

Breast Metastasis from Pulmonary Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma in a Male Patient: A Case Report

by Raquel Diaz, Letizia Cuniolo, Rebecca Allievi, Ilaria Baldelli, Federica Murelli, Chiara Cornacchia, Francesca Depaoli, Cecilia Margarino, Chiara Boccardo, Marco Gipponi, Simonetta Franchelli, Marianna Pesce, Giovanni Rossi, Abdallah Saad, Umberto Meliga, Francesca Maria Scura, Santina Petroccelli, Gabriele Puglisi, Emanuela Barisione and Piero Fregatti

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(2), 94; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33020094 - 4 Feb 2026

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Abstract

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the lung is a rare salivary gland-type tumor with heterogeneous clinical behavior and the potential to mimic neoplasms arising in other organs. The purpose of this report is to describe an exceptionally uncommon presentation of pulmonary mucoepidermoid carcinoma manifesting as [...] Read more.

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the lung is a rare salivary gland-type tumor with heterogeneous clinical behavior and the potential to mimic neoplasms arising in other organs. The purpose of this report is to describe an exceptionally uncommon presentation of pulmonary mucoepidermoid carcinoma manifesting as a breast metastasis in a male patient, a scenario that poses significant diagnostic challenges due to its rarity and its morphological resemblance to primary breast carcinoma. We evaluated the patient through clinical examination, cross-sectional imaging, endobronchial procedures, ultrasound-guided biopsy, immunohistochemistry, and molecular analysis, integrating these data to establish the diagnosis. Imaging revealed a primary lung mass and a second lesion in the left breast infiltrating the pectoralis muscle. Biopsy of the breast mass showed high-grade salivary gland-type mucoepidermoid carcinoma, clinically and radiologically suggestive of pulmonary origin. Because the lesion showed signs of impending ulceration, palliative surgical debulking was performed with good postoperative recovery. The patient subsequently began systemic therapy with gemcitabine. This case underscores the need for careful clinicopathologic correlation when evaluating atypical breast lesions and highlights the diagnostic value of molecular testing in distinguishing primary from metastatic salivary gland-type tumors. Recognizing such rare metastatic patterns is essential for appropriate therapeutic planning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Breast Cancer)

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12 pages, 727 KB

Open AccessArticle

Neuroendocrine Neoplasms of the Esophagus and Esophagogastric Junction in Germany, 2009–2023

by Andreas Stang, Ina Wellmann, Bernd Holleczek, Alice Nennecke, Guido Schumacher and Hiltraud Kajüter

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(2), 101; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33020101 - 4 Feb 2026

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Abstract

According to the WHO classification of tumors, neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) of the esophagus are esophageal “epithelial neoplasms with neuroendocrine differentiation, including well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumours (NETs), poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs), and mixed neuroendocrine–non-neuroendocrine neoplasms (MiNENs)—an umbrella category including mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinoma (MANEC)” [...] [...] Read more.

According to the WHO classification of tumors, neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) of the esophagus are esophageal “epithelial neoplasms with neuroendocrine differentiation, including well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumours (NETs), poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs), and mixed neuroendocrine–non-neuroendocrine neoplasms (MiNENs)—an umbrella category including mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinoma (MANEC)” [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Gastrointestinal Oncology)

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17 pages, 637 KB

Open AccessArticle

Age and Colorectal Cancer Outcomes: A Comparative Analysis Between Patients Younger and Older than 70 Years

by Oswaldo Moraes Filho, Bruno Augusto Alves Martins, André Araújo de Medeiros Silva, Romulo Medeiros de Almeida, Antonio Carlos Nobrega dos Santos, Camila Oliveira Barbosa, Flávia Berford Leão dos Santos Gonçalves de Oliveira, Tuane Colles, Wilmar Junio Pereira Araújo and João Batista de Sousa

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(2), 100; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33020100 - 4 Feb 2026

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Abstract

Colorectal cancer is predominantly a disease of older adults, yet age-related treatment decisions remain controversial. While chronological age is often used as a criterion for surgical eligibility, it remains unclear whether age alone is an independent predictor of surgical and oncological outcomes. This [...] Read more.

Colorectal cancer is predominantly a disease of older adults, yet age-related treatment decisions remain controversial. While chronological age is often used as a criterion for surgical eligibility, it remains unclear whether age alone is an independent predictor of surgical and oncological outcomes. This study evaluated whether age is a significant determinant of outcomes in colorectal cancer patients undergoing surgical resection. This retrospective comparative study analyzed 262 patients (193 younger than 70 years, 69 aged ≥ 70 years) diagnosed with colorectal cancer stages I–IV between 2014 and 2021 at a tertiary single center. Survival analysis was conducted using Kaplan–Meier method and Cox proportional hazards regression. Elderly patients had higher ASA classification (p = 0.0270), higher hypertension prevalence (p < 0.0001), higher ICU admission rates (50.7% vs. 21.2%, p < 0.0001), and longer hospital stays (12.6 vs. 7.5 days, p = 0.0016). However, elderly patients presented with earlier-stage disease (Stage I + II: 64.2% vs. 46.1%, p = 0.0108). After adjustment for confounding factors, age did not significantly impact overall survival (HR = 1.33; 95%CI: 0.54–3.26; p = 0.5375) or disease-free survival (HR = 1.61; 95%CI: 0.79–3.29; p = 0.1939). Despite differences in clinical presentation and pathological findings, age itself was not an independent predictor of survival outcomes. These findings suggest that treatment decisions in elderly colorectal cancer patients should be informed by individual patient physiology and disease stage rather than chronological age alone. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gastrointestinal Tumors: Prevention, Screening and Predictive Analytics)

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16 pages, 1407 KB

Open AccessReview

Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma: Efficacy, Real-World Outcomes, and the Search for Predictive Biomarkers

by Giusi Bondì, Serafina Martella, Dimitrios Stylianakis, Alberto Terminella, Filippo Lococo, Alessia Ciarrocchi, Alfonso Fiorelli and Giacomo Cusumano

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(2), 93; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33020093 - 3 Feb 2026

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Abstract

Immunotherapy has significantly reshaped the management of malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM), offering new therapeutic opportunities after decades in which platinum–pemetrexed chemotherapy represented the only systemic option. However, clinical benefit remains markedly heterogeneous, with outcomes strongly influenced by histologic subtype, patient characteristics, and real-world [...] Read more.

Immunotherapy has significantly reshaped the management of malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM), offering new therapeutic opportunities after decades in which platinum–pemetrexed chemotherapy represented the only systemic option. However, clinical benefit remains markedly heterogeneous, with outcomes strongly influenced by histologic subtype, patient characteristics, and real-world treatment conditions. Evidence from monotherapy trials has been inconsistent, whereas combination approaches—particularly nivolumab plus ipilimumab—have demonstrated improved survival compared with chemotherapy, mainly in non-epithelioid tumors. Nevertheless, real-world data consistently show lower efficacy and higher toxicity than registrational studies, especially among elderly and unselected populations. Recent translational work has highlighted the relevance of the tumor microenvironment and recurrent genomic alterations such as BAP1, NF2, and CDKN2A in shaping immune activity and potentially modulating response to immune checkpoint inhibitors. Transcriptomic signatures and circulating biomarkers—including soluble mesothelin-related peptide—have shown prognostic associations but no validated predictive value. Overall, current evidence suggests that sensitivity to immunotherapy in MPM arises from a complex interplay of genomic, immunologic, and clinical factors, and that no biomarker is yet suitable for guiding treatment decisions. Prospective studies integrating molecular and immune profiling will be essential to refine patient selection and advance toward a more rationally personalized use of immunotherapy Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thoracic Malignancies and Immunity: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions of Immunotherapy)

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18 pages, 1173 KB

Open AccessReview

Trop2-Based Antibody–Drug Conjugates: Emerging Strategy and Progress in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Therapy

by Tong Li, Tao Zhang, Yongxia Dang, Yilin Lin, Xiaotong Li and Xiaoling Ling

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(2), 92; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33020092 - 3 Feb 2026

Viewed by 217

Abstract

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) accounts for 15–20% of invasive breast cancers and represents a highly heterogeneous, aggressive subtype with poor prognosis and limited treatment options, necessitating the identification of novel therapeutic targets to improve clinical outcomes. Trophoblast cell-surface antigen 2 (Trop2), a calcium [...] Read more.

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) accounts for 15–20% of invasive breast cancers and represents a highly heterogeneous, aggressive subtype with poor prognosis and limited treatment options, necessitating the identification of novel therapeutic targets to improve clinical outcomes. Trophoblast cell-surface antigen 2 (Trop2), a calcium signal transducer, is frequently overexpressed in TNBC (approximately 88% of cases) while exhibiting minimal expression in normal tissues. Its overexpression is significantly associated with tumor invasion, metastasis, and unfavorable prognosis. Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) targeting Trop2 have demonstrated significant clinical potential. This article systematically reviews the clinical research progress of Trop2-targeted ADCs, aiming to provide evidence-based insights for improving the prognosis of TNBC patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Breast Cancer)

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8 pages, 217 KB

Open AccessCommentary

Historical Perspective of HER2 Testing and Treatment in Prostate Cancer

by Natalia Zamalloa, Jacqueline Rose, Coen J. Lap, Rithika Rajendran, Fayez Estephan, Karan Jatwani, Aarati Poudel, Ramesh Subrahmanyam, Paula J. Hurley, Victor E. Nava and Maneesh Jain

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(2), 91; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33020091 - 2 Feb 2026

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Abstract

Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is a molecular target of interest in prostate cancer due to its association with poor prognosis and its potential role in androgen receptor signaling. However, earlier clinical trials investigating HER2-targeted therapies, including antibodies and small molecules, [...] Read more.

Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is a molecular target of interest in prostate cancer due to its association with poor prognosis and its potential role in androgen receptor signaling. However, earlier clinical trials investigating HER2-targeted therapies, including antibodies and small molecules, have shown limited efficacy. More recent studies using the HER2 antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) trastuzumab deruxtecan (T-DXd) suggest potential therapeutic benefit in prostate cancer. However, its effective utilization requires a HER2 IHC scoring system that accurately represents HER2 expression patterns unique to prostate cancer, which is currently not established. We have developed a modified HER2 IHC scoring system that, unlike the breast and gastrointestinal tumor HER2 IHC grading scales, considers the distinct spatiotemporal expression of HER2 in prostate tumors. In this commentary, we discussed two patients with metastatic prostate cancer who were classified as HER2 IHC 3+ using our prostate cancer-specific scoring system and who demonstrated meaningful clinical responses and responded to treatment with T-DXd. We further review the historical evolution of HER2 testing in prostate cancer, as well as factors that may have contributed to the failure of previous clinical trials targeting HER2 in prostate tumors. Our aim is to highlight the need for developing a standardized HER2 IHC grading model in prostate cancer, which could improve the predictive value of HER2 IHC expression, enabling a more accurate identification of patients likely to benefit from HER2-targeted ADCs. Full article

9 pages, 207 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Vascular Management on Postoperative Complications in Patients Undergoing Surgery for Retroperitoneal Leiomyosarcoma

by Neha Malik, Seokhun Kim, Christopher P. Scally, Emily Z. Keung, Heather Lillemoe, Keila E. Torres, Kelly K. Hunt, Sophia Khan, Christina L. Roland and Heather G. Lyu

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(2), 90; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33020090 - 2 Feb 2026

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Abstract

Background: Retroperitoneal leiomyosarcomas are aggressive malignancies. Complete surgical resection with negative margins is crucial to decrease the risk of recurrence but can be risky due to vascular involvement. The aim of our study was to evaluate the different approaches to IVC and renal [...] Read more.

Background: Retroperitoneal leiomyosarcomas are aggressive malignancies. Complete surgical resection with negative margins is crucial to decrease the risk of recurrence but can be risky due to vascular involvement. The aim of our study was to evaluate the different approaches to IVC and renal vein management and their impact on postoperative complications. Methods: We performed a retrospective review of patients who underwent surgery for retroperitoneal leiomyosarcoma with IVC and/or renal vein involvement at our institution from 2016 to 2024. Patients were stratified by intraoperative vascular management, including ligation only versus varying forms of vascular reconstruction. Postoperative complications, including bleeding, transfusions, the need for acute and chronic hemodialysis, and thromboembolic events, were recorded. Chi-squared tests were used to compare rates of postoperative complications by vascular management. A p-value of 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: We identified 60 patients at our institution who underwent surgery for leiomyosarcoma with IVC and/or renal vein involvement. Ten patients underwent IVC ligation alone due to thrombosis, thirty-six had IVC replacement, and fourteen had patch angioplasty. In the entire cohort, twenty-six patients (43.3%) experienced an adverse event after surgery. When looking at postoperative adverse events by IVC management, we did not find any statistically significant differences among rates of adverse events by group. There were also no statistically significant differences in complications following renal vein ligation versus renal vein reconstruction. Conclusions: Patients with leiomyosarcoma with IVC and/or renal vein involvement have several options for intraoperative vascular management. Our data demonstrates that there are no statistically significant differences in rates of complications among the different groups. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sarcoma Surgeries: Oncological Outcomes and Prognostic Factors)

12 pages, 404 KB

Open AccessArticle

Tamoxifen Reduces Breast Cancer Recurrence in Women with DCIS Who Underwent Mastectomy

by Netchanok Sae-sim, Norasate Samarnthai and Warapan Numprasit

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(2), 89; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33020089 - 2 Feb 2026

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Abstract

Background: Adjuvant tamoxifen reduces recurrence in patients with ER-positive DCIS treated with lumpectomy and radiation, but its benefit after mastectomy remains unclear. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 287 patients who underwent mastectomy for pure DCIS at Siriraj Hospital between 2008 and 2017. Recurrence risk [...] Read more.

Background: Adjuvant tamoxifen reduces recurrence in patients with ER-positive DCIS treated with lumpectomy and radiation, but its benefit after mastectomy remains unclear. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 287 patients who underwent mastectomy for pure DCIS at Siriraj Hospital between 2008 and 2017. Recurrence risk factors were assessed using log-rank test, and survival probabilities were estimated with Kaplan–Meier analysis. Results: Of 180 patients with hormone receptor (HR)-positive pure DCIS treated with mastectomy, 120 (66.7%) received tamoxifen, while the remaining 60 (33.3%) did not. The median follow-up was 8.07 years (0.05–13.8 years). Sixteen (8.9%) recurrences were identified, with 5 in the tamoxifen group and 11 in non-endocrine-therapy (ET) group. The 10-year recurrence-free survival (RFS) was 94.7% in the tamoxifen group compared with 77.9% in the non-ET group. Patients with HR-positive DCIS treated with tamoxifen following mastectomy had significantly less subsequent breast cancer (HR = 0.178; p = 0.001). Conclusions: Recurrence of breast cancer after mastectomy for DCIS is rare; however, it carries a high mortality rate for those who relapse. Adjuvant tamoxifen after mastectomy demonstrated a significant reduction in the risk of recurrence in ER-positive DCIS. This study supports the decision to prescribe adjuvant ET in patients with DCIS who underwent mastectomy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Breast Cancer)

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14 pages, 1163 KB

Open AccessArticle

Preoperative Soluble AXL in Plasma Predicts Futility of Resecting Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma

by Thomas Samson, Maral Aali, Darien McBride, Thomas Arnason, Sharon E. Clarke, Ravi Ramjeesingh, Lisette Gonzalez-Chavez, Yara Azizieh, Mark J. Walsh, Scott M. Livingstone, Stephanie E. Hiebert, Jeanette E. Boudreau and Boris L. Gala-Lopez

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(2), 88; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33020088 - 1 Feb 2026

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Abstract

Surgical resection combined with chemotherapy offers the best chance of survival in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), but many will experience recurrence and early mortality. We examined soluble AXL (sAXL), a blood protein, for its ability to predict 6-month mortality after resection and compared [...] Read more.

Surgical resection combined with chemotherapy offers the best chance of survival in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), but many will experience recurrence and early mortality. We examined soluble AXL (sAXL), a blood protein, for its ability to predict 6-month mortality after resection and compared it to CA19-9. Fifty-four patients with PDAC who underwent tumour resection were analyzed to assess biomarker performance and identify optimal cut-off levels. The cut-off for sAXL was 40.26 ng/mL (sensitivity 0.729; specificity 0.643), while it 253.3 U/mL for CA19-9 (sensitivity 0.591; specificity 0.621). Patients with sAXL > 40.26 ng/mL had a non-significant trend toward worse survival (log-rank p = 0.088). Univariate Cox regression revealed that high tumour grade (3 + 4) and positive resection margin significantly predicted early mortality. Multivariate Cox regression showed that sAXL > 40.26 ng/mL remained associated with 6-month mortality (hazard ratio 2.42, bootstrap 95% CI 1.15–5.65, p = 0.020), independent of high tumour grade (hazard ratio 4.02, bootstrap 95% CI 1.68–13.2, p = 0.002). These findings suggest that a preoperative blood test (sAXL) has utility for predicting futile surgery beyond the current standard, CA19-9, and can be incorporated into larger models to assist in risk stratification and follow-up planning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surgical Advances in the Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers)

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13 pages, 469 KB

Open AccessArticle

Root Cause Analysis of Omissions and Delays in the Initiation of Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Eligible Patients with Breast Cancer in British Columbia, Canada

by Jonathan L. H. Chan, Jaimie J. Lee, Hyejee Ohm, Kathryn V. Isaac and Alan Nichol

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(2), 87; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33020087 - 1 Feb 2026

Viewed by 218

Abstract

Patients with high-risk breast cancers may benefit from receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) to reduce tumour size and allow for breast conserving surgery. Response to NACT also informs prognosis and broadens adjuvant treatment options. According to international guidelines, NACT should commence within 28 days [...] Read more.

Patients with high-risk breast cancers may benefit from receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) to reduce tumour size and allow for breast conserving surgery. Response to NACT also informs prognosis and broadens adjuvant treatment options. According to international guidelines, NACT should commence within 28 days of diagnosis. We conducted a retrospective chart review of patients eligible for NACT at a Canadian provincial cancer centre to determine the incidence and root causes of omission or delay in initiation of NACT. Of 100 patients eligible for NACT, 73 received it, while 7 were not referred to medical oncology for consideration of NACT. Of the 73 patients who received NACT, only 15 (21%) started treatment within 28 days of diagnosis. The median diagnosis-to-NACT wait time was 40 days [IQR 30–53]. Of 54 delayed cases, 39 (72%) were due to patients waiting 21 days or more for a medical oncology consultation. Lack of, or delays in medical oncology consultation are the most prominent causes of both NACT omissions and delays. Improving triage of patients potentially eligible for NACT to medical oncology may be an effective intervention to improve patient outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Breast Cancer)

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13 pages, 1434 KB

Open AccessReview

Oral Environment of Esophageal Cancer Patients, the Incidence of Complications, and Long-Term Prognoses

by Yusuke Sato, Hiroki Nikawa, Akiyuki Wakita, Yushi Nagaki, Hiroshi Takano and Kazuhiro Imai

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(2), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33020086 - 1 Feb 2026

Viewed by 174

Abstract

Recent studies have increasingly indicated that postoperative complications after esophagectomy are correlated with poor long-term prognoses, making it crucial to prevent such complications. Based on our studies, we believe that central to this issue is the finding that among esophageal cancer patients who [...] Read more.

Recent studies have increasingly indicated that postoperative complications after esophagectomy are correlated with poor long-term prognoses, making it crucial to prevent such complications. Based on our studies, we believe that central to this issue is the finding that among esophageal cancer patients who experience postoperative complications and have poor long-term prognoses there is a high incidence of poor oral environments. Here we review the results of our basic and clinical research studies, as well as evidence from other institutions, on the oral environment of esophageal cancer patients and its association with the incidence of complications and long-term prognoses. We hope these findings, which suggest “improving the oral environment of esophageal cancer patients can reduce the incidence of postoperative complications and improve long-term prognoses”, will gain consensus and lead to safer esophageal cancer surgery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Recent Advances in Anticancer Strategies, 2nd Edition)

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18 pages, 1486 KB

Open AccessArticle

Real-World Outcomes of Axicabtagene Ciloleucel for Treatment of Relapsed or Refractory Large B-Cell Lymphoma in Canada

by Christopher Lemieux, John Kuruvilla, Mona Shafey, Kelly Davison, Kristjan Paulson, Sue Z. L. Li, Lieven Billen, Francis Nissen, Hai-Lin Wang, Jenny J. Kim, Grace Lee, Zhen-Huan Hu, Brent Logan, Zhongyu Feng, Marcelo C. Pasquini and Kevin Hay

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(2), 85; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33020085 - 31 Jan 2026

Viewed by 203

Abstract

CD19 CAR T-cell therapy has significantly improved the survival of patients with relapsed or refractory large B cell lymphoma (R/R LBCL) and is considered standard of care for eligible patients in Canada. Axicabtagene ciloleucel (axi-cel) is an autologous CAR T-cell therapy, initially approved [...] Read more.

CD19 CAR T-cell therapy has significantly improved the survival of patients with relapsed or refractory large B cell lymphoma (R/R LBCL) and is considered standard of care for eligible patients in Canada. Axicabtagene ciloleucel (axi-cel) is an autologous CAR T-cell therapy, initially approved by Health Canada for adults with R/R LBCL after 2 or more lines of therapy. This multi-centre analysis, with registry data collected from CIBMTR, aims to present a Canadian perspective on the real-world experience of axi-cel in patients with R/R LBCL. With a median follow-up of 12.4 months, the best objective response rate (ORR) and complete response (CR) rate among all patients were 77% and 59%, respectively. At 12 months, estimated progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were 49% and 59%, respectively. Notably, the incidence and severity of adverse events were lower in this cohort compared to ZUMA-1 and other real-world reports, with CRS occurring in 77% (grade ≥ 3, 3%) and ICANS occurring in 38% (grade ≥ 3, 10%) of patients. Outcomes remained largely consistent across patient and disease characteristics. These findings demonstrate effectiveness and safety profiles comparable to international real-world studies and the ZUMA-1 trial, supporting the use of axi-cel as an effective treatment across broad Canadian populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cell Therapy)

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27 pages, 3465 KB

Open AccessReview

Early Experience with Tarlatamab (T-Cell Engagers) for Extensive-Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer (ES-SCLC) in Canada: Lessons Learned and Implementation Strategies

by Parneet K. Cheema, Kirstin A. Perdrizet, Randeep S. Sangha, Daniel Breadner, Nathalie Daaboul, Shannon Farley, Kevin Jao, Geoffrey Liu, Becky Logan, Barbara Melosky, Anthony Reiman, Stephanie Snow, Sunil Yadav and Shaqil Kassam

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(2), 84; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33020084 - 31 Jan 2026

Viewed by 357

Abstract

As bispecific T-cell engagers (TCEs) gain traction in the oncology treatment landscape, cancer centres must develop robust clinical pathways to ensure their safe and efficient delivery. Given the limited experience of the Canadian medical oncology community with TCEs, collecting and publishing early clinical [...] Read more.

As bispecific T-cell engagers (TCEs) gain traction in the oncology treatment landscape, cancer centres must develop robust clinical pathways to ensure their safe and efficient delivery. Given the limited experience of the Canadian medical oncology community with TCEs, collecting and publishing early clinical experiences with these novel agents will be essential to inform best practices and support their safe and effective adoption across the broader Canadian oncology community. The approval of tarlatamab, the first-in-class delta-like ligand 3 (DLL3)-targeted TCE for extensive-stage small cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC), underscores the importance of sharing early clinical experience with this agent, particularly given its unique safety profile, specific monitoring requirements, and use in a population that often has multiple comorbidities. Like other TCEs, tarlatamab is associated with cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS), adverse events (AEs) that necessitate the development of dedicated protocols by medical oncologists and multidisciplinary inpatient and outpatient clinical teams to ensure prompt recognition and management of these associated toxicities. By sharing insights into administration protocols, dose ramp-up procedures, post-cycle 1 monitoring, and AE management strategies implemented at their centres, early adopters of tarlatamab can help other institutions develop and refine their own protocols more efficiently. Lessons learned during the early implementation phase, including the roles of various healthcare providers and the transition from inpatient to outpatient care, should facilitate the smoother integration of tarlatamab and other TCEs for solid tumours into clinical pathways across Canada. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Thoracic Oncology)

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19 pages, 581 KB

Open AccessArticle

Patient Journey for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Optimal Care Pathways vs. Reality of Care in Italian Breast Units

by Nicla La Verde, Luisa Brogonzoli, Maria Silvia Cona, Laura Cortesi, Elisabetta Iannelli, Eva Massari, Pietro Panizza, Roberto Papa, Maria Carmela Piccirillo, Elisa Sala, Valerio Mattia Scandali, Adele Sgarella, Laura Valentini and Rosaria Iardino

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(2), 83; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33020083 - 31 Jan 2026

Viewed by 213

Abstract

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) represents approximately 15% of all breast cancer diagnoses. Its heterogeneity and absence of targetable receptors make treatment particularly challenging, and it is burdened by a worse prognosis than other breast cancer subtypes. The absence of standardized care pathways may [...] Read more.

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) represents approximately 15% of all breast cancer diagnoses. Its heterogeneity and absence of targetable receptors make treatment particularly challenging, and it is burdened by a worse prognosis than other breast cancer subtypes. The absence of standardized care pathways may impede the accessibility of information for patients and caregivers. The present survey was conducted as part of a co-participatory process aimed at informing the development of a patient journey for TNBC. A group of statements was developed based on relevant literature, current guidelines, and good practice points (GPPs) for effective TNBC care and subsequently evaluated by a multi-stakeholder panel. Key steps in the care journey were then selected for the survey, and Coordinators of Italian BUs (65.4%) indicated the level of perceived importance and reported implementation of each item. Descriptive statistical analyses were employed. Despite some gaps concerning issues such as the involvement of general practitioners (GPs), data show agreement on perceived importance and generally adequate levels of reported implementation of core aspects of TNBC care, providing support for the development of an optimal care journey for triple-negative breast cancer patients grounded in real-world practice, which may help generate useful guidance where clear pathways are still lacking. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Breast Cancer)

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14 pages, 1719 KB

Open AccessReview

DUSP1: Triple-Negative Breast Cancer and Therapeutic Potential

by Suryakant Niture, Dinesh Thotala, Jerry Jaboin and Danushka Seneviratne

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(2), 82; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33020082 - 30 Jan 2026

Viewed by 239

Abstract

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive breast cancer subtype characterized by high rates of recurrence, limited targeted treatment options, and frequent resistance to standard therapies. Dual-specificity protein phosphatase 1 (DUSP1), a stress-responsive regulator of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, has emerged as [...] Read more.

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive breast cancer subtype characterized by high rates of recurrence, limited targeted treatment options, and frequent resistance to standard therapies. Dual-specificity protein phosphatase 1 (DUSP1), a stress-responsive regulator of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, has emerged as a context-dependent modulator of tumor progression and therapeutic response in TNBC. While reduced DUSP1 expression has been associated with aggressive tumor phenotypes and poor prognosis, accumulating evidence indicates that therapy-induced upregulation of DUSP1 can promote resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy by attenuating pro-apoptotic MAPK signaling and fostering immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Emerging evidence highlights that DUSP1’s role is context-dependent on human cancers, including breast cancer (BC). This review synthesizes current evidence on DUSP1 biology in TNBC, with emphasis on its mechanistic involvement in chemotherapy resistance, radiation-induced immune modulation, and emerging implications for immunotherapy response. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Breast Cancer)

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12 pages, 1003 KB

Open AccessArticle

Real-World Utilization of Palbociclib as First-Line Treatment for Canadian HR+/HER2− Women with Metastatic Breast Cancer: Results from PALCAN Study

by Daniel Rayson, Jonathan Bertin, Maxim Lemelin, Madeline Tong, Ryan Ng, Philip Ding, Winson Y. Cheung, Arushi Sharma, Phu Vinh On, Guillaume Feugère and Sasha Lupichuk

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(2), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33020081 - 30 Jan 2026

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Abstract

Canadian real-world data (RWD) regarding palbociclib as a first-line therapy for patients with hormone receptor-positive (HR+), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative (HER2−) metastatic breast cancer (MBC) is limited. The PALbociclib CANadian (PALCAN) study examined palbociclib utilization patterns as first-line treatment for HR+/HER2− [...] Read more.

Canadian real-world data (RWD) regarding palbociclib as a first-line therapy for patients with hormone receptor-positive (HR+), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative (HER2−) metastatic breast cancer (MBC) is limited. The PALbociclib CANadian (PALCAN) study examined palbociclib utilization patterns as first-line treatment for HR+/HER2− MBC using Alberta health administrative data. The final PALCAN cohort included 472 female patients with a median age of 64 years and a median follow-up time of 22.8 months (IQR: 0.7–88.2). The median (95% CI) duration of treatment was 13.8 (12.7–15.1) months in the overall cohort (IQR: 5.6, 24.8 months), and the probability of treatment discontinuation within the first year was 45%. Aromatase inhibitors (AIs) and fulvestrant were the accompanying endocrine therapies (ETs) in 83% (N = 393) and 14% (N = 64) (15 with unknown accompanying therapy) of patients, respectively. The median duration of treatment for patients receiving an AI as an accompanying therapy was 15.1 (13.6–17.4) months and 7.9 months (5.8–12.6) for patients receiving fulvestrant, which may suggest endocrine resistance in the latter group. The PALCAN data provides insights into practice patterns and the effectiveness of palbociclib as a first-line therapy in female patients with HR+/HER2− breast cancer in the Canadian real-world setting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Breast Cancer)

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10 pages, 1186 KB

Open AccessArticle

BCMA-Directed CAR T-Cell Therapy in Patients with Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma and Renal Impairment

by Alma Habib, Nausheen Ahmed, Abdullah Mohammad Khan, Darryl Chang, Barry Paul, Hira Shaikh, Christopher Strouse, Emily Struble, Andrew Vegel, Zahra Mahmoudjafari, Muhammad Umair Mushtaq, Joseph P. McGuirk, Al-Ola Abdallah, Shebli Atrash and Reed Friend

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(2), 80; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33020080 - 30 Jan 2026

Viewed by 501

Abstract

The pivotal clinical trials, CARTITUDE-1 and KarMMa-3, showed promising response rates in relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) with use of BCMA-directed CAR T-cell therapy; however, a major challenge is determining suitability in patients who do not meet trial inclusion criteria due to [...] Read more.

The pivotal clinical trials, CARTITUDE-1 and KarMMa-3, showed promising response rates in relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) with use of BCMA-directed CAR T-cell therapy; however, a major challenge is determining suitability in patients who do not meet trial inclusion criteria due to suboptimal organ function. In this multicenter retrospective study, we evaluated the safety and efficacy of BCMA CAR-T therapy in patients with RRMM and renal impairment (RI), defined as creatinine clearance (CrCL) of less than 45 mL/min. We evaluated 223 patients treated with idecabtagene vicleucel (ide-cel) or ciltacabtagene autoleucel (cilta-cel) between May 2021 and April 2024. Outcomes were compared between baseline RI (11.2%) and normal renal function (nRF) cohorts. Response rates were similar at 1 month (p = 0.09), 3 months (p > 0.9), and 6 months (p = 0.8). Progression-free survival (PFS) was 21.9 months in the RI group compared to 15 months in the nRF group (p = 0.32), while overall survival (OS) was 27.9 months for patients with nRF versus not reached for patients with RI (p = 0.87). Patients with RI had higher rates of immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS) (60% vs. 19%, p = 0.04) and infections (44% vs. 20%, p = 0.008). We found that BCMA CAR-T demonstrated comparable efficacy in RRMM patients with baseline RI, although these patients exhibited increased rates of neurotoxicity and infections. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue U.S. Myeloma Innovations Research Collaborative (USMIRC) Collection)

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17 pages, 1165 KB

Open AccessArticle

Preoperative Chemoradiotherapy with Tegafur-Uracil, Capecitabine, or 5-Fluorouracil/Leucovorin for Rectal Cancer in an Asian Cohort: A Real-World Comparison from the Pre-TNT Era

by Kun-Yao Dai, Fred Yi-Shueh Chen, Chien-Kuo Liu, Johnson Lin and Shih-Hua Liu

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(2), 79; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33020079 - 30 Jan 2026

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Abstract

Preoperative concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) is an important treatment for locally advanced rectal cancer, but the choice of chemotherapy utilized with radiotherapy is inconsistent. Guidelines mainly recommend 5-fluorouracil/leucovorin (5-FU/LV) or capecitabine, whereas tegafur-uracil (UFT) is widely used in Asia with limited comparative data. We [...] Read more.

Preoperative concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) is an important treatment for locally advanced rectal cancer, but the choice of chemotherapy utilized with radiotherapy is inconsistent. Guidelines mainly recommend 5-fluorouracil/leucovorin (5-FU/LV) or capecitabine, whereas tegafur-uracil (UFT) is widely used in Asia with limited comparative data. We evaluated UFT versus capecitabine and 5-FU/LV in an Asian real-world cohort. Between 2012 and 2019, 79 patients with biopsy-proven cT2–4N0–N2 rectal cancer received pelvic radiotherapy plus concurrent UFT (n = 31), capecitabine (n = 30), or 5-FU/LV (n = 18), followed by surgery. Endpoints included acute toxicity, pathologic complete response (pCR), T/N downstaging, overall survival (OS), and recurrence-free survival (RFS). Diarrhea was the most common toxicity (grade 1–2 in 68.4%). Neutropenia differed by regimen (UFT, 0%; capecitabine, 20.0%; 5-FU/LV, 16.7%), with one grade 3 event (5-FU/LV). The overall pCR rate was 17.7% (UFT, 16.1%; capecitabine, 23.3%; 5-FU/LV, 11.1%), and nodal downstaging was more frequent with capecitabine. After a median follow-up of 39.1 months, the 3-year OS and RFS were 88.9% and 68.9%, respectively, without significant survival differences among regimens. UFT-based long-course CCRT appears feasible and generally tolerable in routine Asian practice, with no clear signal of substantially worse pCR or survival outcomes in this retrospective cohort. These real-world data can inform individualized regimen selection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Gastrointestinal Oncology)

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15 pages, 460 KB

Open AccessArticle

Optimizing Antiemetic Strategies Across Phases of Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Real-World Evidence in Breast Cancer

by Akif Doğan, Hande Nur Erölmez, Goncagül Akdağ, Sedat Yıldırım and Özlem Nuray Sever

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(2), 78; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33020078 - 28 Jan 2026

Viewed by 167

Abstract

Background: Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) remains one of the significant challenges in oncology despite guideline-based prophylaxis, particularly in patients receiving highly emetogenic chemotherapy (HEC). While neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptor antagonists are established as a key component of standard antiemetic regimens, evidence of their [...] Read more.

Background: Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) remains one of the significant challenges in oncology despite guideline-based prophylaxis, particularly in patients receiving highly emetogenic chemotherapy (HEC). While neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptor antagonists are established as a key component of standard antiemetic regimens, evidence of their phase-specific effectiveness in real-world, homogeneous patient populations remains limited. This study aimed to determine which antiemetic regimen provides optimal control in each CINV phase to support a tailored prophylactic approach. Methods: This single-center, retrospective, real-world study included 260 female patients with stage II–III breast cancer receiving anthracycline–cyclophosphamide-based HEC. All patients had similar demographic and clinical characteristics, forming a relatively homogeneous cohort. Each received a triple antiemetic regimen consisting of a 5-HT₃ receptor antagonist, dexamethasone, and an NK-1 receptor antagonist (either a single-dose intravenous fosaprepitant or a 3-day oral aprepitant). Complete response (no vomiting and no rescue therapy) and no-vomiting rates were assessed in the acute (0–24 h), delayed (24–120 h), and overall (0–120 h) phases. Results: In this relatively homogeneous cohort of high-risk patients, fosaprepitant-based prophylaxis achieved better symptom control during the acute phase, whereas aprepitant-based regimens were more effective in the delayed and overall phases. These findings suggest phase-specific variations in antiemetic effectiveness that reflect pharmacokinetic and administration-route differences rather than population heterogeneity. Conclusions: This real-world analysis demonstrates that antiemetic effectiveness varies by CINV phase, even within a relatively homogeneous, high-risk patient cohort. The results highlight the importance of phase-tailored prophylactic strategies to optimize symptom control and improve patient quality of life in highly emetogenic chemotherapy settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Breast Cancer)

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15 pages, 1633 KB

Open AccessReview

Challenges of Applying the RANO-BM Criteria for Characterization of Brain Metastases Treatment Response

by Tatiana Kashtanova and Naren Ramakrishna

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(2), 77; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33020077 - 28 Jan 2026

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Abstract

The goal of brain metastasis therapy is to reduce the risk of intracranial disease progression and to minimize treatment-related adverse effects and loss of neurologic function without compromising extracranial disease control. A response assessment system plays a critical role in the comparative evaluation [...] Read more.

The goal of brain metastasis therapy is to reduce the risk of intracranial disease progression and to minimize treatment-related adverse effects and loss of neurologic function without compromising extracranial disease control. A response assessment system plays a critical role in the comparative evaluation of therapeutic strategies in clinical trials and in routine patient care. Since 2015, the RANO-BM criteria have become a standard schema for evaluating brain metastases treatment response, providing uniform definitions and methodology particularly practical in prospective clinical trials of systemic therapy. There have been a variety of modifications and additions to the original guidelines proposed to improve their utility for brain metastases response assessment, including lowering the measurable disease size threshold, optimizing disease progression metrics, and employing tumor volumetric analysis using automated measurement tools. However, despite these enhancements, the criteria display limitations in selected clinical scenarios. This article provides a detailed overview of these limitations and their corresponding clinical contexts and concludes with a discussion of approaches which may aid in the development of a more comprehensive brain metastases response assessment system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neuro-Oncology)

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