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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Photocatalytic Performance of Zr-Modified TS-1 Zeolites: Structural, Textural and Kinetic Studies

by
Hristina Lazarova
1,*,
Borislav Barbov
1,
Elena Tacheva
1,2,
Rusi Rusew
1,
Stela Atanasova-Vladimirova
2,3 and
Boris Shivachev
1,*
1
Institute of Mineralogy and Crystallography “Acad. Ivan Kostov”- Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (IMC-BAS), Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl.107, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
2
National Centre of Excellence Mechatronics and Clean Technologies, 8 bul. Kliment Ohridski, P.C–1756 Sofia, Bulgaria
3
Institute of Physical Chemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2026, 31(2), 209; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31020209
Submission received: 13 November 2025 / Revised: 29 December 2025 / Accepted: 5 January 2026 / Published: 7 January 2026
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 30th Anniversary of Molecules: Recent Advances in Photochemistry)
Versions Notes

Abstract

TS-1 zeolite and a series of Zr-modified samples (TS-1/xZr) were synthesized and systematically characterized to investigate the influence of zirconium incorporation on structural, textural, and photocatalytic properties. The structural and textural properties of the samples were examined by XRD and nitrogen adsorption isotherms. Elemental analysis (EDXRF, SEM/EDS) and FTIR confirmed successful incorporation of Zr into the TS-1 framework. Photocatalytic tests under white light irradiation using crystal violet (CV), methylene blue (MB), rhodamine B (RhB) and methyl orange (MO) dyes revealed enhanced degradation efficiency for the Zr-containing samples, particularly TS-1/10Zr. Kinetic modeling using pseudo-first-order (PFO) and pseudo-second-order (PSO) approaches indicated that dye degradation followed mainly PSO kinetics. Reusability studies demonstrated sustained stability and recyclability of the catalysts. The improved photocatalytic performance is attributed to synergistic electronic effects between Ti and Zr species, which enhance charge separation and light absorption.
Keywords: TS-1; TS-1 zirconium modification; photocatalysis; water purification; dye degradation; crystal violet; methylene blue; rhodamine B; methyl orange; kinetic modeling TS-1; TS-1 zirconium modification; photocatalysis; water purification; dye degradation; crystal violet; methylene blue; rhodamine B; methyl orange; kinetic modeling

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MDPI and ACS Style

Lazarova, H.; Barbov, B.; Tacheva, E.; Rusew, R.; Atanasova-Vladimirova, S.; Shivachev, B. Photocatalytic Performance of Zr-Modified TS-1 Zeolites: Structural, Textural and Kinetic Studies. Molecules 2026, 31, 209. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31020209

AMA Style

Lazarova H, Barbov B, Tacheva E, Rusew R, Atanasova-Vladimirova S, Shivachev B. Photocatalytic Performance of Zr-Modified TS-1 Zeolites: Structural, Textural and Kinetic Studies. Molecules. 2026; 31(2):209. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31020209

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lazarova, Hristina, Borislav Barbov, Elena Tacheva, Rusi Rusew, Stela Atanasova-Vladimirova, and Boris Shivachev. 2026. "Photocatalytic Performance of Zr-Modified TS-1 Zeolites: Structural, Textural and Kinetic Studies" Molecules 31, no. 2: 209. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31020209

APA Style

Lazarova, H., Barbov, B., Tacheva, E., Rusew, R., Atanasova-Vladimirova, S., & Shivachev, B. (2026). Photocatalytic Performance of Zr-Modified TS-1 Zeolites: Structural, Textural and Kinetic Studies. Molecules, 31(2), 209. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31020209

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