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Deepening Knowledge on Tree Adaptation and Stress Physiology: A Necessary Step for the Sustainable Agriculture

A special issue of Sustainability (ISSN 2071-1050). This special issue belongs to the section "Sustainable Forestry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2023) | Viewed by 4669

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Besma Sghaier-Hammami

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Plant Health and Environment Department, University of Carthage, National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia, 43 Avenue Charles Nicolle, 1082 Tunis, Tunisia
Interests: fruit tree physiology; drought stress; salinity; pest and diseases; plant pathology; productivity; proteomics; molecular biology; photosynthesis
Dr. Sofiene B. M. Hammami

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia, University of Carthage, 43 Avenue Charles Nicolle, 1082 Tunis, Tunisia
Interests: fruit tree physiology; drought stress; salinity; pest and diseases; plant pathology; productivity; proteomics; molecular biology; photosynthesis

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Fruit trees are among the most used trees in the agroforestry systems worldwide. In recent decades, more focus was put on fruit trees since they represent a major source of food and medicine for billions of people. Some fruits are a nutraceutical component to the human diet, preventing important diseases, such as obesity, cancer, and diabetes. Fruit trees also have a high scientific and economic value.  However, for most of them, their future is uncertain. Indeed, tens of thousands of species are threatened by pests and diseases, accelerated land use, abiotic stress, and global warming. In addition, many aspects of their biology and physiology are still unexplored or insufficiently understood. This limited knowledge significantly negatively impacts the development of protection strategies and the elaboration of efficient action plans. Therefore, the study of the trees functioning related to different biotic and abiotic stress deserves great attention. Improving our knowledge of fruit tree physiology will help in implementing innovative practices based on measures of real orchard needs. This Special Issue, dedicated to this specific group of plants, aims to encourage on-going research and conservation efforts worldwide.

For this Special Issue of Sustainability, we warmly welcome contributions (original research papers, reviews, perspectives, and opinions) on fruit tree and the biotic or abiotic stress which threatened their existence, from different fields of research, such biology, physiology ecology using various tools analysis, such as morphologic parameters, photosynthesis performance, and molecular and proteomics analysis.

Dr. Besma Sghaier-Hammami
Dr. Sofiene B. M. Hammami
Guest Editors

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sustainability is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • fruit tree physiology
  • tree pathology
  • abiotic stress
  • combined stress
  • climatic changes
  • proteomics
  • molecular mechanism
  • tolerance
  • tree managements
  • tree productivity
  • tree adaptation

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

14 pages, 3392 KiB  
Article
Leaf Biochemical and Kernel Metabolite Profiles as Potential Biomarkers of Water Deficit in Walnut (Juglans regia L.) cv. Chandler
by Franco E. Calvo, Sonia T. Silvente and Eduardo R. Trentacoste
Sustainability 2023, 15(18), 13472; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151813472 - 8 Sep 2023
Viewed by 947
Abstract
Walnut cultivation is expanding into regions where water availability for irrigation is lower than crop evapotranspiration. However, information regarding the responses and adaptations of walnut trees to water deficit remains scarce. In this study, we applied three irrigation levels, 100%, 75%, and 50% [...] Read more.
Walnut cultivation is expanding into regions where water availability for irrigation is lower than crop evapotranspiration. However, information regarding the responses and adaptations of walnut trees to water deficit remains scarce. In this study, we applied three irrigation levels, 100%, 75%, and 50% of crop evapotranspiration (referred to as T100, T75, and T50, respectively), to Chandler walnut trees over two consecutive seasons. During the second season, we evaluated leaf water-deficit biomarkers, including proline, malondialdehyde, soluble sugars, phenols, and flavonoids, using targeted spectrophotometry. Despite not finding significant differences in biomarker concentrations among the irrigation regimes, we observed variations between different collection times (sprouting, endocarp hardening, and maturity). Furthermore, we assessed the kernel metabolome using untargeted gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, profiling seventy-one metabolites across all samples. Notably, forty-one of these metabolites were identified as members of distinct groups, comprising carbohydrates (n = 11), fatty acids (n = 11), organic acids (n = 9), and amino acids (n = 5). Linear mixed models showed no significant differences between the irrigation regimes. However, in the T50 treatment, multivariate analysis (PCA) revealed a higher concentration of osmotic adjustment metabolites, which are potentially associated with protecting oil biosynthesis under high-temperature and water deficit conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Deepening Knowledge on Tree Adaptation and Stress Physiology: A Necessary Step for the Sustainable Agriculture)
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19 pages, 3340 KiB  
Article
Vegetative Growth Dynamic and Its Impact on the Flowering Intensity of the Following Season Depend on Water Availability and Bearing Status of the Olive Tree
by Sofiene B. M. Hammami, Manel Ben Laya, Narjes Baazaoui and Besma Sghaier-Hammami
Sustainability 2022, 14(23), 15614; https://doi.org/10.3390/su142315614 - 24 Nov 2022
Viewed by 1390
Abstract
A sufficient and mature vegetative growth is an essential condition for production in the following season and consequently affects the alternate bearing (AB) behavior. However, little is known about its interaction with the crop load and water supply. Herein, we studied the effect [...] Read more.
A sufficient and mature vegetative growth is an essential condition for production in the following season and consequently affects the alternate bearing (AB) behavior. However, little is known about its interaction with the crop load and water supply. Herein, we studied the effect of different water regimes and bearing status on the vegetative intensity and flush and its consequence on the flowering parameters of the following season. Rainfed (RF) and fully irrigated (FI) treatments were applied for bearing (ON) and non-bearing (OFF) trees of the ‘Zalmati’ olive orchard in south Tunisia during 2018. The water deficit condition (RF) and the high crop load (ON) have caused a similar decrease in the total node number and shoots length by about 65%. Furthermore, the flowering parameters in 2019, especially the percentage of floral buds (i.e., floral induction intensity), were differentially affected by water supply according to the bearing status of the previous season. FI reduced the percentage of floral buds in 2019 by about 37% for OFF trees, while it increased it by more than four times for the ON trees. Concerning the growth flush, the second (i.e., autumnal) flush seems to respond better to water supply than the first (i.e., spring) one, for both vegetative and flowering parameters. The second flush of growth provided 28% of the total vegetative growth but contributed about 35% to the total number of floral buds for RF OFF trees. Besides, FI makes the first and the second flushes contribute equally to total vegetative growth and to the flowering parameters of the following season. On the other hand, the bearing status of the trees does not affect the contribution of each flush to the total vegetative growth. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Deepening Knowledge on Tree Adaptation and Stress Physiology: A Necessary Step for the Sustainable Agriculture)
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15 pages, 1006 KiB  
Article
The Regulation of Ion Homeostasis, Growth, and Biomass Allocation in Date Palm Ex Vitro Plants Depends on the Level of Water Salinity
by Sofiene B. M. Hammami, Sami Chaari, Narjes Baazaoui, Riadh Drira, Noureddine Drira, Karim Aounallah, Asma Maazoun, Zied Antar, Jesús V. Jorrín Novo, Taoufik Bettaieb, Hava F. Rapoport and Besma Sghaier-Hammami
Sustainability 2022, 14(19), 12676; https://doi.org/10.3390/su141912676 - 5 Oct 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1494
Abstract
The date palm, a central plant in the fragile oasis ecosystem, is considered one of the fruit species most tolerant to salt stress. However, the tolerance mechanisms involved are yet to be addressed and their evaluation until now was mainly based on heterogenous [...] Read more.
The date palm, a central plant in the fragile oasis ecosystem, is considered one of the fruit species most tolerant to salt stress. However, the tolerance mechanisms involved are yet to be addressed and their evaluation until now was mainly based on heterogenous plant material such as seedlings or limited to in vitro experiment conditions. For these reasons, we propose to deepen our knowledge of the morphological and physiological responses to salt stress using acclimated ex vitro plants resulting from the propagation of a single genotype. The plants were irrigated with 0, 150, 300, or 450 mM NaCl solutions for four months. Our results showed that the influence of water salinity on growth and ion-homeostasis regulation was very dependent on stress levels. The 150 mM NaCl concentration was found to improve dry biomass by about 35%, but at higher salt concentrations (300 and 450 mM) it decreased by 40–65%. The shoot:root dry mass ratio decreased significantly at the 150 mM NaCl water concentration and then increased with increasing water salt concentration. The leaf:root ratio for Na+ and Cl− decreased significantly with increasing water salinity up to a concentration of 300 mM NaCl, and then stabilized with similar values for 300 mM and 450 mM NaCl. In contrast to Na+ and Cl−, leaf K+ content was significantly higher in the leaf than in the root for all salt treatments. Unlike Na+ and K+, Cl− was expelled to the surface of leaves in response to increased water salinity. Overall, date palm plants appear to be more capable of excluding Cl− than Na+ and of changing biomass allocation according to salt-stress level, and their leaves and roots both appear to play an important role in this tolerance strategy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Deepening Knowledge on Tree Adaptation and Stress Physiology: A Necessary Step for the Sustainable Agriculture)
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