Soil Systems

14 pages, 1194 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Microplastic Transport by Overland Flow: Effects of Soil Texture and Slope Gradient Under Simulated Semi-Arid Conditions

by Fabio Corradini

Soil Syst. 2025, 9(2), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems9020040 - 29 Apr 2025

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3067

Abstract

Microplastic pollution in soils and surface waters is a growing environmental concern, yet the mechanisms governing transport by overland flow remain unclear. This study investigated the influence of soil texture and slope gradient on the movement of microplastics with different shapes and polymer [...] Read more.

Microplastic pollution in soils and surface waters is a growing environmental concern, yet the mechanisms governing transport by overland flow remain unclear. This study investigated the influence of soil texture and slope gradient on the movement of microplastics with different shapes and polymer compositions under simulated rainfall and typical agricultural conditions in a semi-arid climate. Small soil flumes were subjected to controlled rainfall simulations replicating typical rain patterns, and microplastic transport was quantified using collection flasks. The results indicated that neither soil texture nor slope gradient significantly affected total microplastic transport. However, fibres exhibited greater retention in the soil compared to other shapes. Polymer composition did not play a major role in microplastic mobility, except for polystyrene pellets, which were transported more readily than polyethylene pellets. Field observations of agricultural soils with a history of sludge application confirmed a predominance of fibres in the topsoil, reinforcing the tendency of this shape to resist mobilisation. These findings suggest that microplastic transport by surface runoff is primarily governed by particle shape and buoyancy rather than soil properties or slope inclination. Future research should explore the roles of particle size, rainfall intensity, and organic matter content in microplastic mobility under natural field conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Migration and Transformation Processes and Environmental Effects of Microplastics in Soil)

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17 pages, 4870 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Microbial Diversity and Heavy Metal Resistome in Slag-Contaminated Soils from an Abandoned Smelter in Chihuahua, Mexico

by Gustavo Montes-Montes, Zilia Y. Muñoz-Ramírez, Leonor Cortes-Palacios, Javier Carrillo-Campos, Obed Ramírez-Sánchez, Ismael Ortiz-Aguirre, Laila N. Muñoz-Castellanos and Román González-Escobedo

Soil Syst. 2025, 9(2), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems9020030 - 1 Apr 2025

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3236

Abstract

Heavy metal(loid) (HM) contamination in soils from smelting activities poses significant environmental and public health risks, as well as disruptions in microbial community dynamics and HM resistance gene profiles. This study investigates the microbial diversity, resistome, and physicochemical properties of soils from the [...] Read more.

Heavy metal(loid) (HM) contamination in soils from smelting activities poses significant environmental and public health risks, as well as disruptions in microbial community dynamics and HM resistance gene profiles. This study investigates the microbial diversity, resistome, and physicochemical properties of soils from the abandoned Avalos smelter in Chihuahua, Mexico. Through soil analyses, we identified elevated concentrations of certain HMs, which pose serious environmental and health hazards. The metagenomic analysis of the microbial community, composed of bacteria, archaea, and fungi, was dominated by genera such as Streptomyces, Bradyrhizobium, Halobaculum, Nitrosocosmicus, Fusarium, and Aspergillus in rhizospheric soil. Furthermore, a diverse array of metal resistance genes (MRGs) were detected, associated with copper, arsenic, iron, lead, cadmium, zinc, and other HMs. Additionally, metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) revealed the presence of functional genes linked to HM resistance, providing deeper insights into the ecological roles and metabolic capabilities of microbial taxa. These findings highlight the significant impact of smelting-derived contamination on microbial diversity and functional potential, offering valuable insights for the development of bioremediation strategies in HM-contaminated environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microbial Community Structure and Function in Soils)

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24 pages, 1668 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Progress and Prospects of Research on Physical Soil Crust

by Huiyun Xu, Xuchao Zhu and Meixia Mi

Soil Syst. 2025, 9(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems9010023 - 4 Mar 2025

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4057

Abstract

Physical soil crust (PSC) is a dense structural layer formed on the surface of bare or very low-cover land due to raindrop splashes or runoff. The formation of crust changes the properties of the soil and strongly affects water infiltration and runoff and [...] Read more.

Physical soil crust (PSC) is a dense structural layer formed on the surface of bare or very low-cover land due to raindrop splashes or runoff. The formation of crust changes the properties of the soil and strongly affects water infiltration and runoff and sediment production processes on slopes. The irrational use of soil and water resources and frequent human production activity under the influence of urbanization increase the possibility of inducing erosion. Studying the formation and structural characteristics of PSC to predict terrestrial hydrological processes and improve models for predicting erosion is very important. Many studies of PSC have been carried out in China and abroad, but they are mainly unilateral discussions of the basic properties and characteristics of crust and its effects on runoff and sediment yield on slopes. Studies systematically analyzing and synthesizing the progress of crust research, however, are lacking. By reading the literature and analyzing the developmental history of PSC, we provide a comprehensive review of the following: (1) the meaning, main types, and classification of PSC, (2) the mechanism of formation and the characteristics and dynamic development of crust, (3) the factors affecting the formation of crust, including natural and anthropogenic factors and comprehensive effects, and (4) the development and formation of crust in the soil environment, i.e., hydrological processes and erosion. We also summarize the potential directions for future research on PSC: (1) studying the dynamics of soil structure during the development of crust, (2) developing an objective and standardized quantitative method for studying crust formation, (3) using models of erosion influenced by crust development, (4) improving the scale of the degree of crust development and structural characteristics, and (5) rationalizing the management of crust to optimize land structure and increase crop yield. Full article

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25 pages, 992 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Trends in the Application of Phosphate-Solubilizing Microbes as Biofertilizers: Implications for Soil Improvement

by Kingsley T. Ughamba, Johnson K. Ndukwe, Ian D. E. A. Lidbury, Nnabueze D. Nnaji, Chijioke N. Eze, Chiugo C. Aduba, Sophie Groenhof, Kenechi O. Chukwu, Chukwudi U. Anyanwu, Ogueri Nwaiwu and Christian K. Anumudu

Soil Syst. 2025, 9(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems9010006 - 14 Jan 2025

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 12270

Abstract

The application of phosphate-solubilizing microbes (PSMs) as biofertilizers in agricultural systems has not satisfactorily solved the problem of reducing our reliance on chemical phosphorus (P) fertilizers. Ongoing efforts are continually trying to translate promising laboratory results to successful deployment under field conditions, which [...] Read more.

The application of phosphate-solubilizing microbes (PSMs) as biofertilizers in agricultural systems has not satisfactorily solved the problem of reducing our reliance on chemical phosphorus (P) fertilizers. Ongoing efforts are continually trying to translate promising laboratory results to successful deployment under field conditions, which are typically met with failure. In this review, we summarize the state-of-the-art research on PSMs and their role in the terrestrial P cycle, including previously overlooked molecular and cellular mechanisms underpinning phosphate solubilization. PSMs capable of transforming either organic or complexed inorganic P compounds are discussed. By providing environmentally secure and environmentally friendly ways to increase the accessibility of phosphate, these bacteria effectively transform insoluble phosphate molecules into forms that plants can utilize, encouraging crop growth and increasing nutrient usage effectiveness. The use of PSMs in agriculture sustainably improves crop productivity and has enormous potential for tackling issues with global food security, reducing environmental damage, and promoting sustainable and resilient agricultural systems. Furthermore, due to resource shortages, the changing global climate and need to reduce environmental risks associated with the overuse of chemical phosphate fertilizer, PSMs have the potential to be sustainable biofertilizer alternatives in the agricultural sector. Phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms constitute a cutting-edge field in agriculture and environmental science. In addition, this paper elaborates on the groups and diversity of microbes hitherto identified in phosphate solubilization. Also, factors that had hitherto hindered the reproducibility of lab results in field settings are succinctly highlighted. Furthermore, this paper outlines some biofertilizer formulations and current techniques of inoculation according to the test crop/strain. Finally, laboratory, greenhouse, and field results are presented to acquaint us with the current status of the use of PSM-based biofertilizers. Full article

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21 pages, 3976 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

No-Till and Crop Rotation Are Promising Practices to Enhance Soil Health in Cotton-Producing Semiarid Regions: Insights from Citizen Science

by Tirhas A. Hailu, Pawan Devkota, Taiwo O. Osoko, Rakesh K. Singh, John C. Zak and Natasja van Gestel

Soil Syst. 2024, 8(4), 108; https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems8040108 - 21 Oct 2024

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 5074

Abstract

This on-farm study was conducted to assess the impact of six prevalent crop management practices adopted by growers in West Texas on various indicators of soil health. This study is a part of a citizen science project, where we collaborated with cotton growers [...] Read more.

This on-farm study was conducted to assess the impact of six prevalent crop management practices adopted by growers in West Texas on various indicators of soil health. This study is a part of a citizen science project, where we collaborated with cotton growers who helped with standardized sample and data collection from 2017 to 2022. This project aimed to identify soil management practices that increase carbon sequestration, enhance biological activities, and improve overall soil health. We monitored soil moisture, soil organic matter (SOM), inorganic nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N and NO₃⁻-N) and other exchangeable nutrients, and soil microbial abundances as obtained via fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) in 85 fields, incorporating different management practices during the cotton growing season. In our study, volumetric moisture content (VWC) was increased by no-till, irrigation, and crop rotation, but the addition of residue decreased VWC. No-till, irrigation, and crop rotation increased SOM, but a cover crop decreased SOM. No-till and residue retention also increased microbial biomass carbon (MBC). Tillage, irrigation, and crop rotation influenced the abundance of the main microbial groups, including bacterial, fungi, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Additionally, water content, SOM, and microbial abundances are correlated with clay percentage. Our results indicate that no-till and crop rotation are the two most crucial soil management approaches for sustainable soil health. As such, implementing both no-till and crop rotation in the cropping systems has the most promising potential to increase the soil resilience in dryland cotton production in semiarid regions, thereby helping growers to maintain cotton production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Soil Management and Conservation: 2nd Edition)

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22 pages, 3699 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Lifting the Profile of Deep Forest Soil Carbon

by Loretta G. Garrett, Alexa K. Byers, Kathryn Wigley, Katherine A. Heckman, Jeff A. Hatten and Steve A. Wakelin

Soil Syst. 2024, 8(4), 105; https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems8040105 - 7 Oct 2024

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5872

Abstract

Forests are the reservoir for a vast amount of terrestrial soil organic carbon (SOC) globally. With increasing soil depth, the age of SOC reportedly increases, implying resistance to change. However, we know little about the processes that underpin deep SOC persistence and what [...] Read more.

Forests are the reservoir for a vast amount of terrestrial soil organic carbon (SOC) globally. With increasing soil depth, the age of SOC reportedly increases, implying resistance to change. However, we know little about the processes that underpin deep SOC persistence and what deep SOC is vulnerable to climate change. This review summarizes the current knowledge of deep forest SOC, the processes regulating its cycling, and the impacts of climate change on the fate of deep forest SOC. Our understanding of the processes that influence deep SOC cycling and the extent of SOC stores is limited by available data. Accordingly, there is a large degree of uncertainty surrounding how much deep SOC there is, our understanding of the influencing factors of deep SOC cycling, and how these may be distinct from upper soil layers. To improve our ability to predict deep SOC change, we need to more accurately quantify the deep SOC pool and deepen our knowledge of how factors related to the tree root–soil–microbiome control deep SOC storage and cycling. Thereby, addressing the uncertainty of deep SOC contribution in the global C exchange with climate change and concomitant impacts on forest ecosystem function and resilience. Full article

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17 pages, 3246 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Use of Cannabis sativa L. for Improving Cadmium-Contaminated Mediterranean Soils—Effect of Mycorrhizal Colonization on Phytoremediation Capacity

by Maria Androudi, Vasiliki Liava, Eleni Tsaliki, Ioannis Ipsilantis and Evangelia E. Golia

Soil Syst. 2024, 8(3), 100; https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems8030100 - 16 Sep 2024

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4844

Abstract

Although the phytoremediation strategy has been studied worldwide, little research data are available regarding the influence of mycorrhizae on the phytoremediation capacity of various plants grown in Cd-contaminated soils in Mediterranean environments. Therefore, a pot experiment was carried out to study the possible [...] Read more.

Although the phytoremediation strategy has been studied worldwide, little research data are available regarding the influence of mycorrhizae on the phytoremediation capacity of various plants grown in Cd-contaminated soils in Mediterranean environments. Therefore, a pot experiment was carried out to study the possible effectiveness of hemp plant (Cannabis sativa L.) in the remediation of moderately and heavily Cd-contaminated soils and additionally to quantify the effect of Cd on Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMFs). For this purpose, an alkaline clay soil collected from the Farm of Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources (North Greece) was contaminated with two levels of Cd (3 and 30 mg Cd kg⁻¹, corresponding to Levels A and B, respectively—first factor) at two incubation times (10 and 30 days—second factor) and six treatments (Control_30d, Control_10d, CdA_30d, CdB_30d, CdA_10d, CdB_10d) were created. Soil Cd concentrations, both pseudo-total and available to plants, were determined after extraction with Aqua Regia mixture and DTPA solution, respectively, before and after the cultivation of hemp plants and after the harvesting. Cd concentrations in the aboveground and underground plant parts were also estimated after digestion with Aqua Regia, while root colonization by AMFs was determined with a microscope. The highest plant’s Cd concentration, more than 50%, was observed in its underground part, at all Cd-contaminated treatments, indicating a strong capacity for cadmium to gather up in the roots. Among different Cd levels and incubation days, significant differences were recorded in the rates of root colonization by AMFs. Among different Cd levels and incubation days, 3 mg Cd Kg⁻¹ soil promoted AMF root colonization, particularly at 10-day incubation, while 30 mg Cd Kg⁻¹ soil diminished it. Colonization was lower with longer incubation times at both levels of Cd. Hemp appears to be a viable option for phytostabilization in Cd-contaminated soils, enabling further utilization of AMFs to assist the phytoremediation process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Heavy Metals in Soils and Sediments)

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18 pages, 5015 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Effect of Manure Application Rates on the Vertical Distribution of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Farmland Soil

by Yuqian Wang, Liqiong Yang, Weipeng Liu and Jie Zhuang

Soil Syst. 2024, 8(3), 89; https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems8030089 - 14 Aug 2024

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4133

Abstract

Manure application is the primary input route for antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in farmland soil. This study investigated the effects of varying the rates of five chicken manure applications on the accumulation and distribution of ARGs across different soil depths (0–20, 20–40, and [...] Read more.

Manure application is the primary input route for antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in farmland soil. This study investigated the effects of varying the rates of five chicken manure applications on the accumulation and distribution of ARGs across different soil depths (0–20, 20–40, and 40–60 cm) using metagenomic sequencing. The results revealed that the distribution of ARGs in farmland soil was closely linked to soil depth and influenced to some extent by the fertilizer quantity after 30 days of fertilization. ARGs were predominantly concentrated in the surface soil and exhibited a significant decrease in type and abundance with an increased soil depth. Compared with soil treated with chemical fertilizers alone, chicken manure-treated surface soil presented a higher diversity and abundance of ARGs. However, the diversity and abundance of ARGs did not increase proportionally with the increasing ratios of chicken manure application (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%). ARGs in soil primarily conferred resistance to host bacteria through antibiotic efflux pumps (~33%), antibiotic target alteration (~31%), antibiotic inactivation (~20%), and antibiotic target protection (~8%). Correlation analysis involving ARGs and soil microorganisms revealed widespread multidrug resistance among soil microorganisms. Furthermore, two genera of human pathogenic bacteria (Pseudomonas sp. and Listeria sp.) were identified as potential microbial hosts of ARGs in all treatments. Correlation analysis involving ARGs and environmental factors indicated that soil ARGs are predominantly influenced by heavy metals and microorganisms. This paper offers valuable insights for environmental risk assessments regarding the utilization of livestock manure resources. Additionally, it furnishes a scientific foundation for farmland application strategies pertaining to livestock manure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrated Soil Management: Food Supply, Environmental Impacts, and Socioeconomic Functions)

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19 pages, 2894 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Impact of Crop Residue, Nutrients, and Soil Moisture on Methane Emissions from Soil under Long-Term Conservation Tillage

by Rajesh Choudhary, Sangeeta Lenka, Dinesh Kumar Yadav, Narendra Kumar Lenka, Rameshwar S. Kanwar, Abhijit Sarkar, Madhumonti Saha, Dharmendra Singh and Tapan Adhikari

Soil Syst. 2024, 8(3), 88; https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems8030088 - 13 Aug 2024

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 4693

Abstract

Greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural production systems are a major area of concern in mitigating climate change. Therefore, a study was conducted to investigate the effects of crop residue, nutrient management, and soil moisture on methane (CH₄) emissions from maize, rice, [...] Read more.

Greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural production systems are a major area of concern in mitigating climate change. Therefore, a study was conducted to investigate the effects of crop residue, nutrient management, and soil moisture on methane (CH₄) emissions from maize, rice, soybean, and wheat production systems. In this study, incubation experiments were conducted with four residue types (maize, rice, soybean, wheat), seven nutrient management treatments {N0P0K0 (no nutrients), N0PK, N100PK, N150PK, N100PK + manure@ 5 Mg ha⁻¹, N100PK + biochar@ 5 Mg ha⁻¹, N150PK+ biochar@ 5 Mg ha⁻¹}, and two soil moisture levels (80% FC, and 60% FC). The results of this study indicated that interactive effects of residue type, nutrient management, and soil moisture significantly affected methane (CH₄) fluxes. After 87 days of incubation, the treatment receiving rice residue with N100PK at 60% FC had the highest cumulative CH₄ mitigation of −19.4 µg C kg⁻¹ soil, and the highest emission of CH₄ was observed in wheat residue application with N0PK at 80% FC (+12.93 µg C kg⁻¹ soil). Nutrient management had mixed effects on CH₄ emissions across residue and soil moisture levels in the following order: N150PK > N0PK > N150PK + biochar > N0P0K0 > N100PK + manure > N100PK + biochar > N100PK. Decreasing soil moisture from 80% FC to 60% FC reduced methane emissions across all residue types and nutrient treatments. Wheat and maize residues exhibited the highest carbon mineralization rates, followed by rice and soybean residues. Nutrient inputs generally decreased residue carbon mineralization. The regression analysis indicated that soil moisture and residue C mineralization were the two dominant predictor variables that estimated 31% of soil methane fluxes in Vertisols. The results of this study show the complexity of methane dynamics and emphasize the importance of integrated crop, nutrient, and soil moisture (irrigation) management strategies that need to be developed to minimize methane emissions from agricultural production systems to mitigate climate change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrated Soil Management: Food Supply, Environmental Impacts, and Socioeconomic Functions)

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27 pages, 1535 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Sustainable Strategy to Boost Legumes Growth under Salinity and Drought Stress in Semi-Arid and Arid Regions

by Roukaya Ben Gaied, Clarisse Brígido, Imed Sbissi and Mohamed Tarhouni

Soil Syst. 2024, 8(3), 84; https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems8030084 - 23 Jul 2024

Cited by 38 | Viewed by 6417

Abstract

The escalating risks of drought and salinization due to climate change and anthropogenic activities are a major global concern. Rhizobium–legume (herb or tree) symbiosis is proposed as an ideal solution for improving soil fertility and rehabilitating arid lands, representing a crucial direction for [...] Read more.

The escalating risks of drought and salinization due to climate change and anthropogenic activities are a major global concern. Rhizobium–legume (herb or tree) symbiosis is proposed as an ideal solution for improving soil fertility and rehabilitating arid lands, representing a crucial direction for future research. Consequently, several studies have focused on enhancing legume tolerance to drought and salinity stresses using various techniques, including molecular-based approaches. These methods, however, are costly, time-consuming, and cause some environmental issues. The multiplicity of beneficial effects of soil microorganisms, particularly plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) or plant-associated microbiomes, can play a crucial role in enhancing legume performance and productivity under harsh environmental conditions in arid zones. PGPB can act directly or indirectly through advanced mechanisms to increase plant water uptake, reduce ion toxicity, and induce plant resilience to osmotic and oxidative stress. For example, rhizobia in symbiosis with legumes can enhance legume growth not only by fixing nitrogen but also by solubilizing phosphates and producing phytohormones, among other mechanisms. This underscores the need to further strengthen research and its application in modern agriculture. In this review, we provide a comprehensive description of the challenges faced by nitrogen-fixing leguminous plants in arid and semi-arid environments, particularly drought and salinity. We highlight the potential benefits of legume–rhizobium symbiosis combined with other PGPB to establish more sustainable agricultural practices in these regions using legume–rhizobium–PGPB partnerships. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Crop Response to Soil and Water Salinity)

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29 pages, 3055 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Liquid Nanoclay: Synthesis and Applications to Transform an Arid Desert into Fertile Land

by Kamel A. Abd-Elsalam, Mirza Abid Mehmood, Muhammad Ashfaq, Toka E. Abdelkhalek, Rawan K. Hassan and Mythili Ravichandran

Soil Syst. 2024, 8(3), 73; https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems8030073 - 27 Jun 2024

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 15097

Abstract

Nanoclay, a processed clay, is utilized in numerous high-performance cement nanocomposites. This clay consists of minerals such as kaolinite, illite, chlorite, and smectite, which are the primary components of raw clay materials formed in the presence of water. In addition to silica, alumina, [...] Read more.

Nanoclay, a processed clay, is utilized in numerous high-performance cement nanocomposites. This clay consists of minerals such as kaolinite, illite, chlorite, and smectite, which are the primary components of raw clay materials formed in the presence of water. In addition to silica, alumina, and water, it also contains various concentrations of inorganic ions like Mg²⁺, Na⁺, and Ca²⁺. These are categorized as hydrous phyllosilicates and can be located either in interlayer spaces or on the planetary surface. Clay minerals are distinguished by their two-dimensional sheets and tetrahedral (SiO₄) and octahedral (Al₂O₃) crystal structures. Different clay minerals are classified based on the presence of tetrahedral and octahedral layers in their structure. These include kaolinite, which has a 1:1 ratio of tetrahedral to octahedral layers, the smectite group of clay minerals and chlorite with a 2:1 ratio. Clay minerals are unique due to their small size, distinct crystal structure, and properties such as high cation exchange capacity, adsorption capacity, specific surface area, and swelling behavior. These characteristics are discussed in this review. The use of nanoclays as nanocarriers for fertilizers boasts a diverse array of materials available in both anionic and cationic variations. Layered double hydroxides (LDH) possess a distinctive capacity for exchanging anions, making them suitable for facilitating the transport of borate, phosphate, and nitrate ions. Liquid nanoclays are used extensively in agriculture, specifically as fertilizers, insecticides, herbicides, and nutrients. These novel nanomaterials have numerous benefits, including improved nutrient use, controlled nutrient release, targeted nutrient delivery, and increased agricultural productivity. Arid regions face distinct challenges like limited water availability, poor soil quality, and reduced productivity. The addition of liquid nanoclay to sandy soil offers a range of benefits that contribute to improved soil quality and environmental sustainability. Liquid nanoclay is being proposed for water management in arid regions, which will necessitate a detailed examination of soil, water availability, and hydrological conditions. Small-scale trial initiatives, engagement with local governments, and regular monitoring are required to fully comprehend its benefits and drawbacks. These developments would increase the practicality and effectiveness of using liquid nanoclay in desert agriculture. Full article

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32 pages, 1155 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Using Date Palm Residues to Improve Soil Properties: The Case of Compost and Biochar

by Victor Kavvadias, Elie Le Guyader, Mohamed El Mazlouzi, Maxime Gommeaux, Belkacem Boumaraf, Mohamed Moussa, Hafouda Lamine, Mahtali Sbih, Ines Rahma Zoghlami, Kamel Guimeur, Aissa Tirichine, Abid Adelfettah, Beatrice Marin and Xavier Morvan

Soil Syst. 2024, 8(3), 69; https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems8030069 - 24 Jun 2024

Cited by 36 | Viewed by 14892

Abstract

Agricultural residues are generated during the production and processing of agricultural crops. Under modern date palm plantation practices, field operations generate huge quantities of residues, which are discarded with little valorization. The date palm agro-industry produces significant amounts of waste. The accumulation of [...] Read more.

Agricultural residues are generated during the production and processing of agricultural crops. Under modern date palm plantation practices, field operations generate huge quantities of residues, which are discarded with little valorization. The date palm agro-industry produces significant amounts of waste. The accumulation of these residues can cause ecological damage to the oasis ecosystems. There is a lack of comprehensive data on long-term research studies that aim to assess the impact of date palm waste management practices. Composting and/or pyrolysis of date palm residues showed benefits for improving soil physical and chemical properties, particularly in sandy soils. This claim holds particular significance for arid and semi-arid regions, which are characterized by low fertility and are susceptible to soil degradation, accentuated by ongoing climate change. This review summarizes the existing literature concerning the valorization of date palm residues with regards to compost and pyrolysis processes, as well as the impact of their application on soil quality. Further research is required to assess the effects of using date palm residues for better soil amendment management. Research should focus on composting and biochar technologies for date palm residues and their application in arid and semi-arid regions to combat soil erosion and degradation. Increasing the beneficial uses of date palm residues could lead to sustainable and economic growth in dry areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Bioremediation)

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19 pages, 8003 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Economic and Environmental Assessment of Variable Rate Nitrogen Application in Potato by Fusion of Online Visible and Near Infrared (Vis-NIR) and Remote Sensing Data

by Muhammad Qaswar, Danyal Bustan and Abdul Mounem Mouazen

Soil Syst. 2024, 8(2), 66; https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems8020066 - 14 Jun 2024

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4667

Abstract

Addressing within-field spatial variability for nitrogen (N) management to avoid over and under-use of nitrogen is crucial for optimizing crop productivity and ensuring environmental sustainability. In this study, we investigated the economic, environmental, and agronomic benefits of variable rate nitrogen application in potato [...] Read more.

Addressing within-field spatial variability for nitrogen (N) management to avoid over and under-use of nitrogen is crucial for optimizing crop productivity and ensuring environmental sustainability. In this study, we investigated the economic, environmental, and agronomic benefits of variable rate nitrogen application in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). An online visible and near-infrared (vis-NIR) spectroscopy sensor was utilized to predict soil moisture content (MC), pH, total organic carbon (TOC), extractable phosphorus (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), and cation exchange capacity (CEC) using a partial least squares regression (PLSR) models. The crop’s normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) from Sentinel-2 satellite images was incorporated into online measured soil data to derive fertility management zones (MZs) maps after homogenous raster and clustering analyses. The MZs maps were categorized into high fertile (VR-H), medium–high fertile (VR-MH), medium–low fertile (VR-ML), and low fertile (VR-L) zones. A parallel strip experiment compared variable rate nitrogen (VR-N) with uniform rate (UR) treatments, adjusting nitrogen levels based on fertility zones as 50% less for VR-H, 25% less for VR-MH, 25% more for VR-ML, and 50% more for VR-L zones compared to the UR treatment. The results showed that the VR-H zone received a 50% reduction in N fertilizer input and demonstrated a significantly higher crop yield compared to the UR treatment. This implies a potential reduction in negative environmental impact by lowering fertilizer costs while maintaining robust crop yields. In total, the VR-N treatment received an additional 1.2 Kg/ha of nitrogen input, resulting in a crop yield increase of 1.89 tons/ha. The relative gross margin for the VR-N treatment compared to the UR treatment is 374.83 EUR/ha, indicating substantial profitability for the farmer. To further optimize environmental benefits and profitability, additional research is needed to explore site-specific applications of all farm resources through precision agricultural technologies. Full article

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15 pages, 4661 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Fractions of Organic Matter and Soil Carbon Balance in Different Phases of an Agroforestry System in the Cerrado: A Ten-Year Field Assessment

by Juscelina Arcanjo dos Santos, Anselmo de Deus dos Santos, Camila Rodrigues Costa, Alyson Silva de Araujo, Gilberto Gonçalves Leite, Thais Rodrigues Coser and Cícero Célio de Figueiredo

Soil Syst. 2024, 8(2), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems8020044 - 10 Apr 2024

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 5195

Abstract

Integrated production systems composed of trees, crops and pastures have shown good results in improving soil quality and the capacity to store carbon in the soil, being efficient in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. Despite this, changes in carbon stocks and soil organic matter [...] Read more.

Integrated production systems composed of trees, crops and pastures have shown good results in improving soil quality and the capacity to store carbon in the soil, being efficient in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. Despite this, changes in carbon stocks and soil organic matter fractions in the initial stages of implementing an agroforestry system remain unclear. This study evaluated the carbon balance and the dynamics of soil organic matter fractions in an agroforestry system conducted over a decade. Total carbon, labile carbon, carbon from particulate organic matter, organic carbon associated with minerals and inert carbon were determined at depths 0–10 cm, 10–20 cm and 20–40 cm. Soil carbon stocks were also estimated for the 0–40 cm depth. Total carbon increased in the agroforestry system compared with a low-productivity pasture. The total carbon stock in the last growing season (68.57 Mg ha⁻¹) was close to the original soil stocks under native Cerrado vegetation (76.5 Mg ha⁻¹). After 10 years, there was a positive balance in the soil carbon stock of both the total carbon and the soil organic matter fractions. The successional agroforestry system is a good alternative to increasing soil total carbon stocks and labile and non-labile fractions of soil organic matter. Full article

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20 pages, 11131 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Soil-Forming Factors of High-Elevation Mountains along the East African Rift Valley: The Case of the Mount Guna Volcano, Ethiopia

by Mekonnen Getahun Sisay, Enyew Adgo Tsegaye, Alemayehu Regassa Tolossa, Jan Nyssen, Amaury Frankl, Eric Van Ranst and Stefaan Dondeyne

Soil Syst. 2024, 8(2), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems8020038 - 24 Mar 2024

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 6123

Abstract

The soils of the high-elevation mountains along the East African Rift Valley are poorly understood. Assessing the potential of soils for agriculture, climate change mitigation, and environmental functioning requires insight into how they relate to the factors influencing soil formation. Between 3000 and [...] Read more.

The soils of the high-elevation mountains along the East African Rift Valley are poorly understood. Assessing the potential of soils for agriculture, climate change mitigation, and environmental functioning requires insight into how they relate to the factors influencing soil formation. Between 3000 and 4120 m a.s.l., 85 soil profiles of Mount Guna were described and sampled. Standard physicochemical analyses were done on all pedons. Additionally, X-ray diffraction, Al_ox and Fe_ox content, and P fixation were performed on six selected profiles. Soils on Mount Guna included Andosols, Phaeozems, Leptosols, Regosols, Cambisols, Luvisols, and Vertisols. With increasing elevation, clay content, bulk density, and pH decreased while the C:N ratio remained constant. In contrast, sand, silt, silt-to-clay ratio, SOC, Ntotal, and SOCS increased. With a factor analysis, the soil-forming factors’ elevation/climate could be disentangled from the factor’s parent material as these affect topsoil and subsoil differently. In the ordination based on climate/elevation and parent material, Andosols and Vertisols stood out while other Reference Soil Groups (RSG) showed indistinct patterns. Soil erosion appeared as an additional soil-forming factor not accounted for by the factor analysis. The distribution of the RSG was significantly associated with elevation belts (p < 0.001), lithology (p < 0.001), and landcover (p < 0.003). On the summital ridge, the Andosols were crucial for groundwater storage due to high precipitation. Shallow and stony soils in the mid-elevation belt contributed to runoff generation. Average soil carbon stock ranged from 8.1 to 11 kg C m⁻² in the topsoil and from 29.2 to 31.9 kg C m⁻² in the upper meter, emphasizing the global importance of high-elevation areas for carbon sequestration. Full article

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26 pages, 3273 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Soil Contamination by Heavy Metals and Radionuclides and Related Bioremediation Techniques: A Review

by Yelizaveta Chernysh, Viktoriia Chubur, Iryna Ablieieva, Polina Skvortsova, Olena Yakhnenko, Maksym Skydanenko, Leonid Plyatsuk and Hynek Roubík

Soil Syst. 2024, 8(2), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems8020036 - 22 Mar 2024

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 10829

Abstract

The migration of heavy metals and radionuclides is interrelated, and this study focusses on the interaction and complex influence of various toxicants. The rehabilitation of radioactively contaminated territories has a complex character and is based on scientifically supported measures to restore industrial, economic, [...] Read more.

The migration of heavy metals and radionuclides is interrelated, and this study focusses on the interaction and complex influence of various toxicants. The rehabilitation of radioactively contaminated territories has a complex character and is based on scientifically supported measures to restore industrial, economic, and sociopsychological relations. We aim for the achievement of pre-emergency levels of hygienic norms of radioactive contamination of output products. This, in its sum, allows for further economic activity in these territories without restrictions on the basis of natural actions of autoremediation. Biosorption technologies based on bacterial biomass remain a promising direction for the remediation of soils contaminated with radionuclides and heavy metals that help immobilise and consolidate contaminants. A comprehensive understanding of the biosorption capacity of various preparations allows for the selection of more effective techniques for the elimination of contaminants, as well as the overcoming of differences between laboratory results and industrial use. Observation and monitoring make it possible to evaluate the migration process of heavy metals and radionuclides and identify regions with a disturbed balance of harmful substances. The promising direction of the soil application of phosphogypsum, a by-product of the chemical industry, in bioremediation processes is considered. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Heavy Metals in Soils and Sediments)

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14 pages, 1633 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Combined Effects of Rice Husk Biochar and Organic Manures on Soil Chemical Properties and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Two Different Paddy Soils

by War War Mon, Yo Toma and Hideto Ueno

Soil Syst. 2024, 8(1), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems8010032 - 10 Mar 2024

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 8524

Abstract

The application of biochar is considered an alternative amendment strategy for improving soil fertility. In this study, we performed pot experiments using soils of low and medium fertility to assess the effects of different combinations of biochar and organic manure on the chemical [...] Read more.

The application of biochar is considered an alternative amendment strategy for improving soil fertility. In this study, we performed pot experiments using soils of low and medium fertility to assess the effects of different combinations of biochar and organic manure on the chemical properties of paddy rice soils and determined the best combination to improve the grain yield without increasing N₂O and CH₄ emissions. The applied treatments were without biochar (control), the application of rice husk biochar alone (5 and 10 t ha⁻¹), and biochar combined with chicken or cow manure. The results indicated that for both soils, the application of 5 t ha⁻¹ biochar combined with 5 t ha⁻¹ chicken manure increased grain yield by improving soil total nitrogen and soil NH₄⁺-N without increasing cumulative N₂O and CH₄ emissions. Multiple regression analysis showed that when combined with biochar, chicken manure significantly contributed to a higher grain yield and was negatively associated with cumulative CH₄, N₂O emissions, and total GWP. Furthermore, regardless of soil type, combined applications of biochar and cow manure promoted significant increases in soil available P. Our findings indicate that the C/N ratio of organic manure influences CH₄ fluxes, and soil type was identified as a factor driving greenhouse gas emissions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Fertilizer Technologies and Use to Improve Nutrient Efficiency and Minimize Environmental Impacts)

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15 pages, 1149 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Integrating United Nations Sustainable Development Goals in Soil Science Education

by Elena A. Mikhailova, Christopher J. Post and Davis G. Nelson

Soil Syst. 2024, 8(1), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems8010029 - 29 Feb 2024

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5092

Abstract

The United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) offer an opportunity to improve soil science education on sustainability because they provide specific context to educate faculty and students from various disciplines, including Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) about SDGs. Soil science is [...] Read more.

The United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) offer an opportunity to improve soil science education on sustainability because they provide specific context to educate faculty and students from various disciplines, including Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) about SDGs. Soil science is a STEM discipline with a wide range of applications in the SDGs. The objectives of this study were to use a matrix approach (framework for presenting options for discussion and implementation) to integrate SDGs into an existing introductory soil science course taught to undergraduate students from different STEM fields (environmental and natural resources; wildlife biology; and forestry). The course was enriched with a lecture on SDGs and students were asked to link soil properties and class activities to specific SDGs. A post-assessment survey revealed an increase in students’ familiarity with SDGs, and their relevance to soil properties and course activities. Students acknowledged the importance of soils and individual actions for achieving the SDGs. There was an overall increase in student familiarity (+59.4%) with SDGs. Most students agreed (46.7%) and strongly agreed (23.3%) that the course activities were an effective way to learn about SDGs with examples from soil science. Identified learning gaps in subject matter found through the surveys on SDGs were clarified during later classroom discussions. The advantage of this teaching approach is that it seamlessly integrates SDGs with existing course materials while relying on students’ critical thinking skills to effectively analyze soil science information and form a judgement on how it relates to SDGs. Full article

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17 pages, 2741 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effects of Agricultural Expansion on Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Stocks in the Amazon Deforestation Arc

by Jorge Cardoso de Azevedo, Abmael da Silva Cardoso, Nauara Moura Lage Filho, Cristian Faturi, Thiago Carvalho da Silva, Felipe Nogueira Domingues, Vladimir Eliodoro Costa, Ana Cláudia Ruggieri, Ricardo Andrade Reis and Aníbal Coutinho do Rêgo

Soil Syst. 2024, 8(1), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems8010025 - 19 Feb 2024

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5490

Abstract

Typical successions in land use affect the dynamics of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) in the soil. This study aimed to determine the effects of land use change on soil organic carbon and N content and stocks in pastures, crops, and forests in [...] Read more.

Typical successions in land use affect the dynamics of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) in the soil. This study aimed to determine the effects of land use change on soil organic carbon and N content and stocks in pastures, crops, and forests in the Amazon. Soil C and N stocks were assessed at depths of 30 and 100 cm to determine ¹³C isotopic abundance. The concentrations of C and N in crops were lower (p < 0.05) than those in other land use types. Soil organic C and soil N stocks for pasture (67.6, 144.8, 5.7, and 13.3) and forest (77.1, 137.5, 6.3, and 13.8) systems were similar, but greater than those of the crop area (36.4, 63.9, 3.0, and 6.0), regardless of depth (30 and 100 cm for C and N). Land use change for pastures in the Arc of Deforestation region of the Amazon maintains SOC and N stocks in the soil and is more sustainable than the agricultural system with black pepper, as long as the conditions of soil, climate, and cultivation are similar. Part of the C3-derived carbon from the forest was replaced by C4-derived C from grasses at soil depths up to 100 cm. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Land Use and Management on Soil Properties and Processes)

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25 pages, 9107 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Using Various Models for Predicting Soil Organic Carbon Based on DRIFT-FTIR and Chemical Analysis

by Fatma N. Thabit, Osama I. A. Negim, Mohamed A. E. AbdelRahman, Antonio Scopa and Ali R. A. Moursy

Soil Syst. 2024, 8(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems8010022 - 7 Feb 2024

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 8254

Abstract

Soil organic carbon (SOC) is a crucial factor influencing soil quality and fertility. In this particular investigation, we aimed to explore the possibility of using diffuse reflectance infrared fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFT-FTIR) in conjunction with machine-learning models, such as partial least squares regression [...] Read more.

Soil organic carbon (SOC) is a crucial factor influencing soil quality and fertility. In this particular investigation, we aimed to explore the possibility of using diffuse reflectance infrared fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFT-FTIR) in conjunction with machine-learning models, such as partial least squares regression (PLSR), artificial neural networks (ANN), support vector regression (SVR) and random forest (RF), to estimate SOC in Sohag, Egypt. To achieve this, we collected a total of ninety surface soil samples from various locations in Sohag and estimated the total organic carbon content using both the Walkley-Black method and DRIFT-FTIR spectroscopy. Subsequently, we used the spectral data to develop regression models using PLSR, ANN, SVR, and RF. To evaluate the performance of these models, we used several evaluation parameters, including root mean square error (RMSE), coefficient of determination (R²), and ratio of performance deviation (RPD). Our survey results revealed that the PLSR model had the most favorable performance, yielding an R² value of 0.82 and an RMSE of 0.006%. In contrast, the ANN, SVR, and RF models demonstrated moderate to poor performance, with R² values of 0.53, 0.27, and 0.18, respectively. Overall, our study highlights the potential of combining DRIFT-FTIR spectroscopy with multivariate analysis techniques to predict SOC in Sohag, Egypt. However, additional studies and research are needed to improve the accuracy or predictability of machine-learning models incorporated into DRIFT-FTIR analysis and to compare DRIFT-FTIR analysis techniques with conventional soil chemical measurements. Full article

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18 pages, 2613 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Exploring the Combined Effects of Different Nitrogen Sources and Chabazite Zeolite-Tuff on Nitrogen Dynamics in an Acidic Sandy-Loam Soil

by Giacomo Ferretti, Matteo Alberghini, Giulio Galamini, Valeria Medoro, Barbara Faccini, Silvia Balzan and Massimo Coltorti

Soil Syst. 2024, 8(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems8010016 - 26 Jan 2024

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3293

Abstract

Volcanic tuffs rich in chabazite zeolites have been extensively examined for their potential to enhance soil properties and increase fertilizer efficiency, both in their natural state and when enriched with nitrogen (N). However, there is a scarcity of data regarding their utilization in [...] Read more.

Volcanic tuffs rich in chabazite zeolites have been extensively examined for their potential to enhance soil properties and increase fertilizer efficiency, both in their natural state and when enriched with nitrogen (N). However, there is a scarcity of data regarding their utilization in acidic sandy soil, particularly when used alongside organic fertilizers. This paper presents the findings of a 50-day laboratory incubation study that investigated the dynamics of N pools in an acidic sandy-loam agricultural soil treated with various N sources. These sources included urea, N-enriched chabazite zeolite tuff, and pelleted composted manure applied at a rate of 170 kg N/ha. Additionally, the N sources were tested in combination with chabazite zeolite tuff mixed into the soil to assess its role as a soil conditioner. The results revealed distinct behaviours among the tested N sources, primarily impacting soil pH and N dynamics. Soil fertilized with manure exhibited slow N mineralization, whereas N-enriched zeolite displayed a more balanced behaviour concerning net NO₃⁻-N production and NH₄⁺-N consumption. Both N-enriched zeolite and urea temporarily altered the soil pH, resembling a “liming” effect, while pelleted manure facilitated a prolonged shift towards neutral pH values. Considering the water adsorption capacity of zeolite minerals, caution is advised when adjusting water content and employing combustion methods to measure soil organic matter in zeolite-treated soil to avoid potential inaccuracies. In summary, N-enriched chabazite zeolite tuff emerged as a valuable N source in acidic sandy-loam soil, offering a promising alternative to synthetic fertilizers and showcasing a sustainable means of N recycling. Full article

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34 pages, 1048 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Soil Phytomining: Recent Developments—A Review

by Christos Kikis, Georgios Thalassinos and Vasileios Antoniadis

Soil Syst. 2024, 8(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems8010008 - 8 Jan 2024

Cited by 38 | Viewed by 16560

Abstract

Phytomining (PM) is defined as the process of using plants capable of bio-extracting metals from soil in order to explore them economically. This relatively new, innovative method has been gathering significant attention in both the academic and commercial domains. Conventional mining methods are [...] Read more.

Phytomining (PM) is defined as the process of using plants capable of bio-extracting metals from soil in order to explore them economically. This relatively new, innovative method has been gathering significant attention in both the academic and commercial domains. Conventional mining methods are often economically unviable when applied to lean ores, and they can lead to secondary pollution in soil—a situation that applies to all excavated metals. On the other hand, PM is an environmentally friendly and economically viable solution that addresses the growing demands for metal resources, while simultaneously contributing to energy production by harnessing biomass energy. This comprehensive review presents the current PM techniques, challenges, and the hyperaccumulator plant species that may be used for the extraction of the main targeted elements in the process. Typically, the targeted metals are those of economic value, which can later be deposited or sold to various industries. This review also analyzes the factors influencing the economic viability of PM and proposes potential enhancements. Undeniably, PM offers the opportunity for economically sustainable exploration of metal-rich soils, but its full commercial viability remains constrained under current conditions as scientists are actively searching for the identification and utilization of new hyperaccumulator plant species in different locations worldwide, while creating new relationships and business avenues within the mining industry. Overall, this review highlights the current status of PM technology and the plants used, emphasizing the need for further research to enhance its commercial implementation and its potential to assist the mining industry. We conclude that PM, although a relatively new and unexplored concept, may provide economic and environmental benefits to soil end-users and managers who must cultivate on metal-contaminated soils as PM may turn yield shortages (of specific commercial crops) to benefits if high-yield hyperaccumulators are cultivated for industrial valorization of their high metal-content biomass. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Heavy Metals in Soils and Sediments)

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11 pages, 1474 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Tillage and Cover Crop Systems Alter Soil Particle Size Distribution in Raised-Bed-and-Furrow Row-Crop Agroecosystems

by Alayna A. Jacobs, Rachel Stout Evans, Jon K. Allison, William L. Kingery, Rebecca L. McCulley and Kristofor R. Brye

Soil Syst. 2024, 8(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems8010006 - 5 Jan 2024

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2997

Abstract

Conservation alternatives that include no-tillage (NT) and cover crops (CCs) reduce soil erosion in row-crop agroecosystems. However, little information is available about how these alternatives affect soil textural properties responsible for soil fertility. This study evaluated the soil particle size distribution and volumetric [...] Read more.

Conservation alternatives that include no-tillage (NT) and cover crops (CCs) reduce soil erosion in row-crop agroecosystems. However, little information is available about how these alternatives affect soil textural properties responsible for soil fertility. This study evaluated the soil particle size distribution and volumetric water content after three years of consistent management in a raised bed system. There were four treatment systems in a dryland maize/soybean rotation on a silt loam soil (Oxyaquic Fraglossudalfs) that included: NT + CCs, conventional tillage (CT) + CCs, CT + winter weeds, and CT + bare soil in winter in northwest Mississippi. The NT + CC system retained 62% more coarse sand in the furrow than the other systems (2.1% compared to 1.3%; p = 0.02). Regardless of the location, the NT + CC system (2.5%) retained 39% more fine sand than the CT + CC system (1.8%; p = 0.01), suggesting that coarse and fine sands were being trapped in furrows combining NT + CC systems, minimizing their off-site transport. In furrows, CCs increased soil volumetric water content by 47% compared to other winter covers. In beds, NT + CCs increased bed water contents by 20% compared to CT + CCs (17.1 to 14.3%; p < 0.01). Implementing conservation alternatives may promote the retention of sand fractions in silty loam soils that are important in supporting soil fertility and crop sustainability. Full article

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