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23 pages, 4214 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impacts of Ethanol and Freeze–Thaw Cycling on Arsenic Mobility in a Contaminated Boreal Wetland

by Joseph Radford, Kimber E. Munford, Nadia Mykytczuk and Susan Glasauer

Soil Syst. 2025, 9(2), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems9020037 - 21 Apr 2025

Viewed by 215

Abstract

Pyrite-bearing waste rock from legacy gold mines is a source of elevated arsenic, sulfate, and iron in the surrounding environments due to leaching. Waste rock in environments that experience cold winters is of particular concern because freeze–thaw cycling may mobilize elements through degradation [...] Read more.

Pyrite-bearing waste rock from legacy gold mines is a source of elevated arsenic, sulfate, and iron in the surrounding environments due to leaching. Waste rock in environments that experience cold winters is of particular concern because freeze–thaw cycling may mobilize elements through degradation and release of organic matter and accelerated mineral weathering. In boreal zones, wetlands are common recipients of mine-waste run-off, and microbial processes in wetland soil may promote the retention of mobilized elements, such as arsenic. We investigated the impacts of freeze–thaw cycling and ethanol amendment on soil from an arsenic-contaminated wetland in anoxic microcosms. Ethanol-amended microcosms exhibited enhanced microbial sulfate reduction, leading to sulfide precipitation and increased retention of arsenic in the soil. Sequential extraction studies indicated a shift of arsenic into more stable sulfide-bound fractions. The addition of ethanol significantly increased the growth of Geobacter spp. and other select sulfate-reducing bacteria. Freeze–thaw cycling increased dissolved arsenic over short time periods only and had no detectable impacts on microbial activity. These findings suggest that the use of ethanol as an amendment to wetlands during spring thaw may enhance arsenic sequestration in mining-impacted soils and may provide a viable remediation strategy for cold-climate environments, where seasonal freeze–thaw cycling could otherwise contribute to arsenic mobilization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Bioremediation)

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21 pages, 1595 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Soil Chemical Variation Along a Four-Decade Time Series of Reclaimed Water Amendments in Northern Idaho Forests

by Temesgen G. Wedajo, Eureka Joshi, Ruifang Hu, Daniel G. Strawn and Mark D. Coleman

Soil Syst. 2025, 9(2), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems9020032 - 3 Apr 2025

Viewed by 440

Abstract

Application of municipal reclaimed water to forests for water reclamation is a pragmatic approach that provides water and nutrients to soil and lowers the liability of reclaimed water disposal, yet little is known about the long-term impacts of reclaimed water amendment on forest [...] Read more.

Application of municipal reclaimed water to forests for water reclamation is a pragmatic approach that provides water and nutrients to soil and lowers the liability of reclaimed water disposal, yet little is known about the long-term impacts of reclaimed water amendment on forest soil chemical properties. We hypothesized that reclaimed water constituents will increase plant nutrient availability in soil with the magnitude of response depending on the facility establishment date. We collected samples from three mineral soil depths to 75 cm from treated and control plots at five water reuse facilities that represent a four-decade time series. Depth explained most of the observed variation. Several plant nutrients increased in soil at the different sites in response to reclaimed water treatments, including N, Ca, Fe, S, and B concentration as well as B content, while P was not significantly affected. Increases in cation concentrations positively correlated with pH and salinity. The treatment response was significantly greater at all facilities for total N, B and Na. However, the treatment response only occurred at long-established facilities for NO₃-N and Ca concentrations and for Fe and S content. The outcomes of this study are useful for guiding future management of soil at forest water reclamation facilities and for limiting the risk of downstream environmental impacts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Bioremediation)

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13 pages, 529 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Use of Biochar and Industrial Hemp for Remediation of Heavy-Metal-Contaminated Soil: Root Uptake and Translocations for Cd, Pb, and Zn

by Sophie Sward, Kristofor R. Brye, David M. Miller and Dietrich V. Thurston

Soil Syst. 2025, 9(2), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems9020029 - 28 Mar 2025

Viewed by 461

Abstract

Phytoremediation has been reported as a more energy-efficient, and therefore cost-effective, method of environmental restoration compared to traditional remediation methods for heavy-metal-contaminated soils. Biochar has been shown to have variable effects on remediation potential in heavy-metal-contaminated soils. The objective of this study was [...] Read more.

Phytoremediation has been reported as a more energy-efficient, and therefore cost-effective, method of environmental restoration compared to traditional remediation methods for heavy-metal-contaminated soils. Biochar has been shown to have variable effects on remediation potential in heavy-metal-contaminated soils. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of soil contamination level (i.e., low, medium, and high), industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) cultivar (i.e., ‘Carmagnola’ and ‘Jinma’), biochar rate (i.e., 0, 2, 5, and 10% by volume), and their interactions on root tissue Cd, Pb, and Zn concentrations and uptakes; whole-plant Cd, Pb, and Zn uptakes; and translocation factors after 90 days of hemp growth in contaminated soil from the Tar Creek Superfund Site near Picher, Oklahoma. Hemp removal of Cd, Pb, and Zn differed between soil contamination levels (p < 0.01), but was unaffected (p > 0.05) by the hemp cultivar or biochar rate, except for total Zn uptake. Total Zn uptake was affected (p = 0.02) by the biochar rate in the medium- and high-contaminated soils, where total plant Zn uptake in the high-contaminated soil was numerically the largest with 10% biochar (0.28 mg cm⁻²) and in the medium-contaminated soil was numerically the largest with 2% biochar (0.07 mg cm⁻²), but was unaffected (p > 0.05) by the biochar rate in the low-contaminated soil. The translocation factor for Zn uptake in the low and medium soils was >1, indicating industrial hemp as a potential Zn hyper-accumulator up to a threshold soil contamination level. Results demonstrate that biochar amendment has the potential to enhance hemp’s remediation capability of heavy-metal-contaminated soils. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Bioremediation)

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30 pages, 3426 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Industrial Hemp Cultivar and Biochar Rate to Remediate Heavy-Metal-Contaminated Soil from the Tar Creek Superfund Site, USA

by Dietrich V. Thurston, Kristofor R. Brye, David M. Miller, Philip A. Moore, Jr., Donald M. Johnson and Mike Richardson

Soil Syst. 2024, 8(4), 114; https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems8040114 - 8 Nov 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1324

Abstract

Soil contamination by cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) at the Tar Creek superfund site in northeast Oklahoma, United States, remains a threat to the environment and local ecosystem. Phytoremediation with industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) and the use of biochar [...] Read more.

Soil contamination by cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) at the Tar Creek superfund site in northeast Oklahoma, United States, remains a threat to the environment and local ecosystem. Phytoremediation with industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) and the use of biochar (BC) have been independently shown to be effective methods to remediate heavy-metal-contaminated soils. The objective of this greenhouse study was to evaluate the effects of industrial hemp cultivar (‘Carmagnola’ and ‘Jinma’), biochar rate (0, 2, 5, and 10% by volume), soil contamination level (low, medium, and high), and their interactions on above- (AG) and belowground dry matter (DM) and AG tissue concentrations, as well as uptakes of Cd, Pb, and Zn after 90 days of growth in naturally contaminated soils from the Tar Creek superfund site. Aboveground DM was the largest (p < 0.01) in the low- (0.06 g cm⁻²) and smallest in the high-contaminated soil (0.03 g cm⁻²), and was unaffected (p > 0.05) by cultivar or BC rate. Averaged across BC rates, AG tissue Pb and Zn concentrations from the high-’Carmagnola’ and -’Jinma’ combinations were at least 2.4 times greater than from the other four soil–cultivar combinations. Averaged across cultivars, AG tissue Pb uptake in the high-5 and high-10% BC combinations were at least 2.7 times greater than in the high-0 and high-5% BC combinations, which did not differ. The results indicated that both ‘Carmagnola’ and ‘Jinma’ may be suitable choices for phytoremediation of mixed Cd-, Pb-, and Zn-contaminated soil when grown in combination with 5 or 10% (v/v) BC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Bioremediation)

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17 pages, 3247 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Screening of As-Resistant Bacterial Strains from the Bulk Soil and the Rhizosphere of Mycorrhizal Pteris vittata Cultivated in an Industrial Multi-Polluted Site

by Giorgia Novello, Elisa Gamalero, Patrizia Cesaro, Daniela Campana, Simone Cantamessa, Nadia Massa, Graziella Berta, Guido Lingua and Elisa Bona

Soil Syst. 2024, 8(3), 87; https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems8030087 - 3 Aug 2024

Viewed by 1122

Abstract

Arsenic (As) contamination poses significant environmental and health concerns globally, particularly in regions with high exposure levels due to anthropogenic activities. As phytoremediation, particularly through the hyperaccumulator fern Pteris vittata, offers a promising approach to mitigate arsenic pollution. Bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi [...] Read more.

Arsenic (As) contamination poses significant environmental and health concerns globally, particularly in regions with high exposure levels due to anthropogenic activities. As phytoremediation, particularly through the hyperaccumulator fern Pteris vittata, offers a promising approach to mitigate arsenic pollution. Bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi colonizing P. vittata roots are involved in As metabolism and resistance and plant growth promotion under stressful conditions. A total of 45 bacterial strains were isolated from bulk soil and the rhizosphere of mycorrhizal P. vittata growing in an industrial As-polluted site. Bacteria were characterized by their plant-beneficial traits, tolerance to sodium arsenate and arsenite, and the occurrence of As-resistant genes. This study highlights differences between the culturable fraction of the microbiota associated with the rhizosphere of mycorrhizal P. vittata plants and the bulk soil. Moreover, several strains showing arsenate tolerance up to 600 mM were isolated. All the bacterial strains possessed arsC genes, and about 70% of them showed arrA genes involved in the anaerobic arsenate respiration pathway. The possible exploitation of such bacterial strains in strategies devoted to the assisted phytoremediation of arsenic highlights the importance of such a study in order to develop effective in situ phytoremediation strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Bioremediation)

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16 pages, 2329 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Biosolids-Derived Biochar on the Remediation and Ecotoxicity of Diesel-Impacted Soil

by Charles Chinyere Dike, Christian Krohn, Leadin S. Khudur, Alka Rani Batra, Mac-Anthony Nnorom, Aravind Surapaneni, Kalpit Shah and Andrew S. Ball

Soil Syst. 2024, 8(2), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems8020040 - 3 Apr 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2234

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the impact of biosolids-derived biochar on the remediation of Australian soil contaminated with diesel while investigating the role of biochar in the remediation. To achieve the latter aim, sodium azide (NaN₃) was added to a separate [...] Read more.

This study aimed to investigate the impact of biosolids-derived biochar on the remediation of Australian soil contaminated with diesel while investigating the role of biochar in the remediation. To achieve the latter aim, sodium azide (NaN₃) was added to a separate biochar treatment (BN) to alter the bacterial community structure. Biochar (B) reduced detectable hydrocarbons by 2353 mg/kg compared to the control (C) treatment at week 24. However, the BN treatment reduced the hydrocarbon concentration by 3827 and 6180 mg/kg, relative to B and C, respectively. Soil toxicity significantly decreased at week 24 compared to the start of the remediation in B, but not in the control. Biochar and control treatments generally showed a similar bacterial community structure throughout the incubation, while the bacterial community structure in BN differed significantly. Biodegradation was found to play a significant role in hydrocarbon removal, as the variation in the bacteria community coincided with differences in hydrocarbon removal between B and BN. The increased removal of hydrocarbons in the BN treatment relative to B coincided with increased and reduced relative abundances of Gordonia and JG30-KF-CM45 genera, respectively. This study showed that NaN₃ led to a transient and selective inhibition of bacteria. This study makes an important contribution towards understanding the use of NaN₃ in examining the role of biochar in the remediation of diesel-contaminated soil. Overall, we conclude that biochar has the potential to enhance the remediation of diesel-contaminated soil and that biodegradation is the dominant mechanism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Bioremediation)

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21 pages, 2737 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Remediation of Leachate-Metal-Contaminated Soil Using Selected Bacterial Consortia

by Chijioke Emenike, Patricia Omo-Okoro, Agamuthu Pariatamby, Jayanthi Barasarathi and Fauziah Shahul Hamid

Soil Syst. 2024, 8(1), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems8010033 - 13 Mar 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2581

Abstract

Approximately 95% of urban solid waste worldwide is disposed of in landfills. About 14 million metric tonnes of this municipal solid waste are disposed of in landfills every year in Malaysia, illustrating the importance of landfills. Landfill leachate is a liquid that is [...] Read more.

Approximately 95% of urban solid waste worldwide is disposed of in landfills. About 14 million metric tonnes of this municipal solid waste are disposed of in landfills every year in Malaysia, illustrating the importance of landfills. Landfill leachate is a liquid that is generated when precipitation percolates through waste disposed of in a landfill. High concentrations of heavy metal(loid)s, organic matter that has been dissolved and/or suspended, and inorganic substances, including phosphorus, ammonium, and sulphate, are present in landfill leachate. Globally, there is an urgent need for efficient remediation strategies for leachate-metal-contaminated soils. The present study expatiates on the physicochemical conditions and heavy metal(loid)s’ concentrations present in leachate samples obtained from four landfills in Malaysia, namely, Air Hitam Sanitary Landfill, Jeram Sanitary landfill, Bukit Beruntung landfill, and Taman Beringin Landfill, and explores bioaugmentation for the remediation of leachate-metal-contaminated soil. Leachate samples (replicates) were taken from all four landfills. Heavy metal(loids) in the collected leachate samples were quantified using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The microbial strains used for bioaugmentation were isolated from the soil sample collected from Taman Beringin Landfill. X-ray fluorescence spectrometry was used to analyze heavy metal(loid)s in the soil, prior to the isolation of microbes. The results of the present study show that the treatments inoculated with the isolated bacteria had greater potential for bioremediation than the control experiment. Of the nine isolated microbial strains, the treatment regimen involving only three strains (all Gram-positive bacteria) exhibited the highest removal efficiency for heavy metal(loid)s, as observed from most of the results. With regard to new findings, a significant outcome from the present study is that selectively blended microbial species are more effective in the remediation of leachate-metal-contaminated soil, in comparison to a treatment containing a higher number of microbial species and therefore increased diversity. Although the leachate and soil samples were collected from Malaysia, there is a global appeal for the bioremediation strategy applied in this study. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Bioremediation)

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14 pages, 4770 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Potential of Calabash (Lagenaria siceraria) and Sweet Potato (Solanum tuberosum) for the Remediation of Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane-Contaminated Soils in Tanzania

by Hamisi J. Tindwa and Bal Ram Singh

Soil Syst. 2024, 8(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems8010001 - 21 Dec 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2047

Abstract

A study was conducted to test the potential of calabash, sweet potato, pumpkin, simsim and finger millet to phytoaccumulate dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolites from NHC Morogoro- and PPO Tengeru-contaminated sites. Parallel field and screenhouse-potted soil experiments were performed to assess the efficacy [...] Read more.

A study was conducted to test the potential of calabash, sweet potato, pumpkin, simsim and finger millet to phytoaccumulate dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolites from NHC Morogoro- and PPO Tengeru-contaminated sites. Parallel field and screenhouse-potted soil experiments were performed to assess the efficacy with which the test plants phytoaccumulate DDT from the soil. In the screenhouse experiment, treatments were laid out following a split-plot arrangement in a completely randomized design (CRD), with the main plots comprising two DDT concentration levels–low (417 mg kg⁻¹) or high (2308 mg kg⁻¹)—and the plant species Cucurbita pepo, Lagenaria siceraria, Ipomoea batatus, Sesamum indicum and Eleusine coracana were considered as subplots. A field experiment with the same crop species as the treatments was laid out in a randomized complete block design, and both experiments were performed in triplicate. In addition to determining the concentration of persistent organic pesticides in the soil profile, parameters such as the total DDT uptake by plants, shoot weight and shoot height were monitored in both potted soil and open field experiments. Overall, calabash and sweet potato exhibited the highest (4.63 mg kg⁻¹) and second highest (3.45 mg kg⁻¹) DDT concentrations from the high residual DDT potted soil experiment. A similar trend was observed when the two plants were grown in low DDT soil. Sweet potato recorded the highest shoot height and weight in the potted soil experiments, indicating that increasing amounts of DDT had a minimal effect on the plant’s growth. Although sweet potato outperformed calabash in the amounts of DDT concentration in the shoots under open field experiments, the uptake of DDT by calabash was the second highest. Calabash—a wild non-edible plant in Tanzania—presents a potential phytoremediation alternative to edible and much studied pumpkin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Bioremediation)

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17 pages, 1744 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phytomanagement of Zn- and Cd-Contaminated Soil: Helianthus annuus Biomass Production and Metal Remediation Abilities with Plant-Growth-Promoting Microbiota Assistance

by Ana M. S. Paulo, Nidia S. Caetano, Paula M. L. Castro and Ana P. G. C. Marques

Soil Syst. 2023, 7(3), 69; https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems7030069 - 31 Jul 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2425

Abstract

Mining and industrial activity are contributing to the increase in heavy metal (HM) pollution in soils. Phytoremediation coupled to selected rhizosphere microbiota is an environmentally friendly technology designed to promote HM bioremediation in soils. In this study, sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) was [...] Read more.

Mining and industrial activity are contributing to the increase in heavy metal (HM) pollution in soils. Phytoremediation coupled to selected rhizosphere microbiota is an environmentally friendly technology designed to promote HM bioremediation in soils. In this study, sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) was used together with Rhizophagus irregularis, an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), and Cupriavidus sp. strain 1C2, a plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), as a phytoremediation strategy to remove Zn and Cd from an industrial soil (599 mg Zn kg⁻¹ and 1.2 mg Cd kg⁻¹). The work aimed to understand if it is possible to gradually remediate the tested soil while simultaneously obtaining significant yields of biomass with further energetic values by comparison to the conventional growth of the plant in agricultural (non-contaminated) soil. The H. annuus biomass harvested in the contaminated industrial soil was 17% lower than that grown in the agricultural soil—corresponding to yields of 19, 620, 199 and 52 g m⁻² of roots, stems, flowers and seeds. It was possible to remove ca. 0.04 and 0.91% of the Zn and Cd of the industrial soil, respectively, via the HM accumulation on the biomass produced. The survival of applied microbiota was indicated by a high root colonization rate of AMF (about 50% more than in non-inoculated agricultural soil) and identification of strain 1C2 in the rhizosphere at the end of the phytoremediation assay. In this study, a phytoremediation strategy encompassing the application of an energetic crop inoculated with known beneficial microbiota applied to a real contaminated soil was successfully tested, with the production of plant biomass with the potential for upstream energetic valorisation purposes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Bioremediation)

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Review

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24 pages, 1419 KiB

Open AccessReview

Soil Remediation: Current Approaches and Emerging Bio-Based Trends

by Micaela Santos, Sofia Rebola and Dmitry V. Evtuguin

Soil Syst. 2025, 9(2), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems9020035 - 17 Apr 2025

Viewed by 995

Abstract

Currently, increasing anthropogenic pressure and overexploitation expose soils to various forms of degradation, including contamination, erosion, and sealing. Soil contamination, primarily caused by industrial processes, agricultural practices (such as the use of pesticides and fertilizers), and improper waste disposal, poses significant risks to [...] Read more.

Currently, increasing anthropogenic pressure and overexploitation expose soils to various forms of degradation, including contamination, erosion, and sealing. Soil contamination, primarily caused by industrial processes, agricultural practices (such as the use of pesticides and fertilizers), and improper waste disposal, poses significant risks to human health, biodiversity, and the environment. Common contaminants include heavy metals, mineral oils, petroleum-based hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated hydrocarbons, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Remediation methods for contaminated soils include physical, physicochemical, chemical or biological approaches. This review aims to specify these methods while comparing their effectiveness and applicability in different contamination scenarios. Biochemical methods, particularly phytoremediation, are emphasized for their sustainability, effectiveness, and suitability in arid and semiarid regions. These methods preserve soil quality and promote resource efficiency, waste reduction, and bioenergy production, aligning with sustainability principles and contributing to a circular economy. The integrated phytoremediation–bioenergy approaches reviewed provide sustainable and cost-efficient strategies for environmental decontamination and green development. Special attention is given to the use of lignin in bioremediation. This work contributes to the existing knowledge by outlining priorities for the selection of the most appropriate remediation techniques under diverse environmental conditions, providing a comprehensive overview for future developments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Bioremediation)

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32 pages, 1155 KiB

Open AccessReview

Using Date Palm Residues to Improve Soil Properties: The Case of Compost and Biochar

by Victor Kavvadias, Elie Le Guyader, Mohamed El Mazlouzi, Maxime Gommeaux, Belkacem Boumaraf, Mohamed Moussa, Hafouda Lamine, Mahtali Sbih, Ines Rahma Zoghlami, Kamel Guimeur, Aissa Tirichine, Abid Adelfettah, Beatrice Marin and Xavier Morvan

Soil Syst. 2024, 8(3), 69; https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems8030069 - 24 Jun 2024

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 5306

Abstract

Agricultural residues are generated during the production and processing of agricultural crops. Under modern date palm plantation practices, field operations generate huge quantities of residues, which are discarded with little valorization. The date palm agro-industry produces significant amounts of waste. The accumulation of [...] Read more.

Agricultural residues are generated during the production and processing of agricultural crops. Under modern date palm plantation practices, field operations generate huge quantities of residues, which are discarded with little valorization. The date palm agro-industry produces significant amounts of waste. The accumulation of these residues can cause ecological damage to the oasis ecosystems. There is a lack of comprehensive data on long-term research studies that aim to assess the impact of date palm waste management practices. Composting and/or pyrolysis of date palm residues showed benefits for improving soil physical and chemical properties, particularly in sandy soils. This claim holds particular significance for arid and semi-arid regions, which are characterized by low fertility and are susceptible to soil degradation, accentuated by ongoing climate change. This review summarizes the existing literature concerning the valorization of date palm residues with regards to compost and pyrolysis processes, as well as the impact of their application on soil quality. Further research is required to assess the effects of using date palm residues for better soil amendment management. Research should focus on composting and biochar technologies for date palm residues and their application in arid and semi-arid regions to combat soil erosion and degradation. Increasing the beneficial uses of date palm residues could lead to sustainable and economic growth in dry areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Bioremediation)

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