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Technologies of Highly Efficient Telecommunication Systems and Devices
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Technologies of Highly Efficient Telecommunication Systems and Devices

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Communications".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 December 2023) | Viewed by 90998

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Oleg Varlamov

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Institute of Radio and Information Systems (IRIS), Vienna, Austria
2. Department of Radio Equipment and Circuitry, Moscow Technical University of Communication and Informatics, 111024 Moscow, Russia
Interests: mobile and personal communications; digital broadcasting; performance analysis of communication systems; high efficiency RF power amplifiers

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Telecommunications is progressively being implemented all around the world, connecting not only people with each other, but also many technical devices around us. At the same time, the resources that they can use are fundamentally limited—in both spectral and energy efficiency.

This Special Issue will look at advanced technologies for increasing the efficiency of telecommunication systems and devices globally speaking. This is an increase in spectral efficiency (the creation of new signal-code constructions, the use of MIMO technologies), and energy efficiency (the use of amplification methods with high efficiency), taking into account their possible coexistence.

A wide range of applications for these solutions is required in various levels of the development surrounding telecommunications infrastructure, characteristics of objects in terms of mass and speed, and differences in the conditions of radio wave propagation. These solutions will be energetically locally optimal for each specific condition, and that is the purpose of this Special Issue. We invite all the academic community, researchers, and leaders from the industry, and innovators to contribute with great new ideas for our common and global connected world.

Prof. Dr. Oleg Varlamov
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • spectrally efficient telecommunication systems
  • new waveforms and modulations
  • signal-code constructions
  • channel coding, estimation, and tracking
  • massive MIMO
  • Internet of Things
  • high efficiency RF power amplifiers
  • energetically locally optimal solutions

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Published Papers (36 papers)

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Research

18 pages, 1729 KiB  
Article
Novel Modification of Integrated Optimization Method for Sensor’s Communication in Wi-Fi Public Networks
by Sergey Kozlov and Elena Spirina
Sensors 2024, 24(5), 1395; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24051395 - 21 Feb 2024
Viewed by 1227
Abstract
A novel modification of IP networks integrated optimization method for heterogeneous networks, for example, the seamless Wi-Fi network serving simultaneously mobile users and wireless sensors, has been developed in this article. The mutual influence of signal reception, frequency-territorial planning, and routing procedures in [...] Read more.
A novel modification of IP networks integrated optimization method for heterogeneous networks, for example, the seamless Wi-Fi network serving simultaneously mobile users and wireless sensors, has been developed in this article. The mutual influence of signal reception, frequency-territorial planning, and routing procedures in heterogeneous networks have been analyzed in the case of simultaneous data transmission by both mobile users and wireless sensors. New principles for the listed procedures interaction and the basic functions for their describing are formulated. A novel modification of the integrated optimization method and its algorithm have been developed. The developed method's effectiveness has been analyzed for the IEEE 802.11ax network segment. Its result showed that the network load was decreased by an average of 20%, the data rate over the network as a whole increased for users and sensors by an average of 25% and 40%, respectively, and the sensors’ lifetime increased by an average of 20% compared to the novel modification of the Collective Dynamic Routing method. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technologies of Highly Efficient Telecommunication Systems and Devices)
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16 pages, 4608 KiB  
Article
Exploring Interference Issues in the Case of n25 Band Implementation for 5G/LTE Direct-to-Device NTN Services
by Alexander Pastukh, Valery Tikhvinskiy and Evgeny Devyatkin
Sensors 2024, 24(4), 1297; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24041297 - 17 Feb 2024
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3319
Abstract
This paper delves into an interference analysis, focusing on the forthcoming Starlink Generation 2 satellites, stated to operate within the 1990–1995 MHz frequency band. The aim is to assess the potential interference from this Starlink system to the satellite receivers of mobile satellite [...] Read more.
This paper delves into an interference analysis, focusing on the forthcoming Starlink Generation 2 satellites, stated to operate within the 1990–1995 MHz frequency band. The aim is to assess the potential interference from this Starlink system to the satellite receivers of mobile satellite systems (MSSs), which are set to function within the 1980–2010 MHz range, and satellite receivers of the NTN systems, which are planned to operate in the n256 bands, defined by the 3GPP specifications. Through simulation-based evaluations, both single-entry and aggregate interference levels from Starlink to MSSs and NTN systems are comprehensively explored. To estimate the interference impact, several protection criteria were used. The study is in line with the Recommendations of International Telecommunication Union (ITU-R) and common approaches that are used when performing compatibility studies between satellite systems. The findings of this study demonstrate the feasibility of utilizing the n25 band for NTN direct-to-device services. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technologies of Highly Efficient Telecommunication Systems and Devices)
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16 pages, 4209 KiB  
Article
The Impact of Impulsive Traffic on Cellular Internet of Things Network Performance Indicators
by Tammam Zuhair Dawood, Mikhail Sergeevich Stepanov, Matvey Kudashkin, Arina Shaimardanova and Petr Lapko
Sensors 2024, 24(1), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24010046 - 21 Dec 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1864
Abstract
The use of wireless sensor networks and the Internet of Things has increased dramatically in the last decade. The sensors measure the required parameters and send them to the data processing centers using one of the various wireless transmission technologies (often using cellular [...] Read more.
The use of wireless sensor networks and the Internet of Things has increased dramatically in the last decade. The sensors measure the required parameters and send them to the data processing centers using one of the various wireless transmission technologies (often using cellular infrastructure) to make the appropriate decision. Files containing measurement information can arrive in bursts simultaneously, which is a critical issue to be aware of. The purpose of this work is to develop and analyze a model to evaluate the effectiveness of an LTE (Long-Term Evolution) cell in serving requests from NB-IoT (Narrowband Internet of things) devices when these requests are received in bursts rather than individually. In the article, the common uses of the Internet of Things in our modern era were discussed, the NB-IoT technology was paid attention to, and a mathematical model to evaluate the performance of an LTE cell in the case of impulsive arrivals of NB-IoT requests was built. Finally, the computational algorithm and numerical evaluation were introduced. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technologies of Highly Efficient Telecommunication Systems and Devices)
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19 pages, 1919 KiB  
Article
Modified Nested Barker Codes for Ultra-Wideband Signal–Code Constructions
by Vadim A. Nenashev, Aleksandr R. Bestugin, Alexey V. Rabin, Sergei V. Solenyi and Sergey A. Nenashev
Sensors 2023, 23(23), 9528; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23239528 - 30 Nov 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1859
Abstract
Currently, various applications of ultra-wideband signal–code constructions are among the most vibrant technologies, being implemented in very different fields. The purpose of this research consists of analyzing Barker codes and searching for the optimal nested representations of them. We also aim to synthesize [...] Read more.
Currently, various applications of ultra-wideband signal–code constructions are among the most vibrant technologies, being implemented in very different fields. The purpose of this research consists of analyzing Barker codes and searching for the optimal nested representations of them. We also aim to synthesize signal–code constructions based on the tenets of nesting of alternative modified Barker codes, which employ an asymmetric alphabet. The scientific merit of the paper is as follows: on the basis of new analytic expressions, modified nested codes and signal–code constructions were obtained, applicable for the establishment of the unambiguous association of the component values of the nested codes with any lobes of the normalized autocorrelation function. With these analytical expressions, we are, hence, able to determine the values of the binary asymmetrical components of the nested codes related to the side lobes of the normalized autocorrelation function. In this way, we clearly obtain better (low) levels for these lobes than by using the autocorrelation function, as established by the equivalent conventional Barker codes, including the nested constructions. Practical application of these modulated ultra-wideband signals ensures improved correlational features, high-fidelity probabilistic detection, and more precise positional detection of physical bodies depending on the range coordinate. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technologies of Highly Efficient Telecommunication Systems and Devices)
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19 pages, 9571 KiB  
Article
Theoretical Comparison of Different Envelope Elimination and Restoration Transmitter PWM Modulator Configurations to Expand the Possible Antenna Mismatch
by Dang Canh Nguyen, Victor N. Gromorushkin and Oleg Varlamov
Sensors 2023, 23(23), 9466; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23239466 - 28 Nov 2023
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1102
Abstract
The main characteristics of high-efficiency switching-mode solid-state power amplifiers with envelope elimination and restoration (EER) methods depend on all their elements. In this article, we study the influence of the types and parameters of the envelope path low-pass filters (LPFs) on the EER [...] Read more.
The main characteristics of high-efficiency switching-mode solid-state power amplifiers with envelope elimination and restoration (EER) methods depend on all their elements. In this article, we study the influence of the types and parameters of the envelope path low-pass filters (LPFs) on the EER transmitter out-of-band emissions. This article presents for the first time an analysis of EER transmitter operation where the output impedance of the PWM modulator is not equal to zero, as usual (with a one-sided loaded LPF), but is matched with the low-pass filter and the load (with a double-sided loaded LPF). Theoretical comparisons of EER transmitters’ out-of-band emissions were carried out with four envelope path LPF configurations (one-sided and double-sided loaded LPFs with a smooth and sharp transition, respectively), for both the nominal load (broadband antenna) and resonant antennas with a limited bandwidth. The analysis showed that for the case of transmitter operation on a resonant antenna with a limited bandwidth, the preferable option was the use of a sixth-order double-sided loaded LPF with a smooth transition. The use of the proposed modulator configuration allowed the transmitter to operate on an antenna with VSWR = 1.07 at the edges of the transmitted signal band with a minimum LPF bandwidth equal to 5.8 bands of the amplified signal. This could significantly expand its application capabilities and allow one to reduce the PWM clock frequency and increase efficiency. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technologies of Highly Efficient Telecommunication Systems and Devices)
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16 pages, 10154 KiB  
Article
Low-Pass Image Filtering to Achieve Adversarial Robustness
by Vadim Ziyadinov and Maxim Tereshonok
Sensors 2023, 23(22), 9032; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23229032 - 7 Nov 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2317
Abstract
In this paper, we continue the research cycle on the properties of convolutional neural network-based image recognition systems and ways to improve noise immunity and robustness. Currently, a popular research area related to artificial neural networks is adversarial attacks. The adversarial attacks on [...] Read more.
In this paper, we continue the research cycle on the properties of convolutional neural network-based image recognition systems and ways to improve noise immunity and robustness. Currently, a popular research area related to artificial neural networks is adversarial attacks. The adversarial attacks on the image are not highly perceptible to the human eye, and they also drastically reduce the neural network’s accuracy. Image perception by a machine is highly dependent on the propagation of high frequency distortions throughout the network. At the same time, a human efficiently ignores high-frequency distortions, perceiving the shape of objects as a whole. We propose a technique to reduce the influence of high-frequency noise on the CNNs. We show that low-pass image filtering can improve the image recognition accuracy in the presence of high-frequency distortions in particular, caused by adversarial attacks. This technique is resource efficient and easy to implement. The proposed technique makes it possible to measure up the logic of an artificial neural network to that of a human, for whom high-frequency distortions are not decisive in object recognition. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technologies of Highly Efficient Telecommunication Systems and Devices)
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17 pages, 5750 KiB  
Article
Robust Symbol Timing Synchronization for Initial Access under LEO Satellite Channel
by Pansoo Kim and Hyuncheol Park
Sensors 2023, 23(19), 8320; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23198320 - 8 Oct 2023
Viewed by 2087
Abstract
This paper proposes a robust symbol timing synchronization scheme for return link initial access based on the Digital Video Broadcasting-Return Channel via Satellite 2nd generation (DVB-RCS2) system for the Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite channel. In most cases, the feedforward estimator structure is [...] Read more.
This paper proposes a robust symbol timing synchronization scheme for return link initial access based on the Digital Video Broadcasting-Return Channel via Satellite 2nd generation (DVB-RCS2) system for the Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite channel. In most cases, the feedforward estimator structure is considered for implementing Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) packet demodulators such as the DVB-RCS2 system. More specifically, the Non-Data-Aided (NDA) approach, without using any kind of preamble, pilot, and postamble symbols, is applicable for fine symbol timing synchronization. However, it hinders the improvement in estimation accuracy, especially when dealing with short packet lengths during the initial access from the User Terminal (UT) to the Gateway (GW). Moreover, when a UT sends a short random access packet for initial access or resource request to the LEO satellite channel, the conventional schemes suffer from a large Doppler error depending on UT’s location in a beam and satellite velocity. To ameliorate these problems, we propose a novel symbol timing synchronization algorithm for GW, and its advantage is confirmed through computer simulation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technologies of Highly Efficient Telecommunication Systems and Devices)
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17 pages, 9489 KiB  
Article
Search and Study of Marked Code Structures for a Spatially Distributed System of Small-Sized Airborne Radars
by Vadim A. Nenashev and Sergey A. Nenashev
Sensors 2023, 23(15), 6835; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23156835 - 31 Jul 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1622
Abstract
When forming the radar situation of a terrain, in order to increase its information content and to extract useful information, multi-position spatially distributed systems for integrating multi-angle radar data established by small-sized UAV-based airborne radars are used. In this case, each radar station [...] Read more.
When forming the radar situation of a terrain, in order to increase its information content and to extract useful information, multi-position spatially distributed systems for integrating multi-angle radar data established by small-sized UAV-based airborne radars are used. In this case, each radar station belonging to a multi-position system as a probing signal must have its own unique marked signal. Such a setup will allow the signals reflected from ground objects and zones to be “attached” to specific receiving-transmitting positions of the multi-position system. This requirement results from the fact that each transceiver position emits one probing signal, and then receives all the echo signals reflected from the underlying surface and previously emitted by other radar devices of the multi-position system. Such a setup of multi-position systems requires the researcher to look for and investigate specialized systems of marked code structures used to modulate the probing signals in order to identify them in a joint radar channel. Thus, the problem at hand is how to look for and investigate novel marked code structures used to generate a system of probing signals, the use of which will allow it to be “attached” to a specific receiving-transmitting position of a multi-position onboard system and to identify them in a joint radar channel in the course of the remote sensing of the underlying surface. The purpose of this work is to conduct a study on the subject of the squeak and choice of a system of code structures that have a low level of side lobes of autocorrelation functions and uniformly distributed values of the levels of the cross-correlation function. To achieve this goal, the relevance of the study is substantiated in the introduction. The second section analyzes the level of side lobes for classical and modified Barker codes with an asymmetric alphabet. On the basis of this analysis, it was concluded that it is expedient to apply this approach for codes longer than Barker codes. Therefore, in the third section, the features of the generation of M-sequences are considered. The fourth section presents a technique for searching for new marked code structures, taking into account their mutual correlation properties for modifying M-sequences in order to implement multi-positional systems. The fifth section presents computer experiments on the search for marked code structures based on the modifications of M-sequences and presents the numerical characteristics of the correlation properties of the considered marked codes. And finally, in the sixth section, the final conclusions of the study are presented and recommendations are given for their further practical application. The practical significance of this study lies in the fact that the proposed new marked code structures are necessary for the synthesis of probing signals in the implementation of spatially distributed systems that function for the high-probability detection and high-precision determination of the coordinates of physical objects and are also necessary for the formation of radar images in a multi-position mode. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technologies of Highly Efficient Telecommunication Systems and Devices)
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29 pages, 5819 KiB  
Article
Broadcast Propagation Time in SpaceFibre Networks with Various Types of Spatial Redundancy
by Valentin Olenev, Elena Suvorova and Nadezhda Chumakova
Sensors 2023, 23(13), 6161; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23136161 - 5 Jul 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1525
Abstract
Various methods of spatial redundancy can be used in local networks based on the SpaceFibre standard for fault mitigation of network hardware and physical communication channels. Usually, a network developer chooses the method of spatial redundancy according to the number of failures that [...] Read more.
Various methods of spatial redundancy can be used in local networks based on the SpaceFibre standard for fault mitigation of network hardware and physical communication channels. Usually, a network developer chooses the method of spatial redundancy according to the number of failures that have to be mitigated, the time required for restoring the normal operation of the network, required overheads and hardware costs. The use of different spatial redundancy mechanisms can cause changes in the structure of the links between network nodes, in case of failure and subsequent mitigation. In turn, this may cause changes in the broadcast transmission paths and the temporal characteristics of their delivery from the source to the receivers. This article focuses on the change in the propagation time of broadcasts in SpaceFibre networks with spatial redundancy. Broadcast propagation rules significantly differ from data-packet propagation rules. Broadcast distribution time is very important for many applications, because broadcasts are generally used to send urgent messages, in particular for time synchronization. Various formal methods have been used to evaluate the propagation characteristics of the broadcast. A method for estimating broadcast propagation time along the shortest routes is proposed. In addition, we provide a formal method to estimate the number of failures, which occurred in the network during the broadcast propagation. This method is based on timed Petri nets; one of its features is the ability to calculate broadcast transmission delays. In addition, as an alternative solution, we propose a method for estimating delays based on time automata theory. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technologies of Highly Efficient Telecommunication Systems and Devices)
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15 pages, 1399 KiB  
Article
DeSlice: An Architecture for QoE-Aware and Isolated RAN Slicing
by Mikhail Liubogoshchev, Dmitry Zudin, Artem Krasilov, Alexander Krotov and Evgeny Khorov
Sensors 2023, 23(9), 4351; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23094351 - 28 Apr 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1992
Abstract
Network slicing is considered a key feature of 5G and beyond cellular systems. It opens the door for new business models of mobile operators, enables new services, reduces costs with advanced infrastructure-sharing techniques, and improves heterogeneous traffic service. With slicing, the operators can [...] Read more.
Network slicing is considered a key feature of 5G and beyond cellular systems. It opens the door for new business models of mobile operators, enables new services, reduces costs with advanced infrastructure-sharing techniques, and improves heterogeneous traffic service. With slicing, the operators can tailor the network resources to the requirements of specific verticals, applications, and corresponding traffic types. To satisfy the heterogeneous quality of service (QoS) requirements of various slices, efficient virtualization and resource allocation algorithms are required. Such algorithms are especially crucial for the radio access network (RAN) because of the spectrum scarcity. This article develops DeSlice, a novel architecture for RAN slicing. DeSlice enables efficient real-time slicing algorithms that satisfy heterogeneous QoS requirements of the slices and improve the quality of experience for their end users. The article illustrates the advantages of DeSlice by considering the problem of the joint service of cloud VR, video, and web traffic. It develops the algorithms using DeSlice architecture and application-to-network communication. With simulations, it shows that, together, the architecture and the algorithms allow greatly improving the QoE for these traffics significantly. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technologies of Highly Efficient Telecommunication Systems and Devices)
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21 pages, 7913 KiB  
Article
Timing and Frequency Synchronization Using CAZAC Sequences for OFDM Systems
by Gang Peng, Rui Li, Yushu He and Zhiren Han
Sensors 2023, 23(6), 3168; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23063168 - 16 Mar 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4197
Abstract
Since orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems are very susceptible to symbol timing offset (STO) and carrier frequency offset (CFO), which cause inter-symbol interference (ISI) and inter-carrier interference (ICI), accurate STO and CFO estimations are very important. In this study, first, a new [...] Read more.
Since orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems are very susceptible to symbol timing offset (STO) and carrier frequency offset (CFO), which cause inter-symbol interference (ISI) and inter-carrier interference (ICI), accurate STO and CFO estimations are very important. In this study, first, a new preamble structure based on the Zadoff–Chu (ZC) sequences was designed. On this basis, we proposed a new timing synchronization algorithm, called the continuous correlation peak detection (CCPD) algorithm, and its improved algorithm: the accumulated correlation peak detection (ACPD) algorithm. Next, the correlation peaks that were obtained during the timing synchronization were used for the frequency offset estimation. For this, the quadratic interpolation algorithm was adopted as the frequency offset estimation algorithm, which was better than the fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm. The simulation results showed that when the correct timing probability reached 100%, under the parameters of m = 8 and N = 512, the performance of the CCPD algorithm was 4 dB higher than that of Du’s algorithm, and that of the ACPD algorithm was 7 dB. Under the same parameters, the quadratic interpolation algorithm also had a great performance improvement in both small and large frequency offsets, when compared with the FFT algorithm. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technologies of Highly Efficient Telecommunication Systems and Devices)
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22 pages, 705 KiB  
Article
Closed-Form Capacity Reliability Analysis of Multiuser MIMO System in the Presence of Generalized Multipath Fading
by Aleksey S. Gvozdarev, Aleksandra M. Alishchuk and Marina A. Kazakova
Sensors 2023, 23(4), 2289; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23042289 - 18 Feb 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1661
Abstract
This research studies the problem of a joint capacity/capacity reliability analysis of the multiuser multi-input multioutput (MIMO) system functioning in the presence of generalized multipath fading. The study presents the derived results of the closed-form analytical statistical description of the ergodic sum-rate capacity, [...] Read more.
This research studies the problem of a joint capacity/capacity reliability analysis of the multiuser multi-input multioutput (MIMO) system functioning in the presence of generalized multipath fading. The study presents the derived results of the closed-form analytical statistical description of the ergodic sum-rate capacity, the capacity reliability and the capacity’s higher-order statistics in the case of complex Nakagami-m distributed channel transmission coefficients. A numerical verification of the derived expressions was performed, and it demonstrated excellent correspondence with the simulation. The system performance was evaluated with the help of a numerical analysis of the joint first- and second-order statistics description, depending on the channel and system parameters. The results demonstrated several peculiarities, e.g., the existence of a specific extremum of the capacity reliability for small-sized MIMO systems, its opposite behavior (in terms of the varying number of antenna elements) for heavy and light fading, and the existing asymptotic regions of the system and the channel parameters. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technologies of Highly Efficient Telecommunication Systems and Devices)
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15 pages, 4789 KiB  
Article
Investigation of FBMC-OQAM Equalization with Real Interference Prediction Algorithm Properties for MIMO Transmission Scheme
by Vladimir O. Varlamov, Evgeniy M. Lobov and Elizaveta O. Lobova
Sensors 2023, 23(4), 2111; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23042111 - 13 Feb 2023
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2281
Abstract
Increasing the data transfer rate is an urgent task in cellular, high-frequency (HF) and special communication systems. The most common way to increase the data rate is to expand the bandwidth of the transmitted signal, which is often achieved through the use of [...] Read more.
Increasing the data transfer rate is an urgent task in cellular, high-frequency (HF) and special communication systems. The most common way to increase the data rate is to expand the bandwidth of the transmitted signal, which is often achieved through the use of multitone systems. One such system is the filter bank multicarrier (FBMC). In addition, speed improvements are achieved using multi-input–multi-output (MIMO) systems. In this study, we developed an algorithm for equalizing FBMC signals with offset-QAM modulation (OQAM) with self-interference compensation due to its correlation properties in a MIMO channel with memory. An analytical derivation of the proposed algorithm and an analysis of the computational complexity are given. According to the results of simulation modeling and a comparative analysis of performance in terms of the bit error rate and error vector magnitude with solutions with similar computational complexity, a similar level of performance was shown compared to a more complex parallel multistage algorithm, and a better performance was demonstrated compared to a one-tap algorithm. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technologies of Highly Efficient Telecommunication Systems and Devices)
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9 pages, 4566 KiB  
Communication
Peculiarities of Resonant Absorption of Electromagnetic Signals in Multilayer Bolometric Sensors
by Anna V. Bogatskaya, Nikolay V. Klenov, Alexander M. Popov, Andrey E. Schegolev, Pavel A. Titovets and Maxim V. Tereshonok
Sensors 2023, 23(3), 1549; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23031549 - 31 Jan 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1680
Abstract
We examine the effect of resonant absorption of electromagnetic signals in a silicon semiconductor plasma layer when the dielectric plate is placed behind it both experimentally and numerically. It is shown that such plate acts as a dielectric resonator and can significantly increase [...] Read more.
We examine the effect of resonant absorption of electromagnetic signals in a silicon semiconductor plasma layer when the dielectric plate is placed behind it both experimentally and numerically. It is shown that such plate acts as a dielectric resonator and can significantly increase the electromagnetic energy absorption in the semiconductor for certain frequencies determined by the dielectric plate parameters. Numerical modelling of the effect is performed under the conditions of conducted experiment. The numerical results are found to be in qualitative agreement with experimental ones. This study confirms the proposed earlier method of increasing the efficiency of bolometric-type detectors of electromagnetic radiation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technologies of Highly Efficient Telecommunication Systems and Devices)
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27 pages, 1139 KiB  
Article
Hardware-Based Architecture for DNN Wireless Communication Models
by Van Duy Tran, Duc Khai Lam and Thi Hong Tran
Sensors 2023, 23(3), 1302; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23031302 - 23 Jan 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3153
Abstract
Multiple Input Multiple Output Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (MIMO OFDM) is a key technology for wireless communication systems. However, because of the problem of a high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR), OFDM symbols can be distorted at the MIMO OFDM transmitter. It degrades the [...] Read more.
Multiple Input Multiple Output Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (MIMO OFDM) is a key technology for wireless communication systems. However, because of the problem of a high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR), OFDM symbols can be distorted at the MIMO OFDM transmitter. It degrades the signal detection and channel estimation performance at the MIMO OFDM receiver. In this paper, three deep neural network (DNN) models are proposed to solve the problem of non-linear distortions introduced by the power amplifier (PA) of the transmitters and replace the conventional digital signal processing (DSP) modules at the receivers in 2 × 2 MIMO OFDM and 4 × 4 MIMO OFDM systems. Proposed model type I uses the DNN model to de-map the signals at the receiver. Proposed model type II uses the DNN model to learn and filter out the channel noises at the receiver. Proposed model type III uses the DNN model to de-map and detect the signals at the receiver. All three model types attempt to solve the non-linear problem. The robust bit error rate (BER) performances of the proposed receivers are achieved through the software and hardware implementation results. In addition, we have also implemented appropriate hardware architectures for the proposed DNN models using special techniques, such as quantization and pipeline to check the feasibility in practice, which recent studies have not done. Our hardware architectures are successfully designed and implemented on the Virtex 7 vc709 FPGA board. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technologies of Highly Efficient Telecommunication Systems and Devices)
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11 pages, 4977 KiB  
Article
A 2-V 1.4-dB NF GaAs MMIC LNA for K-Band Applications
by David Galante-Sempere, Sunil Lalchand Khemchandani and Javier del Pino
Sensors 2023, 23(2), 867; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23020867 - 12 Jan 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3165
Abstract
A 1.4-dB Noise Figure (NF) four-stage K-band Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit (MMIC) Low-Noise Amplifier (LNA) in UMS 100 nm GaAs pHEMT technology is presented. The proposed circuit is designed to cover the 5G New Release n258 frequency band (24.25–27.58 GHz). Momentum EM post-layout [...] Read more.
A 1.4-dB Noise Figure (NF) four-stage K-band Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit (MMIC) Low-Noise Amplifier (LNA) in UMS 100 nm GaAs pHEMT technology is presented. The proposed circuit is designed to cover the 5G New Release n258 frequency band (24.25–27.58 GHz). Momentum EM post-layout simulations reveal the circuit achieves a minimum NF of 1.3 dB, a maximum gain of 34 dB, |S11| better than –10 dB from 23 GHz to 29 GHz, a P1dB of –18 dBm and an OIP3 of 24.5 dBm. The LNA draws a total current of 59.1 mA from a 2 V DC supply and results in a chip size of 3300 × 1800 µm2 including pads. We present a design methodology focused on the selection of the active device size and DC bias conditions to obtain the lowest NF when source degeneration is applied. The design procedure ensures a minimum NF design by selecting a device which facilitates a simple input matching network implementation and obtains a reasonable input return loss thanks to the application of source degeneration. With this approach the input matching network is implemented with a shunt stub and a transmission line, therefore minimizing the contribution to the NF achieved by the first stage. Comparisons with similar works demonstrate the developed circuit is very competitive with most of the state-of-the-art solutions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technologies of Highly Efficient Telecommunication Systems and Devices)
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20 pages, 1222 KiB  
Article
Estimation of a Spectral Correlation Function Using a Time-Smoothing Cyclic Periodogram and FFT Interpolation—2N-FFT Algorithm
by Timofey Shevgunov, Evgeny Efimov and Oksana Guschina
Sensors 2023, 23(1), 215; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23010215 - 25 Dec 2022
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3309
Abstract
This article addresses the problem of estimating the spectral correlation function (SCF), which provides quantitative characterization in the frequency domain of wide-sense cyclostationary properties of random processes which are considered to be the theoretical models of observed time series or discrete-time signals. The [...] Read more.
This article addresses the problem of estimating the spectral correlation function (SCF), which provides quantitative characterization in the frequency domain of wide-sense cyclostationary properties of random processes which are considered to be the theoretical models of observed time series or discrete-time signals. The theoretical framework behind the SCF estimation is briefly reviewed so that an important difference between the width of the resolution cell in bifrequency plane and the step between the centers of neighboring cells is highlighted. The outline of the proposed double-number fast Fourier transform algorithm (2N-FFT) is described in the paper as a sequence of steps directly leading to a digital signal processing technique. The 2N-FFT algorithm is derived from the time-smoothing approach to cyclic periodogram estimation where the spectral interpolation based on doubling the FFT base is employed. This guarantees that no cyclic frequency is left out of the coverage grid so that at least one resolution element intersects it. A numerical simulation involving two processes, a harmonic amplitude modulated by stationary noise and a binary-pulse amplitude-modulated train, demonstrated that their cyclic frequencies are estimated with a high accuracy, reaching the size of step between resolution cells. In addition, the SCF components estimated by the proposed algorithm are shown to be similar to the curves provided by the theoretical models of the observed processes. The comparison between the proposed algorithm and the well-known FFT accumulation method in terms of computational complexity and required memory size reveals the cases where the 2N-FFT algorithm offers a reasonable trade-off. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technologies of Highly Efficient Telecommunication Systems and Devices)
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19 pages, 7642 KiB  
Article
Interference Analysis of 5G NR Base Stations to Fixed Satellite Service Bent-Pipe Transponders in the 6425–7125 MHz Frequency Band
by Alexander Pastukh, Valery Tikhvinskiy, Evgeny Devyatkin and Artyom Kostin
Sensors 2023, 23(1), 172; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23010172 - 24 Dec 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3578
Abstract
Future deployment of 5G NR base stations in the 6425–7125 MHz band raises numerous concerns over the long-term impact on the satellite transponders located in geostationary orbit. To study this impact and understand whether 5G NR may cause adverse effect to the spaceborne [...] Read more.
Future deployment of 5G NR base stations in the 6425–7125 MHz band raises numerous concerns over the long-term impact on the satellite transponders located in geostationary orbit. To study this impact and understand whether 5G NR may cause adverse effect to the spaceborne receivers, the research which estimated the interference levels to the satellite bent pipe links was done. The study presents the evaluation of aggregate interference from 5G NR base stations located inside the victim satellites’ footprints using Monte-Carlo analysis and calculation of signal-to-noise degradation and bit error rates of the fixed-satellite service (FSS) bent-pipe transponders for each scenario. The results of the study showed the feasibility of co-existence between 5G NR and satellite systems in the 6425–7125 MHz bands, and that no negative impact on the performance of the satellite links is expected. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technologies of Highly Efficient Telecommunication Systems and Devices)
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17 pages, 7996 KiB  
Article
Analysis of the Magnetic Field Magnetoinductive Wave Characteristics of a Wireless Power Transfer System
by Jianwei Kang, Deyu Zeng, Jie Lu and Xiangyang Shi
Sensors 2022, 22(24), 9839; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22249839 - 14 Dec 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1747
Abstract
This study analyzes the magnetic field wave characteristics of a wireless power transfer (WPT) system from a time-varying view in the nonradiative near field. Phenomena of both forward and backward traveling waves were found. These wave phenomena refer to magnetoinductive waves (MIWs) according [...] Read more.
This study analyzes the magnetic field wave characteristics of a wireless power transfer (WPT) system from a time-varying view in the nonradiative near field. Phenomena of both forward and backward traveling waves were found. These wave phenomena refer to magnetoinductive waves (MIWs) according to the findings in this study and MIW theory and characteristics. A traditional MIW only appears in the MIW waveguide, which is always constructed by many parallel coils. However, this study analyzed MIWs in a two-coil WPT system, proving that MIWs exist not only in a multi-coil system but also in a basic two-coil system. The velocity of MIWs, a kind of a phase velocity, was calculated. An approximate equation for evaluating wave velocity is proposed. Furthermore, the MIWs in the two-coil WPT system were extended into a more general situation. In this general situation, two separated standing waves were set, and a traveling wave was generated by those two standing waves. The result explains the mechanisms of MIWs in a general situation from a time-varying view. Lastly, a simulation was conducted to verify the accuracy of the study. The results demonstrated that MIWs exist, and the approximate equation is correct. This study presents a novel view on the mechanisms of the WPT system from a wave view. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technologies of Highly Efficient Telecommunication Systems and Devices)
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13 pages, 2013 KiB  
Article
Broadband and Efficient Envelope Amplifier for Envelope Elimination and Restoration/Envelope Tracking Higher-Efficiency Power Amplifiers
by Oleg Varlamov, Dang Canh Nguyen and Andrei Grebennikov
Sensors 2022, 22(23), 9173; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22239173 - 25 Nov 2022
Cited by 29 | Viewed by 2048
Abstract
Increasing the efficiency of transmitters, as the largest consumers of energy, is relevant for any wireless communication devices. For higher efficiency, a number of methods are used, including envelope tracking and envelope elimination and restoration. Increasing the bandwidth of used frequencies requires expanding [...] Read more.
Increasing the efficiency of transmitters, as the largest consumers of energy, is relevant for any wireless communication devices. For higher efficiency, a number of methods are used, including envelope tracking and envelope elimination and restoration. Increasing the bandwidth of used frequencies requires expanding envelope modulators bandwidth up to 250–500 MHz or more. The possibility of using amplifiers with input signal quantization (AISQ), as an alternative to the most common hybrid envelope tracking modulators, is considered. An approach has been developed for optimizing AISQ characteristics according to the criterion of minimum loss when amplifying modern telecommunication signals with Rayleigh envelope distribution. The optimal quantization levels are determined and the energy characteristics of AISQ are calculated. AISQ loss power is shown to decrease by 1.66 times with two-level quantization, by 2.4 times with three-level quantization, and by a factor of 3.0–3.7 for four–five quantization levels compared to a class B amplifier. With these parameters, AISQ becomes competitive with respect to hybrid envelope tracking modulators but does not have electromagnetic interference from the pulse width modulation (PWM) path. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technologies of Highly Efficient Telecommunication Systems and Devices)
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20 pages, 2360 KiB  
Article
Novel Modification of the Collective Dynamic Routing Method for Sensors’ Communication in Wi-Fi Public Networks
by Sergey Kozlov, Elena Spirina, Ivan Ashaev, Anna Bukharina and Artur Gaysin
Sensors 2022, 22(22), 8602; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22228602 - 8 Nov 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1615
Abstract
The widespread use of the Internet of Things makes it relevant to use public IP networks for simultaneous access by both users and wireless sensors. To achieve this, a significant reduction in the subscriber devices’ energy consumption is required. This paper analyzes the [...] Read more.
The widespread use of the Internet of Things makes it relevant to use public IP networks for simultaneous access by both users and wireless sensors. To achieve this, a significant reduction in the subscriber devices’ energy consumption is required. This paper analyzes the application features of the collective dynamic routing method both with and without the use of a robust method for estimating the channel data rate for sensors’ communication in wireless public networks. Based on the analysis, a novel modification of the collective dynamic routing method has been developed that reduces the sensors’ energy consumption while keeping a high data rate and short delivery time for users. An analysis of the network load, the total data transfer rate over the network, and the parameters affecting the sensors’ energy consumption was carried out for a segment of a seamless IEEE 802.11ax network. The simulation demonstrated a high efficiency of using a novel modification of the collective dynamic routing method for access to users and wireless sensors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technologies of Highly Efficient Telecommunication Systems and Devices)
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11 pages, 2524 KiB  
Article
A Pair of Coupled Waveguides as a Classical Analogue for a Solid-State Qubit
by Andrey E. Schegolev, Nikolay V. Klenov, Anna V. Bogatskaya, Rustam D. Yusupov and Alexander M. Popov
Sensors 2022, 22(21), 8286; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22218286 - 28 Oct 2022
Viewed by 2524
Abstract
We have determined conditions when a pair of coupled waveguides, a common element for integrated room-temperature photonics, can act as a qubit based on a system with a double-well potential. Moreover, we have used slow-varying amplitude approximation (SVA) for the “classical” wave equation [...] Read more.
We have determined conditions when a pair of coupled waveguides, a common element for integrated room-temperature photonics, can act as a qubit based on a system with a double-well potential. Moreover, we have used slow-varying amplitude approximation (SVA) for the “classical” wave equation to study the propagation of electromagnetic beams in a couple of dielectric waveguides both analytically and numerically. As a part of an extension of the optical-mechanical analogy, we have considered examples of “quantum operations” on the electromagnetic wave state in a pair of waveguides. Furthermore, we have provided examples of “quantum-mechanical” calculations of nonlinear transfer functions for the implementation of the considered element in optical neural networks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technologies of Highly Efficient Telecommunication Systems and Devices)
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18 pages, 5580 KiB  
Article
A New Construction of 4q-QAM Golay Complementary Sequences
by Gang Peng, Zhiren Han and Dewen Li
Sensors 2022, 22(18), 7092; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22187092 - 19 Sep 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2066
Abstract
Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) constellation and Golay complementary sequences (GCSs) are usually applied in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems to obtain a higher data rate and a lower peak-to-mean envelope power ratio (PMEPR). In this paper, after a sufficient search of the [...] Read more.
Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) constellation and Golay complementary sequences (GCSs) are usually applied in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems to obtain a higher data rate and a lower peak-to-mean envelope power ratio (PMEPR). In this paper, after a sufficient search of the literature, it was found that increasing the family size is an effective way to improve the data rate, and the family size is mainly determined by the number of offsets in the general structure of QAM GCSs. Under the guidance of this idea, we propose a new construction for 4q-QAM GCSs through generalized Boolean functions (GBFs) based on a new description of a 4q-QAM constellation, which aims to enlarge the family size of GCSs and obtain a low PMEPR. Furthermore, a previous construction of 4q-QAM GCSs presented by Li has been proved to be a special case of the new one, and the family size of new sequences is much larger than those previously mentioned, which means that there was a great improvement in the data rate. On the other hand, a previous construction of 16-QAM GCSs presented by Zeng is also a special case of the new one in this paper, when q=2. In the meantime, the proposed sequences have the same PMEPR upper bound as the previously mentioned sequences presented by Li when applied in OFDM systems, which increase the data rate without degrading the PMEPR performance. The theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the proposed new sequences can achieve a higher data rate and a low PMEPR. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technologies of Highly Efficient Telecommunication Systems and Devices)
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16 pages, 1404 KiB  
Article
Bifurcation Oscillator as an Advanced Sensor for Quantum State Control
by Dmitrii Pashin, Marina Bastrakova, Arkady Satanin and Nikolay Klenov
Sensors 2022, 22(17), 6580; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22176580 - 31 Aug 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2028
Abstract
We study bifurcation behavior of a high-quality (high-Q) Josephson oscillator coupled to a superconducting qubit. It is shown that the probability of capture into the state of dynamic equilibrium is sensitive to qubit states. On this basis we present a new measurement method [...] Read more.
We study bifurcation behavior of a high-quality (high-Q) Josephson oscillator coupled to a superconducting qubit. It is shown that the probability of capture into the state of dynamic equilibrium is sensitive to qubit states. On this basis we present a new measurement method for the superposition state of a qubit due to its influence on transition probabilities between oscillator levels located in the energy region near the classical separatrix. The quantum-mechanical behavior of a bifurcation oscillator is also studied, which makes it possible to understand the mechanism of "entanglement" of oscillator and qubit states during the measurement process. The optimal parameters of the driving current and the state of the oscillator are found for performing one-qubit gates with the required precision, when the influence on the qubit from measurement back-action is minimal. A measurement protocol for state populations of the qubit entangled with the oscillator is presented. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technologies of Highly Efficient Telecommunication Systems and Devices)
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20 pages, 5846 KiB  
Article
On the Problem of Restoring and Classifying a 3D Object in Creating a Simulator of a Realistic Urban Environment
by Mikhail Gorodnichev, Sergey Erokhin, Ksenia Polyantseva and Marina Moseva
Sensors 2022, 22(14), 5199; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22145199 - 12 Jul 2022
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 5150
Abstract
Since the 20th century, a rapid process of motorization has begun. The main goal of researchers, engineers and technology companies is to increase the safety and optimality of the movement of vehicles, as well as to reduce the environmental damage caused by the [...] Read more.
Since the 20th century, a rapid process of motorization has begun. The main goal of researchers, engineers and technology companies is to increase the safety and optimality of the movement of vehicles, as well as to reduce the environmental damage caused by the automotive industry. The difficulty of managing traffic flows is that cars are driven by a person and their behavior, even in similar situations, is different and difficult to predict. To solve this problem, ground-based unmanned vehicles are increasingly being developed and implemented; however, like any other intelligent system, it is necessary to train different road scenarios. Currently, an engineer is driving an unmanned vehicle for training and thousands of kilometers are being driven for training. Of course, this approach to training unmanned vehicles is very long, and it is impossible to reproduce all the scenarios that can be found in real operations on a real road. Based on this, we offer a simulator of a realistic urban environment which allows you to reduce the training time and allows you to generate all kinds of events. To implement such a simulator, it is necessary to develop a method that would allow recreating a realistic world in one passage with cameras (monocular) installed on board the vehicle. Based on this, the purpose of this work is to develop an intelligent vehicle recognition system using convolutional neural networks, which allows you to create mesh objects for further placement in the simulator. It is important to note that the resulting objects should be optimal in size so as not to overload the system, since a large number of road infrastructure objects are stored there. Also, neural complexity should not be excessive. In this paper, the general concept and classification of convolutional neural networks are given, which allow solving the problem of recognizing 3D objects in images. Based on the analysis, the existing neural network architectures do not solve the problems mentioned above. In this connection, the authors first of all carried out the design of the system according to the methodology of modeling business processes, and also modified and developed the architecture of the neural network, which allows classifying objects with sufficient accuracy, obtaining optimized mesh objects and reducing computational complexity. The methods proposed in this paper are used in a simulator of a realistic urban environment, which reduces the time and computational costs when training unmanned transport systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technologies of Highly Efficient Telecommunication Systems and Devices)
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19 pages, 12393 KiB  
Article
On the Use of Class D Switching-Mode Power Amplifiers in Visible Light Communication Transmitters
by Juan R. García-Meré, Juan Rodríguez, Diego G. Lamar and Javier Sebastián
Sensors 2022, 22(13), 4858; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22134858 - 27 Jun 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2436
Abstract
Visible Light Communication (VLC) is a wireless communication technology that uses visible light to transmit information. The most extended implementation of a VLC transmitter employs a DC-DC power converter that biases the High-Brightness LEDs (HB-LEDs), and a Linear Power Amplifier (LPA) that reproduces [...] Read more.
Visible Light Communication (VLC) is a wireless communication technology that uses visible light to transmit information. The most extended implementation of a VLC transmitter employs a DC-DC power converter that biases the High-Brightness LEDs (HB-LEDs), and a Linear Power Amplifier (LPA) that reproduces the communication signal. Unfortunately, the power efficiency of LPAs is very low, thus reducing the overall system efficiency and requiring huge cooling systems to extract the heat. In this work, the use of Class D Switching-Mode Power Amplifiers (SMPAs) is explored in order to overcome that limitation. It is important to note that this SMPA is widely used for different applications, such as audio and RF power amplifiers. Therefore, there are a lot of versions of a Class D SMPA depending on the topology used for the implementation and the modulation strategy used to control the switches. Hence, this work aims to identify, adapt and explain in detail the best approach for implementing a Class D SMPA for VLC. In order to validate the proposed idea, a power-efficient VLC transmitter intended for short-range and low-speed applications was built and evaluated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technologies of Highly Efficient Telecommunication Systems and Devices)
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9 pages, 2367 KiB  
Article
Uplink NOMA-MIMO Systems with Rayleigh Power Distribution
by Mikhail Bakulin, Taoufik Ben Rejeb, Vitaly Kreyndelin, Denis Pankratov and Aleksei Smirnov
Sensors 2022, 22(11), 4002; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22114002 - 25 May 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2180
Abstract
The article is devoted to multiple-input multiple-output antenna systems, also called MIMO systems, which are widely used in wireless communication systems. In this article we consider a case when the MIMO system works in overloaded mode. In this mode MIMO systems can be [...] Read more.
The article is devoted to multiple-input multiple-output antenna systems, also called MIMO systems, which are widely used in wireless communication systems. In this article we consider a case when the MIMO system works in overloaded mode. In this mode MIMO systems can be considered as a system with non-orthogonal multiple access NOMA. The main goal of this article is to analyze this interesting case using statistical computer simulation. Based on the analysis of the capacity of a discrete-continuous multiuser MIMO uplink channel, the possibility of such systems functioning in overload mode is proved. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technologies of Highly Efficient Telecommunication Systems and Devices)
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12 pages, 3555 KiB  
Article
Performance Evaluation of Cooperative OMA and NOMA Systems in 6G Deployment Scenarios
by Preksha Jain, Akhil Gupta, Neeraj Kumar, Gyanendra Prasad Joshi and Woong Cho
Sensors 2022, 22(11), 3986; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22113986 - 24 May 2022
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3018
Abstract
Optimization of the energy efficiency, fairness, and rates of the system is a vital part of communication systems. Multiple access techniques have a huge potential to enhance such performance parameters. This paper studies the performance of NOMA and OMA systems in a singular [...] Read more.
Optimization of the energy efficiency, fairness, and rates of the system is a vital part of communication systems. Multiple access techniques have a huge potential to enhance such performance parameters. This paper studies the performance of NOMA and OMA systems in a singular cell environment, where the cellular users are distributed randomly, and cooperative relays are considered for better system reliability. The relay nodes forward the signals to the cell-edge users. This paper considers a practical scenario where all the relay equipment is distributed with non-uniform battery power levels. The performance of OMA and NOMA schemes is compared based on the key performance indicators: sum rate, fairness, and energy efficiency. The fairness factor determines fairness in the allocation of resources to all the system’s users. The performance of the two schemes is assessed in three deployment scenarios: urban, suburban, and rural scenarios. Through numerical results, it is proved that the performance of the NOMA dominates the OMA scheme. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technologies of Highly Efficient Telecommunication Systems and Devices)
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19 pages, 4376 KiB  
Article
Agnostic Envelope Linearization of Dynamically Supplied Power Amplifiers for Mobile Terminals
by Wantao Li, Gabriel Montoro and Pere L. Gilabert
Sensors 2022, 22(10), 3773; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22103773 - 16 May 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2131
Abstract
This paper presents an envelope linearization technique to compensate for the nonlinear distortion of envelope tracking (ET) power amplifiers (PAs) for 5G new radio (NR) mobile terminals. The proposed envelope optimization (EOPT) method is agnostic of the nonlinear distortion generated in the envelope [...] Read more.
This paper presents an envelope linearization technique to compensate for the nonlinear distortion of envelope tracking (ET) power amplifiers (PAs) for 5G new radio (NR) mobile terminals. The proposed envelope optimization (EOPT) method is agnostic of the nonlinear distortion generated in the envelope supply path and can compensate for the nonlinear distortion at the ET PA output without the need to monitor the output at the envelope tracking modulator (ETM). The linearization system in the envelope path is based on the envelope generalized memory polynomial (EGMP) behavioral model. Since the ETM output is not available, an iterative nonlinear least squares solution inspired in the deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG) algorithm is proposed to extract the coefficients of the EGMP model. The EOPT method is validated on a system-on-chip (SoC) ET PA board designed for mobile terminal applications. Experimental results show the suitability of the proposed method to guarantee the linearity requirements (i.e., adjacent channel power ratio below −36 dBc) with 16.8% of power efficiency when operating the ET PA with 5G new radio test signals of 60 MHz bandwidth operating at 2.55 GHz (band 7). The linearization performance of the proposed EOPT method is comparable to the envelope leakage cancellation (ELC) approach (but saving the need for an analog to digital converter to monitor the ETM output), and can outperform a conventional I-Q digital predistorter based on the generalized memory polynomial (GMP) behavioral model. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technologies of Highly Efficient Telecommunication Systems and Devices)
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28 pages, 7346 KiB  
Article
Application of Approximation Constructions with a Small Number of Parameters for the Estimation of a Rayleigh Fading Multipath Channel with Doppler Spectrum Spreading
by Natalia E. Poborchaya, Alexander V. Pestryakov and Elizaveta O. Lobova
Sensors 2022, 22(9), 3488; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22093488 - 3 May 2022
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 1945
Abstract
In this article, an algorithm for joint estimation of communication channel gains and signal distortions in a direct conversion receiver is proposed. The received signal model uses approximations with a small number of parameters to reduce the computational complexity of the resulting algorithm. [...] Read more.
In this article, an algorithm for joint estimation of communication channel gains and signal distortions in a direct conversion receiver is proposed. The received signal model uses approximations with a small number of parameters to reduce the computational complexity of the resulting algorithm. The estimation algorithm is obtained under the assumption of a priori uncertainty about the characteristics of the communication channel and noise distribution using the linear least squares method. Estimation is performed first by the test sequence, then by the information symbols obtained after detection. In addition, an analysis of the noise immunity of quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) signal reception is carried out using different approximating structures in the estimation algorithm for systems with a single transmitting and receiving antenna (SISO) and for systems with multiple transmitting and receiving antennas (MIMO). Furthermore, this article examines the influence of the duration of the test signal, the number of sessions of its transmission, and the channel extrapolation interval on the quality of signal reception. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technologies of Highly Efficient Telecommunication Systems and Devices)
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15 pages, 3401 KiB  
Article
Computationally Efficient Implementation of Joint Detection and Parameters Estimation of Signals with Dispersive Distortions on a GPU
by Vladislav I. Lipatkin, Evgeniy M. Lobov and Nikolai A. Kandaurov
Sensors 2022, 22(9), 3105; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22093105 - 19 Apr 2022
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2270
Abstract
The detector is an integral part of the device for receiving and processing radio signals. Signals that have passed through the ionospheric channel acquire an unknown Doppler shift and are subject to dispersion distortions. It is necessary to carry out joint detection and [...] Read more.
The detector is an integral part of the device for receiving and processing radio signals. Signals that have passed through the ionospheric channel acquire an unknown Doppler shift and are subject to dispersion distortions. It is necessary to carry out joint detection and parameter estimation to improve reception quality and detection accuracy. Modern hardware base developing makes it possible to implement a device for joint detection and evaluation of signals based on standard processors (CPU) and graphic processors (GPU). The article discusses the implementation of a signal detector that allows for real-time operation. A comparison of implementations of algorithms for estimating the Doppler frequency shift through multiplication by a complex exponent and the fast Fourier transform (FFT) is performed. A comparison of computational costs and execution speed on the CPU and GPU is considered. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technologies of Highly Efficient Telecommunication Systems and Devices)
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15 pages, 711 KiB  
Article
Inter-Multilevel Super-Orthogonal Space–Time Coding Scheme for Reliable ZigBee-Based IoMT Communications
by Shang-Chih Ma, Mohammad Alkhaleefah, Yang-Lang Chang, Joon Huang Chuah, Wen-Yen Chang, Chiung-Shen Ku, Meng-Che Wu and Lena Chang
Sensors 2022, 22(7), 2695; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22072695 - 31 Mar 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2574
Abstract
The Internet of Things (IoT) technology has revolutionized the healthcare industry by enabling a new paradigm for healthcare delivery. This paradigm is known as the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT). IoMT devices are typically connected via a wide range of wireless communication technologies, [...] Read more.
The Internet of Things (IoT) technology has revolutionized the healthcare industry by enabling a new paradigm for healthcare delivery. This paradigm is known as the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT). IoMT devices are typically connected via a wide range of wireless communication technologies, such as Bluetooth, radio-frequency identification (RFID), ZigBee, Wi-Fi, and cellular networks. The ZigBee protocol is considered to be an ideal protocol for IoMT communication due to its low cost, low power usage, easy implementation, and appropriate level of security. However, maintaining ZigBee’s high reliability is a major challenge due to multi-path fading and interference from coexisting wireless networks. This has increased the demand for more efficient channel coding schemes that can achieve a more reliable transmission of vital patient data for ZigBee-based IoMT communications. To meet this demand, a novel coding scheme called inter-multilevel super-orthogonal space–time coding (IM-SOSTC) can be implemented by combining the multilevel coding and set partitioning of super-orthogonal space–time block codes based on the coding gain distance (CGD) criterion. The proposed IM-SOSTC utilizes a technique that provides inter-level dependency between adjacent multilevel coded blocks to facilitate high spectral efficiency, which has been compromised previously by the high coding gain due to the multilevel outer code. In this paper, the performance of IM-SOSTC is compared to other related schemes via a computer simulation that utilizes the quasi-static Rayleigh fading channel. The simulation results show that IM-SOSTC outperforms other related coding schemes and is capable of providing the optimal trade-off between coding gain and spectral efficiency whilst guaranteeing full diversity and low complexity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technologies of Highly Efficient Telecommunication Systems and Devices)
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19 pages, 2477 KiB  
Article
Equivalent MIMO Channel Matrix Sparsification for Enhancement of Sensor Capabilities
by Mikhail Bakulin, Vitaly Kreyndelin, Sergei Melnik, Vladimir Sudovtsev and Dmitry Petrov
Sensors 2022, 22(5), 2041; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22052041 - 5 Mar 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2501
Abstract
One of the development directions of new-generation mobile communications is using multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channels with a large number of antennas. This requires the development and utilization of new approaches to signal detection in MIMO channels, since the difference in the energy efficiency [...] Read more.
One of the development directions of new-generation mobile communications is using multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channels with a large number of antennas. This requires the development and utilization of new approaches to signal detection in MIMO channels, since the difference in the energy efficiency and the complexity between the optimal maximum likelihood algorithm and simpler linear algorithms become very large. The goal of the presented study is the development of a method for transforming a MIMO channel into a model based on a sparse matrix with a limited number of non-zero elements in a row. It was shown that the MIMO channel can be represented in the form of a Markov process. Hence, it becomes possible to use simple iterative MIMO demodulation algorithms such as message-passing algorithms (MPAs) and Turbo. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technologies of Highly Efficient Telecommunication Systems and Devices)
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14 pages, 5367 KiB  
Article
Sharing Studies between 5G IoT Networks and Fixed Service in the 6425–7125 MHz Band with Monte Carlo Simulation Analysis
by Alexander Pastukh, Valery Tikhvinskiy, Evgeny Devyatkin and Aigul Kulakayeva
Sensors 2022, 22(4), 1587; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22041587 - 18 Feb 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2990
Abstract
This work presents sharing studies between 5G networks and point-to-point fixed service in the 6425–7125 MHz band. In this research, we provide simulations of interference from 5G downlink and uplink to fixed service in the frequency band 6425–7125 MHz. We evaluated several scenarios [...] Read more.
This work presents sharing studies between 5G networks and point-to-point fixed service in the 6425–7125 MHz band. In this research, we provide simulations of interference from 5G downlink and uplink to fixed service in the frequency band 6425–7125 MHz. We evaluated several scenarios of interference, which include cross-border scenarios, as well as scenarios of interference within the borders of one administration. The obtained results of this work are presented as protection distance and frequency offsets that are required in order to achieve compatibility between 5G and FS in the 6425–7125 MHz band. The spectrum engineering techniques presented in this research can help different companies and regulatory administrations in their spectrum management and frequency regulation activities and seriously improve the efficiency of implementation for 5G technologies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technologies of Highly Efficient Telecommunication Systems and Devices)
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16 pages, 7775 KiB  
Article
Noise Immunity and Robustness Study of Image Recognition Using a Convolutional Neural Network
by Vadim Ziyadinov and Maxim Tereshonok
Sensors 2022, 22(3), 1241; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22031241 - 6 Feb 2022
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3322
Abstract
The problem surrounding convolutional neural network robustness and noise immunity is currently of great interest. In this paper, we propose a technique that involves robustness estimation and stability improvement. We also examined the noise immunity of convolutional neural networks and estimated the influence [...] Read more.
The problem surrounding convolutional neural network robustness and noise immunity is currently of great interest. In this paper, we propose a technique that involves robustness estimation and stability improvement. We also examined the noise immunity of convolutional neural networks and estimated the influence of uncertainty in the training and testing datasets on recognition probability. For this purpose, we estimated the recognition accuracies of multiple datasets with different uncertainties; we analyzed these data and provided the dependence of recognition accuracy on the training dataset uncertainty. We hypothesized and proved the existence of an optimal (in terms of recognition accuracy) amount of uncertainty in the training data for neural networks working with undefined uncertainty data. We have shown that the determination of this optimum can be performed using statistical modeling. Adding an optimal amount of uncertainty (noise of some kind) to the training dataset can be used to improve the overall recognition quality and noise immunity of convolutional neural networks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technologies of Highly Efficient Telecommunication Systems and Devices)
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10 pages, 5271 KiB  
Article
Issues with Modeling a Tunnel Communication Channel through a Plasma Sheath
by Anna V. Bogatskaya, Andrey E. Schegolev, Nikolay V. Klenov, Evgeniy M. Lobov, Maxim V. Tereshonok and Alexander M. Popov
Sensors 2022, 22(1), 398; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22010398 - 5 Jan 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2892
Abstract
We consider two of the most relevant problems that arise when modeling the properties of a tunnel radio communication channel through a plasma layer. First, we studied the case of the oblique incidence of electromagnetic waves on a layer of ionized gas for [...] Read more.
We consider two of the most relevant problems that arise when modeling the properties of a tunnel radio communication channel through a plasma layer. First, we studied the case of the oblique incidence of electromagnetic waves on a layer of ionized gas for two wave polarizations. The resonator parameters that provide signal reception at a wide solid angle were found. We also took into account the unavoidable presence of a protective layer between the plasma and the resonator, as well as the conducting elements of the antenna system in the dielectric itself. This provides the first complete simulation for a tunnel communication channel. Noise immunity and communication range studies were conducted for a prospective spacecraft radio line. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technologies of Highly Efficient Telecommunication Systems and Devices)
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