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Advances in Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation
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Advances in Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation

A Special Issue of Sci (ISSN 2413-4155) belonging to the section "Environmental and Earth Science".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 October 2026 | Viewed by 13290

Editors

Prof. Dr. Jose Navarro Pedreño

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Agrochemistry and Environment, University Miguel Hernández of Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain
Interests: soil-water-plant system; waste management and recycling; environmental pollution
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Maria K. Doula

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Laboratory of Non-Parasitic Diseases, Scientific Directorate of Phytopathology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 8 St. Delta Str., 14561 Kifissia, Greece
Interests: environmental impact assessment; wastewater treatment; sustainable development; sustainable agriculture; environmental analysis; environmental pollution
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Antonis A. Zorpas

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and Engineering Sustainability, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, Environmental Conservation and Management, P.O. Box 12794, Nicosia 2252, Cyprus
Interests: strategic panning development in the framework of waste management; circular and bio-economy; waste valoraization; waste to energy; european green deal; biosolids treatment and management; hazardous waste treatment; end of waste criteria; waste minimization; zero waste approach; waste prevention; social behavior; city metabolism; household and solid waste management; advanced oxidation process; life cycle analysis and environmental risk analysis; SDGs; green entrepreneurship
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The challenge when implementing climate change mitigation plans is to ensure Greenhouse Gas (GHG) reduction. However, we have, at the same, to safeguard sustainable growth and development, as this will enhance well-being by pursuing economic growth and preventing environment degradation. This is crucial for most of the vulnerable areas in the world, but especially rural areas, being already under multiple pressures such as desertification, water shortage and persistent urbanization.

Considering the importance of the theme “Adaptation to Climate Change” in many sectors, this Special Issue is focused on enhancing environmental and social sustainability.

We invite authors to submit extended versions of original articles presented at OPENEARTH2 for publication in this Special Issue. Additionally, we welcome other contributions that align with the theme.

Prof. Dr. Jose Navarro Pedreño
Dr. Maria K. Doula
Dr. Antonis A. Zorpas
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-anonymized peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sci is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • climate change
  • agriculture
  • life cycle sustainability assessment
  • GHGs emissions
  • resources management
  • wastewater treatment

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Further information on MDPI's Special Issue policies can be found here.

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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34 pages, 1764 KB  
Article
Temperature, Energy, and Income as Drivers of Carbon Intensity in Saudi Arabia, 1970–2023
by Uzma Khan, Sahar Abdo Mohamed Elsayed and Aarif Mohammad Khan
Sci 2026, 8(9), 257; https://doi.org/10.3390/sci8090257 - 12 Sep 2026
Abstract
Decoupling emissions from output is central to Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030, yet the drivers of carbon intensity in oil-exporting economies—particularly how warming interacts with energy supply and income—remain poorly characterised. Using annual data for 1970–2023 and a country-specific Saudi temperature anomaly rather than [...] Read more.
Decoupling emissions from output is central to Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030, yet the drivers of carbon intensity in oil-exporting economies—particularly how warming interacts with energy supply and income—remain poorly characterised. Using annual data for 1970–2023 and a country-specific Saudi temperature anomaly rather than a global proxy, we estimate the long-run drivers of carbon intensity in a cointegration framework addressing both a mean break in the cointegrating vector (identified endogenously by the Gregory–Hansen procedure at 2004) and a disturbance-variance break (1985). Headline estimates come from variance-weighted dynamic ordinary least squares, with the autoregressive distributed lag model and its nonlinear and quantile variants, fully modified ordinary least squares and canonical cointegrating regression providing dynamic, asymmetric, distributional and cross-estimator checks under Newey–West inference. Real GDP per capita lowers carbon intensity (β = −0.484) and industrial composition raises it (β = +0.449), while the temperature anomaly has a positive direct effect (β = +0.099). The two-way temperature–energy interaction is positive (+0.264) and the three-way temperature–energy–income interaction negative (−0.859): the marginal effect of +1 °C rises from +6.4% to +16.8% across the observed range of energy supply per capita but flattens as income rises. Because carbon intensity is CO2 divided by GDP, the negative income coefficient corresponds to a positive but sub-unitary elasticity of per capita emissions (+0.516), indicating relative rather than absolute decoupling. The estimates are conditional long-run associations, not identified causal effects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation)
29 pages, 7319 KB  
Article
Climate Change and Irrigation-Related Water Productivity in Arid Agriculture: Evidence from GCC Countries
by Amina Hamdouni
Sci 2026, 8(9), 235; https://doi.org/10.3390/sci8090235 - 3 Sep 2026
Viewed by 287
Abstract
This study examines how multiple dimensions of climate variability are associated with irrigation-related water productivity in the six Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries over 2000–2023. Water productivity is measured as economic output generated per unit of freshwater withdrawal and is interpreted as an [...] Read more.
This study examines how multiple dimensions of climate variability are associated with irrigation-related water productivity in the six Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries over 2000–2023. Water productivity is measured as economic output generated per unit of freshwater withdrawal and is interpreted as an economy-wide proxy for water-use efficiency rather than a crop-specific biophysical measure. Using a balanced panel of 144 country-year observations, the study combines seven annual climate indicators from NASA POWER—temperature, precipitation, evapotranspiration, relative humidity, soil moisture, wind speed, and solar radiation—with socioeconomic and agricultural indicators from the World Bank. A two-way fixed effects model is estimated with controls for agricultural land, rural population, renewable energy consumption, carbon emissions, GDP per capita, and agricultural employment. The results show that temperature, evapotranspiration, wind speed, and solar radiation are negatively associated with water productivity, whereas precipitation, relative humidity, and soil moisture are positively associated with it. Soil moisture and temperature display the largest estimated effects among the climate variables in the baseline specification. The analysis further finds that the estimated climate–water-productivity relationship differs in magnitude between the pre-COVID (2000–2019) and post-COVID (2020–2023) periods. Interaction models indicate that soil moisture, precipitation, and relative humidity partially moderate the adverse effects of temperature and evapotranspiration. These findings remain broadly stable across alternative dependent variables, lagged climate specifications, alternative estimators, and leave-one-country-out analyses. The study contributes GCC-wide evidence on the joint and conditional effects of climate variability and highlights the importance of climate-informed irrigation scheduling, soil-moisture monitoring, and precision water-management technologies for strengthening agricultural resilience in arid environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation)
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30 pages, 1776 KB  
Article
Connectedness of Agricultural Commodities Under Climate Stress: Evidence from a TVP-VAR Approach
by Nini Johana Marín-Rodríguez, Juan David Gonzalez-Ruiz and Sergio Botero
Sci 2025, 7(3), 123; https://doi.org/10.3390/sci7030123 - 4 Sep 2025
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3712
Abstract
Agricultural markets are increasingly exposed to global risks as climate change intensifies and macro-financial volatility becomes more prevalent. This study examines the dynamic interconnection between major agricultural commodities—soybeans, corn, wheat, rough rice, and sugar—and key uncertainty indicators, including climate policy uncertainty, global economic [...] Read more.
Agricultural markets are increasingly exposed to global risks as climate change intensifies and macro-financial volatility becomes more prevalent. This study examines the dynamic interconnection between major agricultural commodities—soybeans, corn, wheat, rough rice, and sugar—and key uncertainty indicators, including climate policy uncertainty, global economic policy uncertainty, geopolitical risk, financial market volatility, oil price volatility, and the U.S. Dollar Index. Using a Time-Varying Parameter Vector Autoregressive (TVP-VAR) model with monthly data, we assess both internal spillovers within the commodity system and external spillovers from macro-level uncertainties. On average, the external shock from the VIX to corn reaches 12.4%, and the spillover from RGEPU to wheat exceeds 10%, while internal links like corn to wheat remain below 8%. The results show that external uncertainty consistently dominates the connectedness structure, particularly during periods of geopolitical or financial stress, while internal interactions remain relatively subdued. Unexpectedly, recent global disruptions such as the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russia–Ukraine conflict do not exhibit strong or persistent effects on the connectedness patterns, likely due to model smoothing, stockpiling policies, and supply chain adaptations. These findings highlight the importance of strengthening international macro-financial and climate policy coordination to mitigate the propagation of external shocks. By distinguishing between internal and external connectedness under climate stress, this study contributes new insights into how systemic risks affect agri-food systems and offers a methodological framework for future risk monitoring. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation)
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Review

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19 pages, 3057 KB  
Review
A Review of the Impact of Climate Change on the Presence of Microorganisms in Drinking Water
by Ana Pérez-Gimeno, María Belén Almendro-Candel, Ignacio Gómez Lucas, Teresa Rodríguez-Espinosa, Víctor Sala-Sala, Manuel M. Jordán, Antonis A. Zorpas and Jose Navarro-Pedreño
Sci 2025, 7(3), 132; https://doi.org/10.3390/sci7030132 - 12 Sep 2025
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3955
Abstract
Access to clean and safe drinking water is crucial for global health and well-being, formally recognised as a fundamental human right within the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals. However, the integrity of water supply is increasingly threatened by microbial contamination, a risk aggravated [...] Read more.
Access to clean and safe drinking water is crucial for global health and well-being, formally recognised as a fundamental human right within the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals. However, the integrity of water supply is increasingly threatened by microbial contamination, a risk aggravated by the conditions driven from climate change, which promotes the proliferation, resilience, and facilitation of the dissemination of microorganisms. Pathogens like Legionella, Cryptosporidium, Giardia, Escherichia coli, and Vibrio cholerae can be present in water supplies, developing survival strategies (e.g., biofilm, cysts, inside protozoa). The risk of microorganisms in water requires both effective treatment at drinking water treatment plants and vigilant process control throughout drinking water distribution systems. Globally, a great number of disease outbreaks have been linked to contaminated drinking water. Despite strong regulations in the European Union and the Drinking Water Directive aim to guarantee the safety and quality of potable water, outbreaks persist; recent Legionella cases in Italy in 2024 and Cryptosporidiosis in 2019 linked to rainfalls and insufficient disinfection treatment, respectively, are an example of this. Although cholera is not common in Europe, there is evidence of high incidence of this disease in Africa mainly due to the poor hygienic conditions in the DWTS. In Europe, the data of waterborne diseases and outbreaks are submitted by European Countries to the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) to give faster and effective response to outbreaks. Determining the origin of the contamination is essential to face the solution of outbreaks and ensure public health safety. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation)
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14 pages, 739 KB  
Review
Long-Term Frameworks for Food Security and Sustainability Through Climate-Smart Interconnected Agrifood Systems
by Germana Borsetta, Andrea Zovi and Sauro Vittori
Sci 2025, 7(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/sci7010015 - 10 Feb 2025
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3532
Abstract
Global food instability is attributable to multiple significant threats, such as climate change, geopolitical instability, emerging trade policies, health crises, and insufficient technological readiness. Agrifood systems are implicated at various and interconnected levels. The international community, along with subordinate entities, is addressing these [...] Read more.
Global food instability is attributable to multiple significant threats, such as climate change, geopolitical instability, emerging trade policies, health crises, and insufficient technological readiness. Agrifood systems are implicated at various and interconnected levels. The international community, along with subordinate entities, is addressing these risks by formulating specific policies and methodologies. This review adopts a holistic approach to understanding the interactions across agrifood systems, encompassing production, processing, transportation, and consumption. The methodology involves an extensive review of the academic literature, case studies, and statistical data from global organizations, such as the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), to assess vulnerabilities and identify sustainable practices. Key sectors within agriculture, such as agroecology, organic farming, aquaculture, hydroponics, and precision agriculture are analyzed for their potential to enhance productivity while reducing environmental impact. This analysis also explores widely adopted concepts, policies, and methodologies aimed at monitoring risks and disseminating effective practices across the sector. By integrating emerging technologies and policy frameworks, the review underscores the critical role of climate-smart agriculture, sustainable water management, and agronomic practices in supporting resilient and sustainable food systems. The findings provide actionable insights for advancing food security and achieving global sustainability goals and support the decision-making process. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation)
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