Plants

19 pages, 2569 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Wounding and Phospholipase C Inhibition: Evaluation of the Alkaloid Profiling in Opium Poppy

by Barbora Hans, Ema Balažová, Svetlana Dokupilová, Peter Mikuš, Andrea Balažová, Renáta Kubíková and Marek Obložinský

Plants 2025, 14(10), 1413; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14101413 - 8 May 2025

Abstract

Wounding triggers complex secondary metabolic pathways in plants, including benzylisoquinoline alkaloid (BIA) biosynthesis in opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.). This study explores transcriptional and metabolic responses to wounding and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment, focusing on BIA biosynthesis and regulatory mechanisms. Real-time expression [...] Read more.

Wounding triggers complex secondary metabolic pathways in plants, including benzylisoquinoline alkaloid (BIA) biosynthesis in opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.). This study explores transcriptional and metabolic responses to wounding and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment, focusing on BIA biosynthesis and regulatory mechanisms. Real-time expression analysis revealed significant up-regulation of transcripts in the (S)-reticuline and papaverine biosynthetic pathway, while the noscapine pathway was suppressed. The morphinan pathway also showed transcriptional activation, except in the case of codeinone reductase (COR), which remained unresponsive to both wounding and MeJA, suggesting a partially uncoupled mechanism. Metabolite profiling using HPLC-MS demonstrated a rapid accumulation of morphine post wounding, further supporting the hypothesis of independent regulatory control over COR. The role of phospholipase C (PLC) in modulating wound-induced BIA accumulation was investigated, revealing that PLC inhibition reduced morphine production and suppressed COR expression. These findings highlight the importance of phospholipid-dependent signalling in activating morphine biosynthesis, potentially at the expense of other BIAs. This study provides insights into plant stress responses and suggests strategies for enhancing BIA production through targeted interventions, offering potential applications in improving alkaloid yield. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Physiology and Metabolism)

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22 pages, 8463 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synergistic Impacts of Phosphorus Deficiency Coupled with Thermal and High-Light Stress on Physiological Profiles of Cultivated Saccharina japonica

by Jing Zhang, Xiaonan Wang, Xingyue Ren, Xu Gao and Jingyu Li

Plants 2025, 14(10), 1412; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14101412 - 8 May 2025

Abstract

Global kelp farming is garnering growing attention for its contributions to fishery yields, environmental remediation, and carbon neutrality efforts. Kelp farming systems face escalating pressures from compounded climatic and environmental stressors. A severe outbreak disaster caused extensive kelp mortality and significant economic losses [...] Read more.

Global kelp farming is garnering growing attention for its contributions to fishery yields, environmental remediation, and carbon neutrality efforts. Kelp farming systems face escalating pressures from compounded climatic and environmental stressors. A severe outbreak disaster caused extensive kelp mortality and significant economic losses in Rongcheng, China, one of the world’s largest kelp farming areas. This study investigated the growth and physiological responses of Saccharina japonica to combined stressors involving three levels of N:P ratios (10:1 as a control; 100:1 and 500:1 to represent phosphorus deficiency stress) and two temperature/light regimes (12 °C, 90 μmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹ as a control, and 17 °C, 340 μmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹ to represent thermal and high-light stress). The results demonstrated that phosphorus deficiency significantly inhibited the relative growth rate of kelp (24% decrease), and the strongest growth inhibition in kelp was observed at the N:P ratio of 500:1 combined with thermal and high-light stress. The algal tissue was whitened due to its progressive disintegration under escalating stress, coupled with damage to its chloroplasts and nucleus ultrastructures. Phosphorus-deficiency-induced declines in photochemistry (27–56% decrease) and chlorophyll content (63% decrease) were paradoxically and transiently reversed by thermal and high-light stress, but this “false recovery” accelerated subsequent metabolic collapse (a 60–75% decrease in the growth rate and a loss of thallus integrity). Alkaline phosphatase was preferentially activated to cope with phosphorus deficiency combined with photothermal stress, while acid phosphatase was subsequently induced to provide auxiliary support. S. japonica suppressed its metabolism but upregulated its nucleotides under phosphorus deficiency; however, the energy/amino acid/coenzyme pathways were activated and a broad spectrum of metabolites were upregulated under combined stressors, indicating that S. japonica employs a dual adaptive strategy where phosphorus scarcity triggers metabolic conservation. Thermal/light stress can override phosphorus limitations by activating specific compensatory pathways. The findings of this study provide a foundation for the sustainable development of kelp farming under climate and environmental changes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Macrophytes Responses to Global Change)

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15 pages, 3098 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effectiveness of Natural Products—Artemisia dubia and Manure Digestate—On Winter Wheat Cultivation

by Ausra Baksinskaite, Modupe Olufemi Doyeni, Jurate Ramanauskienė, Dalia Feizienė and Vita Tilvikiene

Plants 2025, 14(10), 1411; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14101411 - 8 May 2025

Abstract

To effectively contribute to climate change mitigation, agronomists are increasingly focused on minimizing the application of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides while ensuring that crop yield and quality are not compromised. Plant biomass and organic fertilizers are known to improve soil quality, boost plant [...] Read more.

To effectively contribute to climate change mitigation, agronomists are increasingly focused on minimizing the application of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides while ensuring that crop yield and quality are not compromised. Plant biomass and organic fertilizers are known to improve soil quality, boost plant growth, and suppress diseases. However, their overall effectiveness remains limited, hence the need for further research to enhance their agricultural performance. This study aims to explore the potential application of two natural sources (manure digestate and crop Artemisia dubia) for crop fertilization and protection. During the growing season, winter wheat was fertilized twice (21–25 BBCH and 30–35 BBCH) with synthetic, organic (pig manure digestate), and combined synthetic–organic fertilizers. Artemisia dubia biomass was incorporated before sowing and planted in strips. The soil chemical composition, crop overwintering, weediness, and diseases were assessed after two years of the respective treatments. The results showed that the organic carbon content increased by 1–5% after fertilizing winter wheat with pig manure digestate and combining fertilizers (organic and synthetic). Additionally, fertilizer or pesticide use had a significant effect on the soil pH process. Combining synthetic and organic fertilizers increased the amount of mobile phosphorus in the soil by 38%. In conclusion, combining synthetic fertilizers with organic fertilizers is the most effective approach to maintain healthy soil conditions and prevent damage to sprouts in the soil. Overall, our findings offer more opportunities for organic and sustainable agricultural processes by integrating pig manure digestate and Artemisia dubia biomass as a natural approach to minimizing synthetic fertilizer and pesticide use. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Crop Physiology and Crop Production)

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16 pages, 3771 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Self-Pollinated Types and Ecological Adaptations of the Desert Plant Gymnocarpos przewalskii

by Jiaxin Jian, Xueping Chai, Xiaonan Zhao and Zhaoping Yang

Plants 2025, 14(10), 1410; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14101410 - 8 May 2025

Abstract

In desert plants, outcrossing is frequently limited by pollinator scarcity, leading to a certain percentage of self-fertilization. However, research on the ecological adaptations of self-fertilized seeds remains limited. Gymnocarpos przewalskii Maxim, a Tertiary relict plant in the arid deserts of Northwest China, exhibits [...] Read more.

In desert plants, outcrossing is frequently limited by pollinator scarcity, leading to a certain percentage of self-fertilization. However, research on the ecological adaptations of self-fertilized seeds remains limited. Gymnocarpos przewalskii Maxim, a Tertiary relict plant in the arid deserts of Northwest China, exhibits pronounced self-pollination. In this study, the population of G. przewalskii from the fifth regiment of Alar City was selected to explore its self-pollination types, self-pollination percentages, and ecological adaptations. We found that artificially cross-pollinated G. przewalskii produced heavier seeds, faster germination, seedlings with greater biomass, and stronger environmental adaptability than self-pollination. However, the frequency of insect visits per flower was less than one. The fruit setting rate of natural pollination was 6.90%, while that of self-pollination was 4.43%, accounting for 64.20% of the natural fruit setting rate. Additionally, G. pzewalskii’s filaments elongated rapidly to make the anthers and stigma at the same height before flowering. These characteristics suggest that G. przewalskii is capable of autonomous self-pollination and is prior selfing. Gymnocarpos przewalskii likely produces a high proportion of the selfing merely to ensure population survival. These findings offer valuable insights into the adaptation of desert plants to the scarcity of pollinators. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Plant Ecology)

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17 pages, 6326 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Functional Characterization of Grapevine VviMYC4 in Regulating Drought Tolerance by Mediating Flavonol Biosynthesis

by Yiting Tan, Wenjuan Wang, Wenbo Tian, Beibei Wang, Qifeng Zhao, Jinjun Liang, Wei Zhao and Pengfei Wen

Plants 2025, 14(10), 1409; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14101409 - 8 May 2025

Abstract

Drought ranks among the key abiotic stresses that limit the growth and yield of grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.). Flavonols, a class of antioxidants commonly found in grapevines, play a crucial role in combating drought stress. In this study, we characterized the function [...] Read more.

Drought ranks among the key abiotic stresses that limit the growth and yield of grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.). Flavonols, a class of antioxidants commonly found in grapevines, play a crucial role in combating drought stress. In this study, we characterized the function and regulatory mechanism of the grapevine VviMYC4 in mediating flavonol biosynthesis in response to drought stress. VviMYC4 encodes a protein of 468 amino acids with conserved bHLH-MYC_N and bHLH domains. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed its homology with the grapevine VviMYC2 and similarity in function. The expression of VviMYC4 in ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ grapevine seedling leaves increased initially and then decreased during prolonged drought stress. The homologous and heterologous transformation of VviMYC4 in grape suspension cells, Arabidopsis plants, tobacco leaves, and grapevine leaves demonstrated its ability to positively regulate flavonol biosynthesis and accumulation by promoting the expression of flavonol-related genes, thereby enhancing the drought tolerance of transgenic plants. Furthermore, VviMYC4 could bind to specific E-box sites on the promoters of VviF3H and VviFLS to improve their activities. This study highlights VviMYC4 as a pivotal positive regulator of drought tolerance in grapevines and proposes that VviMYC4 enhances the antioxidant and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging abilities of grapevines in challenging environments and improves their stress resilience by mediating flavonol biosynthesis. Our findings offer crucial candidate genes and valuable insights for the molecular breeding of grapevine drought resistance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Drought Responses and Adaptation Mechanisms in Plants, 2nd Edition)

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19 pages, 11888 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Analysis of the 12-Oxo-Phytodienoic Acid Reductase Gene Family in Peanut and Functional Characterization of AhOPR6 in Salt Stress

by Yifei Mou, Quanxi Sun, Haocui Miao, Juan Wang, Qi Wang, Qianqian Wang, Caixia Yan, Cuiling Yuan, Xiaobo Zhao, Chunjuan Li and Shihua Shan

Plants 2025, 14(10), 1408; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14101408 (registering DOI) - 8 May 2025

Abstract

12-oxo-phytodienoic acid reductases (OPRs) have been substantiated as pivotal in plant growth and response to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the functional characterization of OPR genes in the peanut genome remains limited. In this study, we identified a total of 20 [...] Read more.

12-oxo-phytodienoic acid reductases (OPRs) have been substantiated as pivotal in plant growth and response to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the functional characterization of OPR genes in the peanut genome remains limited. In this study, we identified a total of 20 OPR genes in a tetraploid cultivar and two diploid peanut species, categorizing them into two subfamilies, OPRI and OPRII. The gene structure and conserved protein motifs within each subfamily were elucidated. Additionally, our findings indicate an uneven chromosomal distribution of peanut OPR genes. Gene duplication events were identified as pivotal in the expansion of the OPR gene family. An analysis of cis-acting elements within OPR gene promoters revealed the presence of numerous phytohormone- and stress-related cis-elements. Furthermore, peanut OPR genes exhibited tissue-specific and stress-inducible expression patterns, underscoring their crucial role in peanut growth and stress response. Additionally, plants overexpressing AhOPR6 exhibited significantly enhanced resistance to salt stress, and the AhOPR6-OE lines demonstrated a higher ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS). Collectively, these findings offer deeper insights into the roles of peanut OPR genes in stress responses, suggesting that AhOPR6 could serve as a potential candidate gene for improving peanut salt tolerance through genetic transformation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiological and Genetic Responses of Crops to Abiotic Stress)

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18 pages, 9515 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mining Key Drought-Resistant Genes of Upland Cotton Based on RNA-Seq and WGCNA Analysis

by Hu Zhang, Wen Zhang, Yu Tang, Yuantao Guo, Jinsheng Wang, Wenju Gao, Qingtao Zeng, Quanjia Chen and Qin Chen

Plants 2025, 14(10), 1407; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14101407 - 8 May 2025

Abstract

Cotton, as a globally important fiber crop, is significantly affected by drought stress during production. This study uses the drought-resistant variety Jin and the drought-sensitive variety TM-1 as test materials. Through multi-period drought stress treatments at 0 d, 7 d, 10 d, 15 [...] Read more.

Cotton, as a globally important fiber crop, is significantly affected by drought stress during production. This study uses the drought-resistant variety Jin and the drought-sensitive variety TM-1 as test materials. Through multi-period drought stress treatments at 0 d, 7 d, 10 d, 15 d, and 25 d, combined with dynamic monitoring of physiological indicators, RNA sequencing, and weighted gene co-expression network analysis, the molecular mechanism of cotton drought resistance is systematically analyzed. Dynamic monitoring of physiological indicators showed that Jin significantly accumulated proline, maintained superoxide dismutase activity, reduced malondialdehyde accumulation, and delayed chlorophyll degradation. Transcriptome analysis revealed that Jin specifically activated 8544 differentially expressed genes after stress, which were significantly enriched in lipid metabolism (α-linolenic acid, ether lipids) and secondary metabolic pathways. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis identified co-expression modules significantly correlated with proline (r = 0.81) and malondialdehyde (r = 0.86) and selected the key hub gene Gh_A08G154500 (WRKY22), which was expressed 3.2 times higher in Jin than in TM-1 at 15 days of drought stress. Functional validation suggested that WRKY22 may form a “osmotic regulation–membrane protection” co-regulatory network by activating Pro synthesis genes (P5CS) and genes involved in the jasmonic acid signaling pathway. This study reveals, for the first time, the possible dual regulatory mechanism of WRKY22 in cotton’s drought resistance, providing a theoretical basis for cotton drought-resistant breeding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adaptive Mechanisms of Plants to Biotic or Abiotic Stresses—2nd Edition)

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15 pages, 2718 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Approach for Comparing Selected Metabolites in Citrus Leaves and Fruits Across Datasets

by Ryan C. Traband, Xuesong Wang, Mariano Resendiz, Megan Meng, Yoko Hiraoka, Qiong Jia, Rendell Chang, Ethan Eurmsirilerd, Tracy Kahn, Peggy A. Mauk, Amancio De Souza, Anil Bhatia, Haiyan Ke, Donald Merhaut, Mikeal L. Roose, Zhenyu Jia and John M. Chater

Plants 2025, 14(10), 1406; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14101406 - 8 May 2025

Abstract

Citrus fruits are valued not only for their nutritional benefits but also for their rich phytochemical content. Metabolomics has emerged as a comprehensive technique for assessing the chemical composition of fruits. The botanical connection between leaves, flowers, and fruits is reflected in both [...] Read more.

Citrus fruits are valued not only for their nutritional benefits but also for their rich phytochemical content. Metabolomics has emerged as a comprehensive technique for assessing the chemical composition of fruits. The botanical connection between leaves, flowers, and fruits is reflected in both their structure and chemical composition, particularly in the flow of nutrients between plant organs. We introduced a new logarithm ratio-based approach to compare metabolite profiles between fruits and leaves. We hypothesize that this method allows for the analysis of multiple citrus metabolomic profiles to reveal known and novel correlation patterns, reflecting the dynamic connections between metabolic sources. To test this hypothesis, we leveraged comprehensive leaf metabolomic profiles from over 200 accessions in the Givaudan Citrus Variety Collection and reviewed published metabolomics data for fruits and juices of matching citrus types. By employing logarithm-transformed metabolic ratios within each dataset, we accounted for systematic differences across metabolomic platforms, achieving an unbiased analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Techniques for Citrus Cultivation)

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25 pages, 6497 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transcriptome and Physiological Analysis Reveals the Mechanism of Abscisic Acid in Regulating Cadmium Uptake and Accumulation in the Hyperaccumulator Phytolacca acinosa Roxb.

by Qin Xie, Wenting Xu, Qing Wang, Feihong Yao, Yachao Jiang, Haijia Cao and Wanhuang Lin

Plants 2025, 14(10), 1405; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14101405 - 8 May 2025

Abstract

Cadmium (Cd) is an extremely toxic heavy metal that can move from the soil to plants and enter the human body via the food chain, causing severe health issues for humans. Phytoremediation uses hyperaccumulators to extract heavy metals from polluted soil. Phytohormones, wildly [...] Read more.

Cadmium (Cd) is an extremely toxic heavy metal that can move from the soil to plants and enter the human body via the food chain, causing severe health issues for humans. Phytoremediation uses hyperaccumulators to extract heavy metals from polluted soil. Phytohormones, wildly used plant growth regulators, have been explored to improve phytoremediation efficiency. Abscisic acid (ABA) is also an essential regulator of plant tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses, including heavy metal-induced toxicity. Previous research has revealed that Phytolacca acinosa Roxb. (P. acinosa) has a strong ability to enrich Cd and can be used as a Cd hyperaccumulator. In this study, physiological and biochemical analysis revealed that under Cd stress, exogenous ABA application alleviated oxidative stress, increased the Cd²⁺ concentration in P. acinosa, especially in the roots, and changed the phytohormone concentration in P. acinosa. Transcriptome analysis was conducted to explore the molecular mechanisms by which ABA regulates Cd uptake and accumulation in P. acinosa, and to further understand the regulatory role of ABA. The results show that ABA treatment affected gene expression in P. acinosa roots under Cd stress. This study identified 5788 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (2541 up-regulated and 3247 down-regulated). Moreover, 96 metal transport-related DEGs, 54 phytohormone-related DEGs, 89 cell wall-related DEGs, 113 metal chelation-related DEGs, and 102 defense system-related DEGs cooperated more closely under exogenous ABA application to regulate Cd uptake and accumulation in P. acinosa under Cd stress. These results may help to elucidate the mechanisms by which ABA regulates Cd uptake and accumulation in plants, and provide a reference for developing a phytohormone-based strengthening strategy to improve the phytoremediation ability of other hyperaccumulators or accumulator species. The key genes involved in ABA’s regulation of Cd uptake and accumulation in P. acinosa need to be further analyzed and functionally verified. This may expand our understanding of the molecular regulatory mechanisms underlying heavy metal uptake and accumulation in hyperaccumulators. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology—2nd Edition)

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17 pages, 2754 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Seed Treatment with Cold Plasma on Antioxidants, Sugars, and Pigments in Needles of Norway Spruce Is Genotype-Dependent

by Ieva Čėsnienė, Vytautas Čėsna, Vida Mildažienė, Diana Miškelytė, Dorotėja Vaitiekūnaitė and Vaida Sirgedaitė-Šėžienė

Plants 2025, 14(9), 1404; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14091404 - 7 May 2025

Abstract

Forests face increasing threats due to climate change and anthropogenic pressures, exacerbating plant stress and disease susceptibility. Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.), a key conifer species in European forestry, is particularly vulnerable. Developing innovative seed treatments to enhance tree resilience [...] Read more.

Forests face increasing threats due to climate change and anthropogenic pressures, exacerbating plant stress and disease susceptibility. Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.), a key conifer species in European forestry, is particularly vulnerable. Developing innovative seed treatments to enhance tree resilience is crucial for sustainable forest management. Despite the growing interest in cold plasma (CP) technology for seed treatment, research on its long-term effects on trees, particularly Norway spruce, remains scarce. This study aimed to investigate the effects of pre-sowing CP treatment on Norway spruce seeds from 10 half-sib families over two vegetation seasons. Results indicate that CP treatment influenced key physiological and biochemical parameters in a genotype-specific and treatment duration-dependent manner (1 or 2 min). In some cases, CP-treated seedlings exhibited increased chlorophyll levels (e.g., increased chlorophyll a by up to 49% in some genotypes treated with CP for 1 min, and by up to 35% in those treated with CP for 2 min), reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) content in second-year samples (by up to 52% in some genotypes), and enhanced production of phenolics (by up to 21% in some genotypes in both treatment groups), suggesting improved stress tolerance. The 541 half-sib family is particularly noteworthy, as first-year seedlings exhibited increased levels of chlorophylls, flavonoids, and total phenols following a 2 min treatment. In contrast, second-year seedlings of the same family showed an increase in flavonoids and a reduction in MDA levels compared to the control, indicating a sustained and possibly age-modulated physiological response to CP exposure (2 min). However, responses varied across genetic backgrounds, highlighting the importance of genotype in determining treatment efficacy. These findings underscore the potential of CP technology as a tool for improving Norway spruce resilience and inform future strategies for seed enhancement in forestry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Woody Plants)

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12 pages, 5146 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Overexpression of StTCP10 Alters Tuber Number and Size in Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)

by Tingting Wang, Xinyue Chen, Shuangshuang Li, Ping Wang, Yongbin Wang and Binquan Huang

Plants 2025, 14(9), 1403; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14091403 - 7 May 2025

Abstract

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), cultivated worldwide for its nutrient-rich underground tubers, represents a crucial staple crop whose yield is primarily determined by both tuber number and tuber size. TCP transcription factors, especially TCP containing miR319 binding sites, play pivotal roles in plant [...] Read more.

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), cultivated worldwide for its nutrient-rich underground tubers, represents a crucial staple crop whose yield is primarily determined by both tuber number and tuber size. TCP transcription factors, especially TCP containing miR319 binding sites, play pivotal roles in plant growth and development, yet their functions in potato tuber number and size remain largely unexplored. In this study, we systematically identified 32 TCP genes in potato harboring the conserved TCP domain, among which six were predicted to contain binding sites for Stu-miR319. Semi-quantitative experiments revealed that StTCP10 exhibited the highest expression levels in stolons, swollen stolons, and tuber tissues compared to other StTCP genes containing miR319 binding sites. To elucidate its biological function, we generated StTCP10-overexpressing transgenic potato lines through Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation. Phenotypic analysis demonstrated that overexpression of StTCP10 reduced tuber number per plant while enhancing tuber size, with no significant change in total yield. These findings reveal that StTCP10 with Stu-miR319 binding sites plays a critical role in tuber size and mediates the trade-off between tuber size and number, providing novel insights into the molecular breeding aimed at improving tuber size. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solanaceae Plants Genetics)

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33 pages, 688 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Regulatory Roles of RNA-Binding Proteins in Plant Salt Stress Response

by Tangying Wang, Kaiyuan Meng, Zilin Zhu, Linxuan Pan, Thomas W. Okita, Laining Zhang and Li Tian

Plants 2025, 14(9), 1402; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14091402 - 7 May 2025

Abstract

Salt stress is one of the most prominent abiotic stresses. Behind the intricate adaptive responses of plants to salt stress, the regulation of gene expression assumes a pivotal role. Complementing transcriptional mechanisms, post-transcriptional regulation performed by RNA-binding proteins provides an additional layer of [...] Read more.

Salt stress is one of the most prominent abiotic stresses. Behind the intricate adaptive responses of plants to salt stress, the regulation of gene expression assumes a pivotal role. Complementing transcriptional mechanisms, post-transcriptional regulation performed by RNA-binding proteins provides an additional layer of control through sophisticated molecular machinery. RBPs interact with both RNA molecules and protein partners to coordinate RNA metabolism and, thus, fine-tune the expression of salt-responsive genes, enabling plants to rapidly adapt to ionic challenges. This review systematically evaluates the functional roles of RBPs localized in distinct subcellular compartments, including nuclear, cytoplasmic, chloroplastic, and mitochondrial systems, in mediating post-transcriptional regulatory networks under salinity challenges. Specific classes of RBPs are discussed in detail, including glycine-rich RNA-binding proteins (GR-RBPs), serine/arginine-rich splicing factors (SR proteins), zinc finger domain-containing proteins, DEAD-box RNA helicases (DBRHs), KH domain-containing proteins, Pumilio domain-containing proteins (PUMs), pentatricopeptide repeat proteins (PPRs), and RBPs involved in cytoplasmic RNA granule formation. By integrating their subcellular localization and current mechanistic insights, this review concludes by summarizing the current knowledge and highlighting potential future research directions, aiming to inspire further investigations into the complex network of RBPs in modulating plant responses to salt stress and facilitating the development of strategies to enhance plant salt tolerance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Plant Stress Response: From Molecular Basis to Application)

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18 pages, 3113 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of the N-Alkylamide Content and Volatile Profiles in Two Cultivars of Acmella oleracea (L.) R.K. Jansen Grown in Aquaponics

by Marta Ferrati, Beatrice Bartolini, Giulio Lupidi, Lorenzo Freddi, Valentina Bolletta, Marco Cespi, Rita Giovannetti, Marco Zannotti, Riccardo Petrelli, Filippo Maggi and Eleonora Spinozzi

Plants 2025, 14(9), 1401; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14091401 - 7 May 2025

Abstract

Acmella oleracea (L.) R.K. Jansen, also called jambù, is a medicinal and aromatic plant native to the Brazilian Amazon rainforest and phytochemically characterized by N-alkylamides with spilanthol as the main active compound. Jambù recently attracted the interest of many companies because of [...] Read more.

Acmella oleracea (L.) R.K. Jansen, also called jambù, is a medicinal and aromatic plant native to the Brazilian Amazon rainforest and phytochemically characterized by N-alkylamides with spilanthol as the main active compound. Jambù recently attracted the interest of many companies because of its wide range of pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and cosmetic applications. In this context, it is desirable to identify eco-friendly cultivation methods that not only minimize the environmental footprint but also support the biosynthesis of the plant’s valuable bioactive compounds. The zero-discharge approach of aquaponics makes this growing system an eco-friendly and sustainable production strategy for crops. Thus, a greenhouse experiment was conducted on two jambù cultivars, i.e., cv ‘purple’ and cv ‘yellow’, grown in aquaponic and hydroponic systems. The objective was to compare their contents of N-alkylamides, their numbers of capitula, which are the main source of these bioactives, and their volatile profiles. The results highlighted differences between the two cultivars and among plants harvested at different periods. Interestingly, aquaponics yielded plants with a high N-alkylamide content, which was comparable to that obtained with hydroponics. Overall, this study highlighted the feasibility of adopting aquaponics to grow A. oleracea, paving the way for circular economy-based and sustainable agricultural practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant-Derived Natural Products: Development and Utilization)

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26 pages, 6832 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification of Indigenous Thai Phlegmariurus Genotypic Population by Integrating Morphological and Molecular Studies

by Nusanisa Chedao, Avinash Chandra Pandey and Potjamarn Suraninpong

Plants 2025, 14(9), 1400; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14091400 - 7 May 2025

Abstract

Phlegmariurus, a diverse genus within the Lycopodiaceae family, has wide diversity in tropical regions, including Thailand. Accurate species delimitation in the tropical clubmoss genus Phlegmariurus is challenged by high morphological plasticity and genetic complexity. This study applied an integrative multilocus approach combining [...] Read more.

Phlegmariurus, a diverse genus within the Lycopodiaceae family, has wide diversity in tropical regions, including Thailand. Accurate species delimitation in the tropical clubmoss genus Phlegmariurus is challenged by high morphological plasticity and genetic complexity. This study applied an integrative multilocus approach combining morphometric analysis of 27 complete specimens, 35 Phlegmariurus and one Lycopodiella accessions for AFLP genotyping (926 loci; PIC 0.32), SSR profiling (44 loci; PIC 0.57; expected heterozygosity 0.35), and chloroplast barcoding using rbcL (1308 bp; bootstrap 89–99%) and the psbA-trnH intergenic spacer (308 bp; bootstrap ≥ 94%). A total of 13 were identified as belonging to seven known species, including P. nummulariifolius (NST01, NST15, NST36), P. goebelii (JP04), P. phlegmaria (NST13), P. verticillatus (PHI16), P. squarrosus (NST21, NST22, MY31), P. tetrastichus (NST30), and P. carinatus (MY32, MY33, NST34). Morphological clustering and molecular markers consistently distinguished Phlegmariurus accessions from the Lycopodiella outgroup. Additionally, 19 previously unclassified Phlegmariurus accessions were successfully identified as belonging to the species P. nummulariifolius (NST23), P. goebelii (NST03, JP05, STN12, PNA14, SKA25, CPN26, KRB27, PNA28), P. phlegmaria (NWT07, STN08, NST09, NST10, PHI29), P. squarrosus (NST17), and P. carinatus (PNA06, STN18, CPN19, JP24). Moreover, this study identified three novel lineages (NST02, STN11, NST20) with strong support across datasets. The combination of broad genomic coverage (AFLP), fine-scale allelic resolution (SSR), deep-branch backbone (rbcL), and terminal-branch discrimination (psbA-trnH) yields a robust framework for species identification. These results define clear operational units for conservation prioritization and establish a foundation for marker-assisted development of ornamental Phlegmariurus cultivars. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Plants)

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22 pages, 1457 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Systematic Review of the Advances and New Insights into Copy Number Variations in Plant Genomes

by Saimire Silaiyiman, Jiaxuan Liu, Jiaxin Wu, Lejun Ouyang, Zheng Cao and Chao Shen

Plants 2025, 14(9), 1399; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14091399 - 6 May 2025

Abstract

Copy number variations (CNVs), as an important structural variant in genomes, are widely present in plants, affecting their phenotype and adaptability. In recent years, CNV research has not only focused on changes in gene copy numbers but has also been linked to complex [...] Read more.

Copy number variations (CNVs), as an important structural variant in genomes, are widely present in plants, affecting their phenotype and adaptability. In recent years, CNV research has not only focused on changes in gene copy numbers but has also been linked to complex mechanisms such as genome rearrangements, transposon activity, and environmental adaptation. The advancement in sequencing technologies has made the detection and analysis of CNVs more efficient, not only revealing their crucial roles in plant disease resistance, adaptability, and growth development, but also demonstrating broad application potential in crop improvement, particularly in selective breeding and genomic selection. By studying CNV changes during the domestication process, researchers have gradually recognized the important role of CNVs in plant domestication and evolution. This article reviews the formation mechanisms of CNVs in plants, methods for their detection, their relationship with plant traits, and their applications in crop improvement. It emphasizes future research directions involving the integration of multi-omics to provide new perspectives on the structure and function of plant genomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Genetics, Genomics and Biotechnology)

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19 pages, 8378 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Melatonin Mitigates Cd-Induced Growth Repression and RNA m⁶A Hypermethylation by Triggering MMR-Mediated DNA Damage Response

by Zihan Tang, Hetong Wang, Xianpeng Wang, Richard A. Ludlow, Zhouli Liu, Min Zhang, Qijiang Cao, Wan Liu and Qiang Zhao

Plants 2025, 14(9), 1398; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14091398 - 6 May 2025

Abstract

Melatonin (MT) has been found to mitigate cadmium (Cd) toxicity with negligible environmental risks. It remains poorly understood as to how MT mitigates Cd-induced growth repression and regulates RNA m⁶A methylation. We aimed to elucidate the effect of MT on growth [...] Read more.

Melatonin (MT) has been found to mitigate cadmium (Cd) toxicity with negligible environmental risks. It remains poorly understood as to how MT mitigates Cd-induced growth repression and regulates RNA m⁶A methylation. We aimed to elucidate the effect of MT on growth repression and RNA m⁶A methylation in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) exposed to Cd stress. MT mitigated, on average, 13.96% and 8.42% of growth repression resulting from Cd and mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency. The ameliorative effect on Cd stress was reduced by 70.56% and 34.23% in msh2 and msh6 mutants, respectively. With distinct dose–effect relationships, m⁶A hypermethylation responded to Cd stress rather than Cu stress, which was further elevated in MMR-deficient seedlings. MT reduced m⁶A levels by 22.98% even without stress induction, whereas the depressed m⁶A levels in MMR-deficient seedlings, greatly exceeding those in the WT. The “writer” and “eraser” gene expression responsible for m⁶A methylation was reduced with the concentration of stresses due to MT, but VIR and ALKBH9B no longer responded to Cd stress in msh2 and msh6. Despite the remarkable repression, MMR gene expression was regularly promoted by MT under Cd and Cu stress. Our study provides novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the restorative effects of MT on growth repression and m⁶A methylation regulation, which shed light on Cd phytoremediation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Melatonin to Abiotic Stress in Horticultural Crops)

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13 pages, 5827 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification and Characterization of a Male Sterile Rapeseed (Brassica napus) Line for Hybrid Seed Production

by Jianghua Shi, Huasheng Yu, Renhu Liu, Yaofeng Zhang, Ying Fu, Tanliu Wang, Xiyuan Ni, Tao Zheng and Jianyi Zhao

Plants 2025, 14(9), 1397; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14091397 - 6 May 2025

Abstract

A male sterile mutant, S201, was identified in Brassica napus. Genetic analysis revealed that the male sterility trait was controlled by a recessive nuclear gene, male sterility (MS), which was stably inherited. The results of microscopy showed that the main [...] Read more.

A male sterile mutant, S201, was identified in Brassica napus. Genetic analysis revealed that the male sterility trait was controlled by a recessive nuclear gene, male sterility (MS), which was stably inherited. The results of microscopy showed that the main reason for male sterility was a defect in microspore development, resulting in the absence of typical exine and mature microspores. Bulked segregant analysis (BSA) and genotyping of an F₂ population showed that the MS gene was located in a 1.4 Mb region. Sequence analysis showed that the CYP704B1 gene in this region contained two non-synonymous SNPs, leading to substitutions of two amino acids. A high-throughput KASP marker was characterized to detect the presence of the ms gene in the breeding population. The data presented here indicate that the male sterile mutant S201 can be applied in rapeseed breeding by producing the male sterile line and that the KASP marker developed for male sterility will be useful in marker-assisted selection of male sterile individuals in rapeseed-breeding programs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Molecular Biology)

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21 pages, 4530 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Leaf Morpho-Anatomy of Twelve Cymbidium (Orchidaceae) Species from China and Their Taxonomic Significance

by Xiangke Hu, Lei Tao, Jialin Huang, Kaifeng Tao, Dong Ma and Lu Li

Plants 2025, 14(9), 1396; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14091396 - 6 May 2025

Abstract

Cymbidium are endangered and ornamental orchids, and the taxonomy and species identification of this genus have been debated due to some overlapping morphological features between taxa and limited data being available. The leaf morpho-anatomy of 12 Cymbidium species from China was investigated using [...] Read more.

Cymbidium are endangered and ornamental orchids, and the taxonomy and species identification of this genus have been debated due to some overlapping morphological features between taxa and limited data being available. The leaf morpho-anatomy of 12 Cymbidium species from China was investigated using light microscopy and paraffin sectioning. Based on a comparative analysis, some leaf morphological features that varied between species were selected and used for taxonomic differentiation as follows: (1) The shape and structure of leaves were varied and could be used for species delimitation. (2) Microscopic characteristics show that the leaves lacked trichomes and displayed polygonal to rectangular epidermal cells on both surfaces, with larger adaxial cells and more abaxial stigmata. Stomata were mostly distributed only on the abaxial side, but on both sides in Cymbidium mastersii, which exhibited a rare amphistomatic type. The stomatal complex was uniformly tetracytic in 11 species, while it was observed to be anomocytic in C. floribundum. (3) Anatomically, two distinct midrib configurations were identified, a shallow V-shape and V-shape. The mesophyll cells were homogeneous in 10 species, with the exception of a layer of parenchyma cells resembling palisade cells occurring in C. lancifolium and C. qiubeiense. The thickness of the cuticle varied between species, with the adaxial surface covered by a thicker cuticle than the abaxial surface and displaying either a smooth or corrugated surface. A fiber bundle was observed in six species, but absent in the other six. In the former group, the fiber bundle occurred adjacent to both epidermal cells in C. mastersii and C. hookerianum, while it was adjacent to the abaxial epidermis in four other species. The stegmata, with conical, spherical silica bodies, were associated with fiber bundles and mesophyll in seven species, but absent in the other five (C. kanran, C. defoliatum, C. floribundum, C. lancifolium, and C. serratum). Three kinds of crystals were identified, namely the terete bundle, the long tube bundle, and the raphide. (4) It was suggested that some of these variable features could be selected and used for the delimitation of the species and taxonomy of Cymbidium. In addition, a key to the 12 Cymbidium species based on their leaf morpho-anatomic features was proposed, which could lead to a better understanding of the taxonomy and conservation of Orchidaceae. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Taxonomy, Phylogeny, and Evolution)

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19 pages, 1421 KiB

Open AccessReview

Root Exudates Mediate the Production of Reactive Oxygen Species in Rhizosphere Soil: Formation Mechanisms and Ecological Effects

by Xuqin Wang, Yalei Liu, Xiaoyan Tian, Juan Guo, Yaning Luan and Dengzhi Wang

Plants 2025, 14(9), 1395; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14091395 - 6 May 2025

Abstract

Reactive oxygen species (ROS), as redox messengers, play an important role in regulating plant growth, sensing biotic and abiotic stresses, and integrating different environmental signals. As the microenvironment of the interaction between root, soil and microorganism, the rhizosphere is the hotspot of ROS [...] Read more.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS), as redox messengers, play an important role in regulating plant growth, sensing biotic and abiotic stresses, and integrating different environmental signals. As the microenvironment of the interaction between root, soil and microorganism, the rhizosphere is the hotspot of ROS production and action. Root exudates are an important medium for communication between roots and the soil environment, and they have a significant regulatory effect on the production of ROS in the rhizosphere. At the same time, the formation of rhizosphere ROS is determined by the coupling of various biotic and abiotic factors, and it is also affected by environmental stresses such as temperature, humidity, and disease. This review summarizes how root exudates affect plant growth and induce plant defense mechanisms by regulating the generation and distribution of ROS. It also discusses the role of ROS in promoting the decomposition of soil organic matter, nutrient cycling, and pollutant degradation and transformation. In-depth study of the regulation mechanism of root exudates on ROS not only helps to reveal the molecular mechanism of plant adaptation to environmental stress but also provides theoretical support and practical guidance for sustainable agricultural development and ecological environment protection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in Plant Signaling Pathways)

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