Plants

Review

29 pages, 1926 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceReview

Phosphorus Plays Key Roles in Regulating Plants’ Physiological Responses to Abiotic Stresses

by Fahad Khan, Abu Bakar Siddique, Sergey Shabala, Meixue Zhou and Chenchen Zhao

Plants 2023, 12(15), 2861; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12152861 - 3 Aug 2023

Cited by 270 | Viewed by 30474

Phosphorus (P), an essential macronutrient, plays a pivotal role in the growth and development of plants. However, the limited availability of phosphorus in soil presents significant challenges for crop productivity, especially when plants are subjected to abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity and [...] Read more.

Phosphorus (P), an essential macronutrient, plays a pivotal role in the growth and development of plants. However, the limited availability of phosphorus in soil presents significant challenges for crop productivity, especially when plants are subjected to abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity and extreme temperatures. Unraveling the intricate mechanisms through which phosphorus participates in the physiological responses of plants to abiotic stresses is essential to ensure the sustainability of agricultural production systems. This review aims to analyze the influence of phosphorus supply on various aspects of plant growth and plant development under hostile environmental conditions, with a special emphasis on stomatal development and operation. Furthermore, we discuss recently discovered genes associated with P-dependent stress regulation and evaluate the feasibility of implementing P-based agricultural practices to mitigate the adverse effects of abiotic stress. Our objective is to provide molecular and physiological insights into the role of P in regulating plants’ tolerance to abiotic stresses, underscoring the significance of efficient P use strategies for agricultural sustainability. The potential benefits and limitations of P-based strategies and future research directions are also discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Stomatal Activities in Abiotic Stress Tolerant Wild Relatives of Crop)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 1374 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Unraveling the Mechanisms of Virus-Induced Symptom Development in Plants

by Tong Jiang and Tao Zhou

Plants 2023, 12(15), 2830; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12152830 - 31 Jul 2023

Cited by 38 | Viewed by 6675

Abstract

Plant viruses, as obligate intracellular parasites, induce significant changes in the cellular physiology of host cells to facilitate their multiplication. These alterations often lead to the development of symptoms that interfere with normal growth and development, causing USD 60 billion worth of losses [...] Read more.

Plant viruses, as obligate intracellular parasites, induce significant changes in the cellular physiology of host cells to facilitate their multiplication. These alterations often lead to the development of symptoms that interfere with normal growth and development, causing USD 60 billion worth of losses per year, worldwide, in both agricultural and horticultural crops. However, existing literature often lacks a clear and concise presentation of the key information regarding the mechanisms underlying plant virus-induced symptoms. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive review to highlight the crucial interactions between plant viruses and host factors, discussing key genes that increase viral virulence and their roles in influencing cellular processes such as dysfunction of chloroplast proteins, hormone manipulation, reactive oxidative species accumulation, and cell cycle control, which are critical for symptom development. Moreover, we explore the alterations in host metabolism and gene expression that are associated with virus-induced symptoms. In addition, the influence of environmental factors on virus-induced symptom development is discussed. By integrating these various aspects, this review provides valuable insights into the complex mechanisms underlying virus-induced symptoms in plants, and emphasizes the urgency of addressing viral diseases to ensure sustainable agriculture and food production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Plant Virus)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

25 pages, 10856 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Overview and Management of the Most Common Eukaryotic Diseases of Flax (Linum usitatissimum)

by Julie Moyse, Sylvain Lecomte, Shirley Marcou, Gaëlle Mongelard, Laurent Gutierrez and Monica Höfte

Plants 2023, 12(15), 2811; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12152811 - 28 Jul 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4377

Abstract

Flax is an important crop cultivated for its seeds and fibers. It is widely grown in temperate regions, with an increase in cultivation areas for seed production (linseed) in the past 50 years and for fiber production (fiber flax) in the last decade. [...] Read more.

Flax is an important crop cultivated for its seeds and fibers. It is widely grown in temperate regions, with an increase in cultivation areas for seed production (linseed) in the past 50 years and for fiber production (fiber flax) in the last decade. Among fiber-producing crops, fiber flax is the most valuable species. Linseed is the highest omega-3 oleaginous crop, and its consumption provides several benefits for animal and human health. However, flax production is impacted by various abiotic and biotic factors that affect yield and quality. Among biotic factors, eukaryotic diseases pose a significant threat to both seed production and fiber quality, which highlights the economic importance of controlling these diseases. This review focuses on the major eukaryotic diseases that affect flax in the field, describing the pathogens, their transmission modes and the associated plant symptoms. Moreover, this article aims to identify the challenges in disease management and provide future perspectives to overcome these biotic stresses in flax cultivation. By emphasizing the key diseases and their management, this review can aid in promoting sustainable and profitable flax production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flax: A Traditional Culture with Modern Advantages)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

21 pages, 1872 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceReview

Unveiling Plant-Based Pectins: Exploring the Interplay of Direct Effects, Fermentation, and Technological Applications in Clinical Research with a Focus on the Chemical Structure

by Lucas de Freitas Pedrosa, Karen Rebouças Nascimento, Caroline Giacomelli Soares, Débora Preceliano de Oliveira, Paul de Vos and João Paulo Fabi

Plants 2023, 12(14), 2750; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12142750 - 24 Jul 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4034

Abstract

Pectin, a plant-derived polysaccharide, possesses immense technological and biological application value. Several variables influence pectin’s physicochemical aspects, resulting in different fermentations, interactions with receptors, and other functional properties. Some of those variables are molecular weight, degree of methylation and blockiness, and monosaccharide composition. [...] Read more.

Pectin, a plant-derived polysaccharide, possesses immense technological and biological application value. Several variables influence pectin’s physicochemical aspects, resulting in different fermentations, interactions with receptors, and other functional properties. Some of those variables are molecular weight, degree of methylation and blockiness, and monosaccharide composition. Cancer cell cytotoxicity, important fermentation-related byproducts, immunomodulation, and technological application were found in cell culture, animal models, and preclinical and clinical assessments. One of the greater extents of recent pectin technological usage involves nanoencapsulation methods for many different compounds, ranging from chemotherapy and immunotherapy to natural extracts from fruits and other sources. Structural modification (modified pectin) is also utilized to enhance the use of dietary fiber. Although pectin is already recognized as a component of significant importance, there is still a need for a comprehensive review that delves into its intricate relationships with biological effects, which depend on the source and structure of pectin. This review covers all levels of clinical research, including cell culture, animal studies, and clinical trials, to understand how the plant source and pectin structures influence the biological effects in humans and some technological applications of pectin regarding human health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant-Based Foods: From In Natura Prospection to Biological and Technological Application)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

36 pages, 1502 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Soil and Phytomicrobiome for Plant Disease Suppression and Management under Climate Change: A Review

by Wen Chen, Dixi Modi and Adeline Picot

Plants 2023, 12(14), 2736; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12142736 - 23 Jul 2023

Cited by 46 | Viewed by 15640

Abstract

The phytomicrobiome plays a crucial role in soil and ecosystem health, encompassing both beneficial members providing critical ecosystem goods and services and pathogens threatening food safety and security. The potential benefits of harnessing the power of the phytomicrobiome for plant disease suppression and [...] Read more.

The phytomicrobiome plays a crucial role in soil and ecosystem health, encompassing both beneficial members providing critical ecosystem goods and services and pathogens threatening food safety and security. The potential benefits of harnessing the power of the phytomicrobiome for plant disease suppression and management are indisputable and of interest in agriculture but also in forestry and landscaping. Indeed, plant diseases can be mitigated by in situ manipulations of resident microorganisms through agronomic practices (such as minimum tillage, crop rotation, cover cropping, organic mulching, etc.) as well as by applying microbial inoculants. However, numerous challenges, such as the lack of standardized methods for microbiome analysis and the difficulty in translating research findings into practical applications are at stake. Moreover, climate change is affecting the distribution, abundance, and virulence of many plant pathogens, while also altering the phytomicrobiome functioning, further compounding disease management strategies. Here, we will first review literature demonstrating how agricultural practices have been found effective in promoting soil health and enhancing disease suppressiveness and mitigation through a shift of the phytomicrobiome. Challenges and barriers to the identification and use of the phytomicrobiome for plant disease management will then be discussed before focusing on the potential impacts of climate change on the phytomicrobiome functioning and disease outcome. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytomicrobiome Research for Disease and Pathogen Management)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

29 pages, 1378 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Biosynthesis and Functions of Polyamines in the Interaction of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria with Plants

by Michael F. Dunn and Víctor A. Becerra-Rivera

Plants 2023, 12(14), 2671; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12142671 - 17 Jul 2023

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3690

Abstract

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are members of the plant rhizomicrobiome that enhance plant growth and stress resistance by increasing nutrient availability to the plant, producing phytohormones or other secondary metabolites, stimulating plant defense responses against abiotic stresses and pathogens, or fixing nitrogen. The [...] Read more.

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are members of the plant rhizomicrobiome that enhance plant growth and stress resistance by increasing nutrient availability to the plant, producing phytohormones or other secondary metabolites, stimulating plant defense responses against abiotic stresses and pathogens, or fixing nitrogen. The use of PGPR to increase crop yield with minimal environmental impact is a sustainable and readily applicable replacement for a portion of chemical fertilizer and pesticides required for the growth of high-yielding varieties. Increased plant health and productivity have long been gained by applying PGPR as commercial inoculants to crops, although with uneven results. The establishment of plant–PGPR relationships requires the exchange of chemical signals and nutrients between the partners, and polyamines (PAs) are an important class of compounds that act as physiological effectors and signal molecules in plant–microbe interactions. In this review, we focus on the role of PAs in interactions between PGPR and plants. We describe the basic ecology of PGPR and the production and function of PAs in them and the plants with which they interact. We examine the metabolism and the roles of PAs in PGPR and plants individually and during their interaction with one another. Lastly, we describe some directions for future research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interactions between Plants and Soil Microorganisms)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 1560 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Impact of Climate Change on Regulation of Genes Involved in Sex Determination and Fruit Production in Cucumber

by Aparna, Agnieszka Skarzyńska, Wojciech Pląder and Magdalena Pawełkowicz

Plants 2023, 12(14), 2651; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12142651 - 14 Jul 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4274

Abstract

Environmental changes, both natural and anthropogenic, mainly related to rising temperatures and water scarcity, are clearly visible around the world. Climate change is important for crop production and is a major issue for the growth and productivity of cucumbers. Processes such as sex [...] Read more.

Environmental changes, both natural and anthropogenic, mainly related to rising temperatures and water scarcity, are clearly visible around the world. Climate change is important for crop production and is a major issue for the growth and productivity of cucumbers. Processes such as sex determination, flower morphogenesis and fruit development in cucumbers are highly sensitive to various forms of stress induced by climatic changes. It is noteworthy that many factors, including genetic factors, transcription factors, phytohormones and miRNAs, are crucial in regulating these processes and are themselves affected by climate change. Changes in the expression and activity of these factors have been observed as a consequence of climatic conditions. This review focuses primarily on exploring the effects of climate change and abiotic stresses, such as increasing temperature and drought, on the processes of sex determination, reproduction, and fruit development in cucumbers at the molecular level. In addition, it highlights the existing research gaps that need to be addressed in order to improve our understanding of the complex interactions between climate change and cucumber physiology. This, in turn, may lead to strategies to mitigate the adverse effects and enhance cucumber productivity in a changing climate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transcription and Regulation of Vegetable Genome)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 3796 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Let-Us Investigate; A Meta-Analysis of Influencing Factors on Lettuce Crop Yields within Controlled-Environment Agriculture Systems

by Michael Gargaro, Richard J. Murphy and Zoe M. Harris

Plants 2023, 12(14), 2623; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12142623 - 12 Jul 2023

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 6555

Abstract

Climate change-related impacts have hampered the productivity of agricultural lands in recent times, affecting food security globally. Novel technology-based agricultural production systems such as controlled-environment agriculture (CEA) are a way to reduce the impact of climatic variation and pests that harm current global [...] Read more.

Climate change-related impacts have hampered the productivity of agricultural lands in recent times, affecting food security globally. Novel technology-based agricultural production systems such as controlled-environment agriculture (CEA) are a way to reduce the impact of climatic variation and pests that harm current global crop production and ensure consistent crop development. These systems often use artificial lighting and soilless mediums to produce crops. This meta-analysis has investigated the key influencing factors on crop production within these systems, using previous studies on lettuce (the most cultivated crop in these systems) to understand what affects yield within CEA. This analysis has found that on average, CEA systems yield twice that of field-based agriculture (3.68 kg m⁻² vs. 1.88 kg m⁻²), with the most influencing factors being the variety of cultivars grown, the season, the nutrient delivery method, and the lighting type. The cultivation time for this study was 40 days, with 94% of papers having trial periods of 70 days or less, much lower than field-based agriculture (60–120 days). Vertical farming (stacked vertical CEA cultivation) studies were found to especially drive up yield per area (6.88 kg m⁻²). The results of this meta-analysis are useful for starting to understand the key influencing factors on CEA growth and highlight the breadth of research ongoing in the CEA industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Crop Physiology and Crop Production)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 5699 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Bacillus cabrialesii: Five Years of Research on a Novel Species of Biological Control and Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria

by Karem Ma. Figueroa-Brambila, Alina Escalante-Beltrán, Amelia Cristina Montoya-Martínez, Alondra María Díaz-Rodríguez, Naomi Dayanna López-Montoya, Fannie Isela Parra-Cota and Sergio de los Santos-Villalobos

Plants 2023, 12(13), 2419; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12132419 - 22 Jun 2023

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3919

Abstract

Bacillus cabrialesii is a novel bacterial species isolated from wheat (Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum) plants in the Yaqui Valley, Mexico, by our research team. Over years of research studying this strain at the cutting-edge level, it has shown different mechanisms [...] Read more.

Bacillus cabrialesii is a novel bacterial species isolated from wheat (Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum) plants in the Yaqui Valley, Mexico, by our research team. Over years of research studying this strain at the cutting-edge level, it has shown different mechanisms of action. B. cabrialesii is strongly reported as a plant-growth-promoting bacterium and a biological control agent on wheat crops. Knowing this, B. cabrialesii has been brought from lab to field as part of a bacterial consortium, not to mention that there are ongoing investigations into formulating a cost-effective bioinoculant to increase the yield and/or quality of wheat. Moreover, studies of this novel species as a biocontrol agent in other crops (pepper, tomato, cucumber, and potato) are being carried out, with preliminary results that make B. cabrialesii a promising biological control agent, inhibiting the growth of phytopathogens. However, research into this bacterium has not only been reported in our country; there are many studies around the world in which promising native Bacillus strains end up being identified as B. cabrialesii, which reaffirms the fact that this bacterial species can promote plant growth and combat phytopathogens, showing great agrobiotechnological potential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Beneficial Microorganisms in Sustainable Agriculture)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

29 pages, 2471 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Fruit Photosynthesis: More to Know about Where, How and Why

by Andreia Garrido, Artur Conde, João Serôdio, Ric C. H. De Vos and Ana Cunha

Plants 2023, 12(13), 2393; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12132393 - 21 Jun 2023

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 12673

Abstract

Not only leaves but also other plant organs and structures typically considered as carbon sinks, including stems, roots, flowers, fruits and seeds, may exhibit photosynthetic activity. There is still a lack of a coherent and systematized body of knowledge and consensus on the [...] Read more.

Not only leaves but also other plant organs and structures typically considered as carbon sinks, including stems, roots, flowers, fruits and seeds, may exhibit photosynthetic activity. There is still a lack of a coherent and systematized body of knowledge and consensus on the role(s) of photosynthesis in these “sink” organs. With regard to fruits, their actual photosynthetic activity is influenced by a range of properties, including fruit anatomy, histology, physiology, development and the surrounding microclimate. At early stages of development fruits generally contain high levels of chlorophylls, a high density of functional stomata and thin cuticles. While some plant species retain functional chloroplasts in their fruits upon subsequent development or ripening, most species undergo a disintegration of the fruit chloroplast grana and reduction in stomata functionality, thus limiting gas exchange. In addition, the increase in fruit volume hinders light penetration and access to CO₂, also reducing photosynthetic activity. This review aimed to compile information on aspects related to fruit photosynthesis, from fruit characteristics to ecological drivers, and to address the following challenging biological questions: why does a fruit show photosynthetic activity and what could be its functions? Overall, there is a body of evidence to support the hypothesis that photosynthesis in fruits is key to locally providing: ATP and NADPH, which are both fundamental for several demanding biosynthetic pathways (e.g., synthesis of fatty acids); O₂, to prevent hypoxia in its inner tissues including seeds; and carbon skeletons, which can fuel the biosynthesis of primary and secondary metabolites important for the growth of fruits and for spreading, survival and germination of their seed (e.g., sugars, flavonoids, tannins, lipids). At the same time, both primary and secondary metabolites present in fruits and seeds are key to human life, for instance as sources for nutrition, bioactives, oils and other economically important compounds or components. Understanding the functions of photosynthesis in fruits is pivotal to crop management, providing a rationale for manipulating microenvironmental conditions and the expression of key photosynthetic genes, which may help growers or breeders to optimize development, composition, yield or other economically important fruit quality aspects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photosynthetic Activity of Non-Primary Photosynthetic Organs)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 337 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Seaweeds in Food: Current Trends

by Cristian Rogel-Castillo, Monica Latorre-Castañeda, Camila Muñoz-Muñoz and Cristian Agurto-Muñoz

Plants 2023, 12(12), 2287; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12122287 - 12 Jun 2023

Cited by 36 | Viewed by 5535

Abstract

Edible seaweeds are an excellent source of macronutrients, micronutrients, and bioactive compounds, and they can be consumed raw or used as ingredients in food products. However, seaweeds may also bioaccumulate potentially hazardous compounds for human health and animals, namely, heavy metals. Hence, the [...] Read more.

Edible seaweeds are an excellent source of macronutrients, micronutrients, and bioactive compounds, and they can be consumed raw or used as ingredients in food products. However, seaweeds may also bioaccumulate potentially hazardous compounds for human health and animals, namely, heavy metals. Hence, the purpose of this review is to analyze the recent trends of edible seaweeds research: (i) nutritional composition and bioactive compounds, (ii) the use and acceptability of seaweeds in foodstuffs, (iii) the bioaccumulation of heavy metals and microbial pathogens, and (iv) current trends in Chile for using seaweeds in food. In summary, while it is evident that seaweeds are consumed widely worldwide, more research is needed to characterize new types of edible seaweeds as well as their use as ingredients in the development of new food products. Additionally, more research is needed to maintain control of the presence of heavy metals to assure a safe product for consumers. Finally, the need to keep promoting the benefits of seaweed consumption is emphasized, adding value in the algae-based production chain, and promoting a social algal culture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seaweed Biology: Focusing on Food, Materials and Bioenergy)

22 pages, 434 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Plants’ Response Mechanisms to Salinity Stress

by Thuvaraki Balasubramaniam, Guoxin Shen, Nardana Esmaeili and Hong Zhang

Plants 2023, 12(12), 2253; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12122253 - 8 Jun 2023

Cited by 307 | Viewed by 28797

Abstract

Soil salinization is a severe abiotic stress that negatively affects plant growth and development, leading to physiological abnormalities and ultimately threatening global food security. The condition arises from excessive salt accumulation in the soil, primarily due to anthropogenic activities such as irrigation, improper [...] Read more.

Soil salinization is a severe abiotic stress that negatively affects plant growth and development, leading to physiological abnormalities and ultimately threatening global food security. The condition arises from excessive salt accumulation in the soil, primarily due to anthropogenic activities such as irrigation, improper land uses, and overfertilization. The presence of Na⁺, Cl⁻, and other related ions in the soil above normal levels can disrupt plant cellular functions and lead to alterations in essential metabolic processes such as seed germination and photosynthesis, causing severe damage to plant tissues and even plant death in the worst circumstances. To counteract the effects of salt stress, plants have developed various mechanisms, including modulating ion homeostasis, ion compartmentalization and export, and the biosynthesis of osmoprotectants. Recent advances in genomic and proteomic technologies have enabled the identification of genes and proteins involved in plant salt-tolerance mechanisms. This review provides a short overview of the impact of salinity stress on plants and the underlying mechanisms of salt-stress tolerance, particularly the functions of salt-stress-responsive genes associated with these mechanisms. This review aims at summarizing recent advances in our understanding of salt-stress tolerance mechanisms, providing the key background knowledge for improving crops’ salt tolerance, which could contribute to the yield and quality enhancement in major crops grown under saline conditions or in arid and semiarid regions of the world. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adaptive Mechanisms of Plants to Biotic or Abiotic Stresses)

26 pages, 1216 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Contribution of PGPR in Salt Stress Tolerance in Crops: Unravelling the Molecular Mechanisms of Cross-Talk between Plant and Bacteria

by Gianluigi Giannelli, Silvia Potestio and Giovanna Visioli

Plants 2023, 12(11), 2197; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12112197 - 1 Jun 2023

Cited by 57 | Viewed by 8516

Abstract

Soil salinity is a major abiotic stress in global agricultural productivity with an estimated 50% of arable land predicted to become salinized by 2050. Since most domesticated crops are glycophytes, they cannot be cultivated on salt soils. The use of beneficial microorganisms inhabiting [...] Read more.

Soil salinity is a major abiotic stress in global agricultural productivity with an estimated 50% of arable land predicted to become salinized by 2050. Since most domesticated crops are glycophytes, they cannot be cultivated on salt soils. The use of beneficial microorganisms inhabiting the rhizosphere (PGPR) is a promising tool to alleviate salt stress in various crops and represents a strategy to increase agricultural productivity in salt soils. Increasing evidence underlines that PGPR affect plant physiological, biochemical, and molecular responses to salt stress. The mechanisms behind these phenomena include osmotic adjustment, modulation of the plant antioxidant system, ion homeostasis, modulation of the phytohormonal balance, increase in nutrient uptake, and the formation of biofilms. This review focuses on the recent literature regarding the molecular mechanisms that PGPR use to improve plant growth under salinity. In addition, very recent -OMICs approaches were reported, dissecting the role of PGPR in modulating plant genomes and epigenomes, opening up the possibility of combining the high genetic variations of plants with the action of PGPR for the selection of useful plant traits to cope with salt stress conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Responses of Plants to Environmental Stresses Volume II)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

26 pages, 1464 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Plant Tolerance to Drought Stress with Emphasis on Wheat

by Sarah Adel and Nicolas Carels

Plants 2023, 12(11), 2170; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12112170 - 30 May 2023

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 4690

Abstract

Environmental stresses, such as drought, have negative effects on crop yield. Drought is a stress whose impact tends to increase in some critical regions. However, the worldwide population is continuously increasing and climate change may affect its food supply in the upcoming years. [...] Read more.

Environmental stresses, such as drought, have negative effects on crop yield. Drought is a stress whose impact tends to increase in some critical regions. However, the worldwide population is continuously increasing and climate change may affect its food supply in the upcoming years. Therefore, there is an ongoing effort to understand the molecular processes that may contribute to improving drought tolerance of strategic crops. These investigations should contribute to delivering drought-tolerant cultivars by selective breeding. For this reason, it is worthwhile to review regularly the literature concerning the molecular mechanisms and technologies that could facilitate gene pyramiding for drought tolerance. This review summarizes achievements obtained using QTL mapping, genomics, synteny, epigenetics, and transgenics for the selective breeding of drought-tolerant wheat cultivars. Synthetic apomixis combined with the msh1 mutation opens the way to induce and stabilize epigenomes in crops, which offers the potential of accelerating selective breeding for drought tolerance in arid and semi-arid regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Abiotic Stress of Crops: Molecular Genetics and Genomics)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 5691 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Transcriptional and Post-Translational Regulation of Plant bHLH Transcription Factors during the Response to Environmental Stresses

by Yasmina Radani, Rongxue Li, Harriet Mateko Korboe, Hongyu Ma and Liming Yang

Plants 2023, 12(11), 2113; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12112113 - 26 May 2023

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 3764

Abstract

Over the past decades, extensive research has been conducted to identify and characterize various plant transcription factors involved in abiotic stress responses. Therefore, numerous efforts have been made to improve plant stress tolerance by engineering these transcription factor genes. The plant basic Helix–Loop–Helix [...] Read more.

Over the past decades, extensive research has been conducted to identify and characterize various plant transcription factors involved in abiotic stress responses. Therefore, numerous efforts have been made to improve plant stress tolerance by engineering these transcription factor genes. The plant basic Helix–Loop–Helix (bHLH) transcription factor family represents one of the most prominent gene families and contains a bHLH motif that is highly conserved in eukaryotic organisms. By binding to specific positions in promoters, they activate or repress the transcription of specific response genes and thus affect multiple variables in plant physiology such as the response to abiotic stresses, which include drought, climatic variations, mineral deficiencies, excessive salinity, and water stress. The regulation of bHLH transcription factors is crucial to better control their activity. On the one hand, they are regulated at the transcriptional level by other upstream components; on the other hand, they undergo various modifications such as ubiquitination, phosphorylation, and glycosylation at the post-translational level. Modified bHLH transcription factors can form a complex regulatory network to regulate the expression of stress response genes and thus determine the activation of physiological and metabolic reactions. This review article focuses on the structural characteristics, classification, function, and regulatory mechanism of bHLH transcription factor expression at the transcriptional and post-translational levels during their responses to various abiotic stress conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Abiotic Stress Signaling and Responses in Plants)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 2187 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Image-Based High-Throughput Phenotyping in Horticultural Crops

by Alebel Mekuriaw Abebe, Younguk Kim, Jaeyoung Kim, Song Lim Kim and Jeongho Baek

Plants 2023, 12(10), 2061; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12102061 - 22 May 2023

Cited by 42 | Viewed by 8659

Abstract

Plant phenotyping is the primary task of any plant breeding program, and accurate measurement of plant traits is essential to select genotypes with better quality, high yield, and climate resilience. The majority of currently used phenotyping techniques are destructive and time-consuming. Recently, the [...] Read more.

Plant phenotyping is the primary task of any plant breeding program, and accurate measurement of plant traits is essential to select genotypes with better quality, high yield, and climate resilience. The majority of currently used phenotyping techniques are destructive and time-consuming. Recently, the development of various sensors and imaging platforms for rapid and efficient quantitative measurement of plant traits has become the mainstream approach in plant phenotyping studies. Here, we reviewed the trends of image-based high-throughput phenotyping methods applied to horticultural crops. High-throughput phenotyping is carried out using various types of imaging platforms developed for indoor or field conditions. We highlighted the applications of different imaging platforms in the horticulture sector with their advantages and limitations. Furthermore, the principles and applications of commonly used imaging techniques, visible light (RGB) imaging, thermal imaging, chlorophyll fluorescence, hyperspectral imaging, and tomographic imaging for high-throughput plant phenotyping, are discussed. High-throughput phenotyping has been widely used for phenotyping various horticultural traits, which can be morphological, physiological, biochemical, yield, biotic, and abiotic stress responses. Moreover, the ability of high-throughput phenotyping with the help of various optical sensors will lead to the discovery of new phenotypic traits which need to be explored in the future. We summarized the applications of image analysis for the quantitative evaluation of various traits with several examples of horticultural crops in the literature. Finally, we summarized the current trend of high-throughput phenotyping in horticultural crops and highlighted future perspectives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Phenomics for Precision Agriculture)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

42 pages, 8517 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Leguminous Seedborne Pathogens: Seed Health and Sustainable Crop Management

by Eliana Dell’Olmo, Antonio Tiberini and Loredana Sigillo

Plants 2023, 12(10), 2040; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12102040 - 19 May 2023

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 5134

Abstract

Pulses have gained popularity over the past few decades due to their use as a source of protein in food and their favorable impact on soil fertility. Despite being essential to modern agriculture, these species face a number of challenges, such as agronomic [...] Read more.

Pulses have gained popularity over the past few decades due to their use as a source of protein in food and their favorable impact on soil fertility. Despite being essential to modern agriculture, these species face a number of challenges, such as agronomic crop management and threats from plant seed pathogens. This review’s goal is to gather information on the distribution, symptomatology, biology, and host range of seedborne pathogens. Important diagnostic techniques are also discussed as a part of a successful process of seed health certification. Additionally, strategies for sustainable control are provided. Altogether, the data collected are suggested as basic criteria to set up a conscious laboratory approach. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 1529 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

New Strategies to Increase the Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Woody Ornamental Plants in Mediterranean Climate

by Luca Leotta, Stefania Toscano, Antonio Ferrante, Daniela Romano and Alessandra Francini

Plants 2023, 12(10), 2022; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12102022 - 18 May 2023

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3739

Abstract

The native flora of different Mediterranean countries, often woody species, was widely recognized for its ornamental potential. The shrubs, in particular, are a typology of plants very widespread in the Mediterranean environment and constituent the ‘Macchia’, the typical vegetation of this ecosystem. The [...] Read more.

The native flora of different Mediterranean countries, often woody species, was widely recognized for its ornamental potential. The shrubs, in particular, are a typology of plants very widespread in the Mediterranean environment and constituent the ‘Macchia’, the typical vegetation of this ecosystem. The use of native shrubs for the realization of ornamental green areas has been recently examined for their adaptability to abiotic stress. Abiotic stresses, in fact, are the major limiting growth factor in urban and peri-urban areas. The identification and use of tolerant ornamental species allow the reduction of management costs and preserve the aesthetical value of green areas. Tolerance to drought stress, for instance, in the Mediterranean climate can improve the ecosystem services of these plants in the urban environment. In this review, the possibility to early individuate different plant species’ mechanisms to tolerate or avoid the stresses is analysed, as well as the possibility to increase abiotic stress tolerance through genetic and agronomic strategies. The exploration of wild or spontaneous species can be a good source for selecting tolerant plants to be used as ornamental plants in urban areas. Among agronomic strategies, biostimulants, mulching, and plant combination can provide a useful solution to counteract abiotic stress in the urban environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Floriculture and Landscape Architecture)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 1070 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Role of Blue and Red Light in the Orchestration of Secondary Metabolites, Nutrient Transport and Plant Quality

by Alice Trivellini, Stefania Toscano, Daniela Romano and Antonio Ferrante

Plants 2023, 12(10), 2026; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12102026 - 18 May 2023

Cited by 43 | Viewed by 6693

Abstract

Light is a fundamental environmental parameter for plant growth and development because it provides an energy source for carbon fixation during photosynthesis and regulates many other physiological processes through its signaling. In indoor horticultural cultivation systems, sole-source light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have shown great [...] Read more.

Light is a fundamental environmental parameter for plant growth and development because it provides an energy source for carbon fixation during photosynthesis and regulates many other physiological processes through its signaling. In indoor horticultural cultivation systems, sole-source light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have shown great potential for optimizing growth and producing high-quality products. Light is also a regulator of flowering, acting on phytochromes and inducing or inhibiting photoperiodic plants. Plants respond to light quality through several light receptors that can absorb light at different wavelengths. This review summarizes recent progress in our understanding of the role of blue and red light in the modulation of important plant quality traits, nutrient absorption and assimilation, as well as secondary metabolites, and includes the dynamic signaling networks that are orchestrated by blue and red wavelengths with a focus on transcriptional and metabolic reprogramming, plant productivity, and the nutritional quality of products. Moreover, it highlights future lines of research that should increase our knowledge to develop tailored light recipes to shape the plant characteristics and the nutritional and nutraceutical value of horticultural products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Light and Plant Nutrition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 1791 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Terrestrial and Floating Aquatic Plants Differ in Acclimation to Light Environment

by Marina López-Pozo, William W. Adams III, Stephanie K. Polutchko and Barbara Demmig-Adams

Plants 2023, 12(10), 1928; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12101928 - 9 May 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3446

Abstract

The ability of plants to respond to environmental fluctuations is supported by acclimatory adjustments in plant form and function that may require several days and development of a new leaf. We review adjustments in photosynthetic, photoprotective, and foliar vascular capacity in response to [...] Read more.

The ability of plants to respond to environmental fluctuations is supported by acclimatory adjustments in plant form and function that may require several days and development of a new leaf. We review adjustments in photosynthetic, photoprotective, and foliar vascular capacity in response to variation in light and temperature in terrestrial plants. The requirement for extensive acclimation to these environmental conditions in terrestrial plants is contrasted with an apparent lesser need for acclimation to different light environments, including rapid light fluctuations, in floating aquatic plants for the duckweed Lemna minor. Relevant features of L. minor include unusually high growth rates and photosynthetic capacities coupled with the ability to produce high levels of photoprotective xanthophylls across a wide range of growth light environments without compromising photosynthetic efficiency. These features also allow L. minor to maximize productivity and avoid problems during an abrupt experimental transfer of low-light-grown plants to high light. The contrasting responses of land plants and floating aquatic plants to the light environment further emphasize the need of land plants to, e.g., experience light fluctuations in their growth environment before they induce acclimatory adjustments that allow them to take full advantage of natural settings with such fluctuations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photosynthesis under Environmental Fluctuations)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 937 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Effect of Cadmium on Plants in Terms of the Response of Gene Expression Level and Activity

by Dagmar Moravčíková and Jana Žiarovská

Plants 2023, 12(9), 1848; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12091848 - 30 Apr 2023

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 4829

Abstract

Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal that can cause damage to living organisms at different levels. Even at low concentrations, Cd can be toxic to plants, causing harm at multiple levels. As they are unable to move away from areas contaminated by Cd, [...] Read more.

Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal that can cause damage to living organisms at different levels. Even at low concentrations, Cd can be toxic to plants, causing harm at multiple levels. As they are unable to move away from areas contaminated by Cd, plants have developed various defence mechanisms to protect themselves. Hyperaccumulators, which can accumulate and detoxify heavy metals more efficiently, are highly valued by scientists studying plant accumulation and detoxification mechanisms, as they provide a promising source of genes for developing plants suitable for phytoremediation techniques. So far, several genes have been identified as being upregulated when plants are exposed to Cd. These genes include genes encoding transcription factors such as iron-regulated transporter-like protein (ZIP), natural resistance associated macrophage protein (NRAMP) gene family, genes encoding phytochelatin synthases (PCs), superoxide dismutase (SOD) genes, heavy metal ATPase (HMA), cation diffusion facilitator gene family (CDF), Cd resistance gene family (PCR), ATP-binding cassette transporter gene family (ABC), the precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase (ACS) and precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase (ACO) multigene family are also influenced. Thanks to advances in omics sciences and transcriptome analysis, we are gaining more insights into the genes involved in Cd stress response. Recent studies have also shown that Cd can affect the expression of genes related to antioxidant enzymes, hormonal pathways, and energy metabolism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insight into Cadmium Phytoremediation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

35 pages, 2281 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

A Scoping Review of Genus Viscum: Biological and Chemical Aspects of Alcoholic Extracts

by Michelle Nonato de Oliveira Melo, João Vitor da Costa Batista, Evelyn Maribel Condori Peñaloza, Adriana Passos Oliveira, Rafael Garrett, Stephan Baumgartner and Carla Holandino

Plants 2023, 12(9), 1811; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12091811 - 28 Apr 2023

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3551

Abstract

The genus Viscum comprises a large number of semi-parasitic shrubs popularly known as Mistletoe. The Viscum species grow in many countries of Europe, Africa and Asia with different popular uses in ornamentation, foods and medicine. Many studies about Viscum have been done over [...] Read more.

The genus Viscum comprises a large number of semi-parasitic shrubs popularly known as Mistletoe. The Viscum species grow in many countries of Europe, Africa and Asia with different popular uses in ornamentation, foods and medicine. Many studies about Viscum have been done over the last years focusing on biological activities and chemical composition of the aqueous extracts, mainly related to anthroposophical medicines. However, it is known that non-aqueous preparations, as alcoholic extracts, have demonstrated different biological activities that are species—and host tree—dependent. Considering the potential of these alcoholic extracts, a scoping review was conducted using data from three online databases: PubMed, Scopus and Embase. Inclusion criteria consisted of the in vitro, in vivo, ex vivo, clinical and chemical studies of alcoholic extracts from Viscum species. The present review summarized 124 original publications about fourteen Viscum species. Viscum album, Viscum articulatum and Viscum coloratum were the main studied species. Alcoholic extracts demonstrated hypotensive, anticancer, antimicrobial, analgesic and anti-inflammatory capabilities, among other biological activities. Flavonoids, phenolic acids and terpenoids represented 48%, 24% and 11% of the total identified compounds, respectively. This review contributes to the knowledge of alcoholic preparations of the Viscum species and points out the lack of clinical studies concerning these different extracts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Extraction, Characterization and Biological Activity of Natural Products)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

20 pages, 368 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Recommendations for the Assessment of Potential Environmental Effects of Genome-Editing Applications in Plants in the EU

by Michael F. Eckerstorfer, Marion Dolezel, Margret Engelhard, Valeria Giovannelli, Marcin Grabowski, Andreas Heissenberger, Matteo Lener, Wolfram Reichenbecher, Samson Simon, Giovanni Staiano, Anne Gabrielle Wüst Saucy, Jan Zünd and Christoph Lüthi

Plants 2023, 12(9), 1764; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12091764 - 25 Apr 2023

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4724

Abstract

The current initiative of the European Commission (EC) concerning plants produced using certain new genomic techniques, in particular, targeted mutagenesis and cisgenesis, underlines that a high level of protection for human and animal health and the environment needs to be maintained when using [...] Read more.

The current initiative of the European Commission (EC) concerning plants produced using certain new genomic techniques, in particular, targeted mutagenesis and cisgenesis, underlines that a high level of protection for human and animal health and the environment needs to be maintained when using such applications. The current EU biosafety regulation framework ensures a high level of protection with a mandatory environmental risk assessment (ERA) of genetically modified (GM) products prior to the authorization of individual GMOs for environmental release or marketing. However, the guidance available from the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) for conducting such an ERA is not specific enough regarding the techniques under discussion and needs to be further developed to support the policy goals towards ERA, i.e., a case-by-case assessment approach proportionate to the respective risks, currently put forward by the EC. This review identifies important elements for the case-by-case approach for the ERA that need to be taken into account in the framework for a risk-oriented regulatory approach. We also discuss that the comparison of genome-edited plants with plants developed using conventional breeding methods should be conducted at the level of a scientific case-by-case assessment of individual applications rather than at a general, technology-based level. Our considerations aim to support the development of further specific guidance for the ERA of genome-edited plants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Potential Unintended Effects of Genetic Technologies in Plants)

25 pages, 1822 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Aroma Components in Horticultural Crops: Chemical Diversity and Usage of Metabolic Engineering for Industrial Applications

by Farhat Abbas, Yiwei Zhou, Dylan O’Neill Rothenberg, Intikhab Alam, Yanguo Ke and Hui-Cong Wang

Plants 2023, 12(9), 1748; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12091748 - 24 Apr 2023

Cited by 42 | Viewed by 7041

Abstract

Plants produce an incredible variety of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that assist the interactions with their environment, such as attracting pollinating insects and seed dispersers and defense against herbivores, pathogens, and parasites. Furthermore, VOCs have a significant economic impact on crop quality, as [...] Read more.

Plants produce an incredible variety of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that assist the interactions with their environment, such as attracting pollinating insects and seed dispersers and defense against herbivores, pathogens, and parasites. Furthermore, VOCs have a significant economic impact on crop quality, as well as the beverage, food, perfume, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals industries. These VOCs are mainly classified as terpenoids, benzenoids/phenylpropanes, and fatty acid derivates. Fruits and vegetables are rich in minerals, vitamins, antioxidants, and dietary fiber, while aroma compounds play a major role in flavor and quality management of these horticultural commodities. Subtle shifts in aroma compounds can dramatically alter the flavor and texture of fruits and vegetables, altering their consumer appeal. Rapid innovations in -omics techniques have led to the isolation of genes encoding enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of several volatiles, which has aided to our comprehension of the regulatory molecular pathways involved in VOC production. The present review focuses on the significance of aroma volatiles to the flavor and aroma profile of horticultural crops and addresses the industrial applications of plant-derived volatile terpenoids, particularly in food and beverages, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and biofuel industries. Additionally, the methodological constraints and complexities that limit the transition from gene selection to host organisms and from laboratories to practical implementation are discussed, along with metabolic engineering’s potential for enhancing terpenoids volatile production at the industrial level. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Volatile Organic Compounds: Revealing the Hidden Interactions)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 1324 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

LED Lighting to Produce High-Quality Ornamental Plants

by Alice Trivellini, Stefania Toscano, Daniela Romano and Antonio Ferrante

Plants 2023, 12(8), 1667; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12081667 - 16 Apr 2023

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 8521

Abstract

The flexibility of LED technology, in terms of energy efficiency, robustness, compactness, long lifetime, and low heat emission, as well as its applications as a sole source or supplemental lighting system, offers interesting potential, giving the ornamental industry an edge over traditional production [...] Read more.

The flexibility of LED technology, in terms of energy efficiency, robustness, compactness, long lifetime, and low heat emission, as well as its applications as a sole source or supplemental lighting system, offers interesting potential, giving the ornamental industry an edge over traditional production practices. Light is a fundamental environmental factor that provides energy for plants through photosynthesis, but it also acts as a signal and coordinates multifaceted plant-growth and development processes. With manipulations of light quality affecting specific plant traits such as flowering, plant architecture, and pigmentation, the focus has been placed on the ability to precisely manage the light growing environment, proving to be an effective tool to produce tailored plants according to market request. Applying lighting technology grants growers several productive advantages, such as planned production (early flowering, continuous production, and predictable yield), improved plant habitus (rooting and height), regulated leaf and flower color, and overall improved quality attributes of commodities. Potential LED benefits to the floriculture industry are not limited to the aesthetic and economic value of the product obtained; LED technology also represents a solid, sustainable option for reducing agrochemical (plant-growth regulators and pesticides) and energy inputs (power energy). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effects of LED Light Spectra and Intensities on Plant Growth 2.0)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

29 pages, 511 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Phytoremediation as an Effective Remedy for Removing Trace Elements from Ecosystems

by Agnieszka Mocek-Płóciniak, Justyna Mencel, Wiktor Zakrzewski and Szymon Roszkowski

Plants 2023, 12(8), 1653; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12081653 - 14 Apr 2023

Cited by 68 | Viewed by 10950

Abstract

The pollution of soil by trace elements is a global problem. Conventional methods of soil remediation are often inapplicable, so it is necessary to search intensively for innovative and environment-friendly techniques for cleaning up ecosystems, such as phytoremediation. Basic research methods, their strengths [...] Read more.

The pollution of soil by trace elements is a global problem. Conventional methods of soil remediation are often inapplicable, so it is necessary to search intensively for innovative and environment-friendly techniques for cleaning up ecosystems, such as phytoremediation. Basic research methods, their strengths and weaknesses, and the effects of microorganisms on metallophytes and plant endophytes resistant to trace elements (TEs) were summarised and described in this manuscript. Prospectively, bio-combined phytoremediation with microorganisms appears to be an ideal, economically viable and environmentally sound solution. The novelty of the work is the description of the potential of “green roofs” to contribute to the capture and accumulation of many metal-bearing and suspended dust and other toxic compounds resulting from anthropopressure. Attention was drawn to the great potential of using phytoremediation on less contaminated soils located along traffic routes and urban parks and green spaces. It also focused on the supportive treatments for phytoremediation using genetic engineering, sorbents, phytohormones, microbiota, microalgae or nanoparticles and highlighted the important role of energy crops in phytoremediation. Perceptions of phytoremediation on different continents are also presented, and new international perspectives are presented. Further development of phytoremediation requires much more funding and increased interdisciplinary research in this direction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytoremediation and Plant Morphophysiology in Contaminated Areas)

17 pages, 1082 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Shade-Induced Leaf Senescence in Plants

by Zhuang Li, Tao Zhao, Jun Liu, Hongyu Li and Bin Liu

Plants 2023, 12(7), 1550; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12071550 - 4 Apr 2023

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4906

Abstract

Leaf senescence is a vital developmental process that involves the orderly breakdown of macromolecules to transfer nutrients from mature leaves to emerging and reproductive organs. This process is essential for a plant’s overall fitness. Multiple internal and external factors, such as leaf age, [...] Read more.

Leaf senescence is a vital developmental process that involves the orderly breakdown of macromolecules to transfer nutrients from mature leaves to emerging and reproductive organs. This process is essential for a plant’s overall fitness. Multiple internal and external factors, such as leaf age, plant hormones, stresses, and light environment, regulate the onset and progression of leaf senescence. When plants grow close to each other or are shaded, it results in significant alterations in light quantity and quality, such as a decrease in photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), a drop in red/far-red light ratios, and a reduction in blue light fluence rate, which triggers premature leaf senescence. Recently, studies have identified various components involved in light, phytohormone, and other signaling pathways that regulate the leaf senescence process in response to shade. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms that control leaf senescence induced by shade. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

45 pages, 2749 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Physicochemical, Nutritional, and Medicinal Properties of Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. and Its Main Agro-Industrial Use: A Review

by Mariana Martins, Maria H. Ribeiro and Cristina M. M. Almeida

Plants 2023, 12(7), 1512; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12071512 - 30 Mar 2023

Cited by 43 | Viewed by 14827

Abstract

The cactus, Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. (OFI) belongs to the Cactaceae family, which contains about 130 genera and nearly 1600 species. This review aims to evaluate this plant from several perspectives, namely, botanic, physicochemical, nutritional, and medicinal properties, as well as agro-industrial use. [...] Read more.

The cactus, Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. (OFI) belongs to the Cactaceae family, which contains about 130 genera and nearly 1600 species. This review aims to evaluate this plant from several perspectives, namely, botanic, physicochemical, nutritional, and medicinal properties, as well as agro-industrial use. The botanical aspects and morphological characteristics of OFI enable genetic variability, ecological adaptation, and broad geographic distribution. Due to its physicochemical and nutritional composition, it has several medicinal properties appropriate (or suitable) for several industries, such as pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetics. Its fruit, the prickly pear (PP), has potential agro-industrial expansion through the application of different conservation and transformation methods, making it possible to obtain a variety of products. The PP is a source of several nutrients and is an effective system to produce varied foods, which have several advantages from a nutritional, sensory, economic, and shelf-life point of view. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Nutrition Volume II)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

29 pages, 574 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Cowpea Constraints and Breeding in Europe

by Efstathia Lazaridi and Penelope J. Bebeli

Plants 2023, 12(6), 1339; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12061339 - 16 Mar 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5211

Abstract

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) is a legume with a constant rate of cultivation in Southern European countries. Consumer demand for cowpea worldwide is rising due to its nutritional content, while Europe is constantly attempting to reduce the deficit in the production [...] Read more.

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) is a legume with a constant rate of cultivation in Southern European countries. Consumer demand for cowpea worldwide is rising due to its nutritional content, while Europe is constantly attempting to reduce the deficit in the production of pulses and invest in new, healthy food market products. Although the climatic conditions that prevail in Europe are not so harsh in terms of heat and drought as in the tropical climates where cowpea is mainly cultivated, cowpea confronts with a plethora of abiotic and biotic stresses and yield-limiting factors in Southern European countries. In this paper, we summarize the main constraints for cowpea cultivation in Europe and the breeding methods that have been or can be used. A special mention is made of the availability plant genetic resources (PGRs) and their potential for breeding purposes, aiming to promote more sustainable cropping systems as climatic shifts become more frequent and fiercer, and environmental degradation expands worldwide. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Breeding and Cultivation Management of Legumes)

26 pages, 2310 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Medicinal Uses of the Fabaceae Family in Zimbabwe: A Review

by Alfred Maroyi

Plants 2023, 12(6), 1255; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12061255 - 10 Mar 2023

Cited by 41 | Viewed by 9341

Abstract

The current study is aimed at providing a systematic review of the ethnomedicinal, phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Fabaceae species used as sources of traditional medicinies in Zimbabwe. Fabaceae is one of the well-known plant families of ethnopharmacological importance. Of the approximately 665 [...] Read more.

The current study is aimed at providing a systematic review of the ethnomedicinal, phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Fabaceae species used as sources of traditional medicinies in Zimbabwe. Fabaceae is one of the well-known plant families of ethnopharmacological importance. Of the approximately 665 species of the Fabaceae family occurring in Zimbabwe, about 101 are used for medicinal purposes. Many communities in the country, mainly in peri-urban, rural and marginalized areas with limited access to healthcare facilities, rely on traditional medicines as their primary healthcare. The study reviewed research studies undertaken on Zimbabwe’s Fabaceae species during 1959 to 2022. Information was gathered from literature sourced from Google Scholar, Science Direct, Scopus, PubMed, books, dissertations, theses and scientific reports. This study showed that 101 species are traditionally used to manage human and animal diseases in Zimbabwe. The genera with the highest number of medicinal uses are Indigofera, Senna, Albizia, Rhynchosia and Vachellia. Species of these genera are used as traditional medicines against 134 medical conditions, mainly gastrointestinal conditions, female reproductive conditions, respiratory conditions and sexually transmitted infections. Shrubs (39.0%), trees (37.0%) and herbs (18.0%) are the primary sources of traditional medicines, while roots (80.2%), leaves (36.6%), bark (27.7%) and fruits (8.9%) are the most widely used plant parts. Many of Zimbabwe’s Fabaceae species used as sources of traditional medicines have been assessed for their phytochemical and pharmacological properties, corroborating their medicinal uses. However, there is a need to unravel the therapeutic potential of the family through further ethnopharmacological research focusing on toxicological studies, in vitro and in vivo models, biochemical assays and pharmacokinetic studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Properties of Medicinal Plants)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

43 pages, 3229 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

A Comprehensive Review on Cannabis sativa Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry, Molecular Docking and Biological Activities

by Sohaib Hourfane, Hicham Mechqoq, Abdellah Yassine Bekkali, João Miguel Rocha and Noureddine El Aouad

Plants 2023, 12(6), 1245; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12061245 - 9 Mar 2023

Cited by 59 | Viewed by 20353

Abstract

For more than a century, Cannabis was considered a narcotic and has been banned by lawmakers all over the world. In recent years, interest in this plant has increased due to its therapeutic potential, in addition to a very interesting chemical composition, characterized [...] Read more.

For more than a century, Cannabis was considered a narcotic and has been banned by lawmakers all over the world. In recent years, interest in this plant has increased due to its therapeutic potential, in addition to a very interesting chemical composition, characterized by the presence of an atypical family of molecules known as phytocannabinoids. With this emerging interest, it is very important to take stock of what research has been conducted so far on the chemistry and biology of Cannabis sativa. The aim of this review is to describe the traditional uses, chemical composition and biological activities of different parts of this plant, as well as the molecular docking studies. Information was collected from electronic databases, namely SciFinder, ScienceDirect, PubMed and Web of Science. Cannabis is mainly popular for its recreational use, but it is also traditionally used as remedy for the treatment of several diseases, including diabetes, digestive, circulatory, genital, nervous, urinary, skin and respiratory diseases. These biological proprieties are mainly due to the presence of bioactive metabolites represented by more than 550 different molecules. Molecular docking simulations proved the presence of affinities between Cannabis compounds and several enzymes responsible for anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antiepileptic and anticancer activities. Several biological activities have been evaluated on the metabolites of Cannabis sativa, and these works have shown the presence of antioxidant, antibacterial, anticoagulant, antifungal, anti-aflatoxigenic, insecticidal, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, neuroprotective and dermocosmetic activities. This paper presents the up-to-date reported investigations and opens many reflections and further research perspectives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological and Chemical Activity of Metabolites of Medicinal Plants)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 624 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Agronomical Practices and Management for Commercial Cultivation of Portulaca oleracea as a Crop: A Review

by Angel Carrascosa, Jose Antonio Pascual, Margarita Ros, Spyridon A. Petropoulos and Maria del Mar Alguacil

Plants 2023, 12(6), 1246; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12061246 - 9 Mar 2023

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 6646

Abstract

Soil is an essential resource, and its degradation is challenging modern agriculture, while its impact is expected to increase in the near future. One of the strategies to address this issue is to incorporate new alternative crops able to tolerate arduous conditions, as [...] Read more.

Soil is an essential resource, and its degradation is challenging modern agriculture, while its impact is expected to increase in the near future. One of the strategies to address this issue is to incorporate new alternative crops able to tolerate arduous conditions, as well as for the use of sustainable agricultural practices in order to recover and/or improve soil health. Additionally, the increasing market for new functional/healthy natural foods promotes the search for potential alternative crop species with promising bioactive compounds content. For this purpose, wild edible plants are a key option because they have already been consumed for hundreds of years in traditional gastronomy and there is well-established evidence of their health-promoting effects. Moreover, since they are not a cultivated species, they are able to grow under natural conditions without human intervention. Among them, common purslane is an interesting wild edible species and a good candidate for integration in commercial farming systems. With worldwide spread, it is able to tolerate drought, salinity and heat stress and is already used in traditional dishes, while it is highly appreciated for its high nutritional value due to its bioactive compound content, especially omega-3 fatty acids. In this review, we aim to present the breeding and cultivation practices of purslane, as well as the effects of abiotic stressors on yield and chemical composition of the edible parts. Finally, we present information that helps to optimize purslane cultivation and facilitate its management in degraded soils for their exploitation in the existing farming systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wild Edible and Medicinal Plants: Ecophysiological and Cultural Aspects for Commercial Cultivation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

34 pages, 4238 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Water Content of Plant Tissues: So Simple That Almost Forgotten?

by Gederts Ievinsh

Plants 2023, 12(6), 1238; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12061238 - 8 Mar 2023

Cited by 50 | Viewed by 19746

Abstract

The aim of the present review was to reconsider basic information about various functional aspects related to plant water content and provide evidence that the usefulness of measuring absolute water content in plant sciences is undervalued. First, general questions about water status in [...] Read more.

The aim of the present review was to reconsider basic information about various functional aspects related to plant water content and provide evidence that the usefulness of measuring absolute water content in plant sciences is undervalued. First, general questions about water status in plants as well as methods for determining water content and their associated problems were discussed. After a brief overview of the structural organization of water in plant tissues, attention was paid to the water content of different parts of plants. Looking at the influence of environmental factors on plant water status, the differences caused by air humidity, mineral supply, biotic effects, salinity, and specific life forms (clonal and succulent plants) were analyzed. Finally, it was concluded that the expression of absolute water content on a dry biomass basis makes easily noticeable functional sense, but the physiological meaning and ecological significance of the drastic differences in plant water content need to be further elucidated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Plant Physiology and Metabolism)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

18 pages, 698 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Turning Garlic into a Modern Crop: State of the Art and Perspectives

by Ricardo Parreño, Eva Rodríguez-Alcocer, César Martínez-Guardiola, Lucía Carrasco, Purificación Castillo, Vicent Arbona, Sara Jover-Gil and Héctor Candela

Plants 2023, 12(6), 1212; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12061212 - 7 Mar 2023

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 10825

Abstract

Garlic is cultivated worldwide for the value of its bulbs, but its cultivation is challenged by the infertility of commercial cultivars and the accumulation of pathogens over time, which occurs as a consequence of vegetative (clonal) propagation. In this review, we summarize the [...] Read more.

Garlic is cultivated worldwide for the value of its bulbs, but its cultivation is challenged by the infertility of commercial cultivars and the accumulation of pathogens over time, which occurs as a consequence of vegetative (clonal) propagation. In this review, we summarize the state of the art of garlic genetics and genomics, highlighting recent developments that will lead to its development as a modern crop, including the restoration of sexual reproduction in some garlic strains. The set of tools available to the breeder currently includes a chromosome-scale assembly of the garlic genome and multiple transcriptome assemblies that are furthering our understanding of the molecular processes underlying important traits like the infertility, the induction of flowering and bulbing, the organoleptic properties and resistance to various pathogens. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Plants for Yield, Quality, and Resistance to Diseases)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

27 pages, 5762 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Chronic Ionizing Radiation of Plants: An Evolutionary Factor from Direct Damage to Non-Target Effects

by Gustavo Turqueto Duarte, Polina Yu. Volkova, Fabricio Fiengo Perez and Nele Horemans

Plants 2023, 12(5), 1178; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12051178 - 4 Mar 2023

Cited by 33 | Viewed by 9616

Abstract

In present times, the levels of ionizing radiation (IR) on the surface of Earth are relatively low, posing no high challenges for the survival of contemporary life forms. IR derives from natural sources and naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM), the nuclear industry, medical [...] Read more.

In present times, the levels of ionizing radiation (IR) on the surface of Earth are relatively low, posing no high challenges for the survival of contemporary life forms. IR derives from natural sources and naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM), the nuclear industry, medical applications, and as a result of radiation disasters or nuclear tests. In the current review, we discuss modern sources of radioactivity, its direct and indirect effects on different plant species, and the scope of the radiation protection of plants. We present an overview of the molecular mechanisms of radiation responses in plants, which leads to a tempting conjecture of the evolutionary role of IR as a limiting factor for land colonization and plant diversification rates. The hypothesis-driven analysis of available plant genomic data suggests an overall DNA repair gene families’ depletion in land plants compared to ancestral groups, which overlaps with a decrease in levels of radiation exposure on the surface of Earth millions of years ago. The potential contribution of chronic IR as an evolutionary factor in combination with other environmental factors is discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Chronic Irradiation in Plants)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 2383 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Interactions of Polyamines and Phytohormones in Plant Response to Abiotic Stress

by Natalia Napieraj, Małgorzata Janicka and Małgorzata Reda

Plants 2023, 12(5), 1159; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12051159 - 3 Mar 2023

Cited by 50 | Viewed by 6011

Abstract

Numerous environmental conditions negatively affect plant production. Abiotic stresses, such as salinity, drought, temperature, and heavy metals, cause damage at the physiological, biochemical, and molecular level, and limit plant growth, development, and survival. Studies have indicated that small amine compounds, polyamines (PAs), play [...] Read more.

Numerous environmental conditions negatively affect plant production. Abiotic stresses, such as salinity, drought, temperature, and heavy metals, cause damage at the physiological, biochemical, and molecular level, and limit plant growth, development, and survival. Studies have indicated that small amine compounds, polyamines (PAs), play a key role in plant tolerance to various abiotic stresses. Pharmacological and molecular studies, as well as research using genetic and transgenic approaches, have revealed the favorable effects of PAs on growth, ion homeostasis, water maintenance, photosynthesis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, and antioxidant systems in many plant species under abiotic stress. PAs display a multitrack action: regulating the expression of stress response genes and the activity of ion channels; improving the stability of membranes, DNA, and other biomolecules; and interacting with signaling molecules and plant hormones. In recent years the number of reports indicating crosstalk between PAs and phytohormones in plant response to abiotic stresses has increased. Interestingly, some plant hormones, previously known as plant growth regulators, can also participate in plant response to abiotic stresses. Therefore, the main goal of this review is to summarize the most significant results that represent the interactions between PAs and plant hormones, such as abscisic acid, brassinosteroids, ethylene, jasmonates, and gibberellins, in plants under abiotic stress. The future perspectives for research focusing on the crosstalk between PAs and plant hormones were also discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytohormone-Related Response of Crops to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 2274 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Ginsenosides and Biotic Stress Responses of Ginseng

by Paul H. Goodwin and Madison A. Best

Plants 2023, 12(5), 1091; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12051091 - 1 Mar 2023

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4608

Abstract

Ginsenosides are saponins that possess a sugar moiety attached to a hydrophobic aglycone triterpenoid. They have been widely studied for their various medicinal benefits, such as their neuroprotective and anti-cancer activities, but their role in the biology of ginseng plants has been much [...] Read more.

Ginsenosides are saponins that possess a sugar moiety attached to a hydrophobic aglycone triterpenoid. They have been widely studied for their various medicinal benefits, such as their neuroprotective and anti-cancer activities, but their role in the biology of ginseng plants has been much less widely documented. In the wild, ginsengs are slow-growing perennials with roots that can survive for approximately 30 years; thus, they need to defend themselves against many potential biotic stresses over many decades. Biotic stresses would be a major natural selection pressure and may at least partially explain why ginseng roots expend considerable resources in order to accumulate relatively large amounts of ginsenosides. Ginsenosides may provide ginseng with antimicrobial activity against pathogens, antifeedant activity against insects and other herbivores, and allelopathic activity against other plants. In addition, the interaction of ginseng with pathogenic and non-pathogenic microorganisms and their elicitors may trigger increases in different root ginsenosides and associated gene expression, although some pathogens may be able to suppress this behavior. While not covered in this review, ginsenosides also have roles in ginseng development and abiotic stress tolerance. This review shows that there is considerable evidence supporting ginsenosides as important elements of ginseng’s defense against a variety of biotic stresses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Metabolomics: Metabolite Responses to Stress)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 1444 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

On the Path towards a “Greener” EU: A Mini Review on Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) as a Case Study

by Panteleimon Stavropoulos, Antonios Mavroeidis, George Papadopoulos, Ioannis Roussis, Dimitrios Bilalis and Ioanna Kakabouki

Plants 2023, 12(5), 1102; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12051102 - 1 Mar 2023

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 4949

Abstract

Due to the pressures imposed by climate change, the European Union (EU) has been forced to design several initiatives (the Common Agricultural Policy, the European Green Deal, Farm to Fork) to tackle the climate crisis and ensure food security. Through these initiatives, the [...] Read more.

Due to the pressures imposed by climate change, the European Union (EU) has been forced to design several initiatives (the Common Agricultural Policy, the European Green Deal, Farm to Fork) to tackle the climate crisis and ensure food security. Through these initiatives, the EU aspires to mitigate the adverse effects of the climate crisis and achieve collective prosperity for humans, animals, and the environment. The adoption or promotion of crops that would facilitate the attaining of these objectives is naturally of high importance. Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is a multipurpose crop with many applications in the industrial, health, and agri-food sectors. This crop is mainly grown for its fibers or its seed and has recently gained increasing attention. The literature suggests that flax can be grown in several parts of the EU, and potentially has a relatively low environmental impact. The aim of the present review is to: (i) briefly present the uses, needs, and utility of this crop and, (ii) assess its potential within the EU by taking into account the sustainability goals the EU has set via its current policies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Towards Sustainable Development of Horticulture in a Changing Climate Scenario)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 1407 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Beyond Cleansing: Ecosystem Services Related to Phytoremediation

by Werther Guidi Nissim, Stefano Castiglione, Francesco Guarino, Maria Chiara Pastore and Massimo Labra

Plants 2023, 12(5), 1031; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12051031 - 24 Feb 2023

Cited by 36 | Viewed by 4507

Abstract

Phytotechnologies used for cleaning up urban and suburban polluted soils (i.e., brownfields) have shown some weakness in the excessive extent of the timeframe required for them to be effectively operating. This bottleneck is due to technical constraints, mainly related to both the nature [...] Read more.

Phytotechnologies used for cleaning up urban and suburban polluted soils (i.e., brownfields) have shown some weakness in the excessive extent of the timeframe required for them to be effectively operating. This bottleneck is due to technical constraints, mainly related to both the nature of the pollutant itself (e.g., low bio-availability, high recalcitrance, etc.) and the plant (e.g., low pollution tolerance, low pollutant uptake rates, etc.). Despite the great efforts made in the last few decades to overcome these limitations, the technology is in many cases barely competitive compared with conventional remediation techniques. Here, we propose a new outlook on phytoremediation, where the main goal of decontaminating should be re-evaluated, considering additional ecosystem services (ESs) related to the establishment of a new vegetation cover on the site. The aim of this review is to raise awareness and stress the knowledge gap on the importance of ES associated with this technique, which can make phytoremediation a valuable tool to boost an actual green transition process in planning urban green spaces, thereby offering improved resilience to global climate change and a higher quality of life in cities. This review highlights that the reclamation of urban brownfields through phytoremediation may provide several regulating (i.e., urban hydrology, heat mitigation, noise reduction, biodiversity, and CO₂ sequestration), provisional (i.e., bioenergy and added-value chemicals), and cultural (i.e., aesthetic, social cohesion, and health) ESs. Although future research should specifically be addressed to better support these findings, acknowledging ES is crucial for an exhaustive evaluation of phytoremediation as a sustainable and resilient technology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant-Based Technologies for Environmental Reclamation in Urban and Peri-Urban Areas: From Theory to Practice)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 888 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Salicylic Acid and Mobile Regulators of Systemic Immunity in Plants: Transport and Metabolism

by Tae-Jin Kim and Gah-Hyun Lim

Plants 2023, 12(5), 1013; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12051013 - 23 Feb 2023

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 7206

Abstract

Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) occurs when primary infected leaves produce several SAR-inducing chemical or mobile signals that are transported to uninfected distal parts via apoplastic or symplastic compartments and activate systemic immunity. The transport route of many chemicals associated with SAR is unknown. [...] Read more.

Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) occurs when primary infected leaves produce several SAR-inducing chemical or mobile signals that are transported to uninfected distal parts via apoplastic or symplastic compartments and activate systemic immunity. The transport route of many chemicals associated with SAR is unknown. Recently, it was demonstrated that pathogen-infected cells preferentially transport salicylic acid (SA) through the apoplasts to uninfected areas. The pH gradient and deprotonation of SA may lead to apoplastic accumulation of SA before it accumulates in the cytosol following pathogen infection. Additionally, SA mobility over a long distance is essential for SAR, and transpiration controls the partitioning of SA into apoplasts and cuticles. On the other hand, glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) and azelaic acid (AzA) travel via the plasmodesmata (PD) channel in the symplastic route. In this review, we discuss the role of SA as a mobile signal and the regulation of SA transport in SAR. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Systemic Signaling during Abiotic Stress in Plants)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 893 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Abscisic-Acid-Regulated Responses to Alleviate Cadmium Toxicity in Plants

by Yuquan Zhao, Jiaqi Wang, Wei Huang, Dawei Zhang, Jinfeng Wu, Bao Li, Mei Li, Lili Liu and Mingli Yan

Plants 2023, 12(5), 1023; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12051023 - 23 Feb 2023

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 3660

Abstract

High levels of cadmium (Cd) in soil can cause crop yield reduction or death. Cadmium accumulation in crops affects human and animal health as it passes through the food chain. Therefore, a strategy is needed to enhance the tolerance of crops to this [...] Read more.

High levels of cadmium (Cd) in soil can cause crop yield reduction or death. Cadmium accumulation in crops affects human and animal health as it passes through the food chain. Therefore, a strategy is needed to enhance the tolerance of crops to this heavy metal or reduce its accumulation in crops. Abscisic acid (ABA) plays an active role in plants’ response to abiotic stress. The application of exogenous ABA can reduce Cd accumulation in shoots of some plants and enhance the tolerance of plants to Cd; therefore, ABA may have good application prospects. In this paper, we reviewed the synthesis and decomposition of ABA, ABA-mediated signal transduction, and ABA-mediated regulation of Cd-responsive genes in plants. We also introduced physiological mechanism underlying Cd tolerance because of ABA. Specifically, ABA affects metal ion uptake and transport by influencing transpiration and antioxidant systems, as well as by affecting the expression of metal transporter and metal chelator protein genes. This study may provide a reference for further research on the physiological mechanism of heavy metal tolerance in plants. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 1344 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Health-Promoting Properties and Potential Application in the Food Industry of Citrus medica L. and Citrus × clementina Hort. Ex Tan. Essential Oils and Their Main Constituents

by Rosa Tundis, Jianbo Xiao, Ana Sanches Silva, Filipa Carreiró and Monica Rosa Loizzo

Plants 2023, 12(5), 991; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12050991 - 21 Feb 2023

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 5038

Abstract

Citrus is an important genus in the Rutaceae family, with high medicinal and economic value, and includes important crops such as lemons, orange, grapefruits, limes, etc. The Citrus species is rich sources of carbohydrates, vitamins, dietary fibre, and phytochemicals, mainly including limonoids, flavonoids, [...] Read more.

Citrus is an important genus in the Rutaceae family, with high medicinal and economic value, and includes important crops such as lemons, orange, grapefruits, limes, etc. The Citrus species is rich sources of carbohydrates, vitamins, dietary fibre, and phytochemicals, mainly including limonoids, flavonoids, terpenes, and carotenoids. Citrus essential oils (EOs) consist of several biologically active compounds mainly belonging to the monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes classes. These compounds have demonstrated several health-promoting properties such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties. Citrus EOs are obtained mainly from peels, but also from leaves and flowers, and are widely used as flavouring ingredients in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical products. This review focused on the composition and biological properties of the EOs of Citrus medica L. and Citrus clementina Hort. Ex Tan and their main constituents, limonene, γ-terpinene, myrcene, linalool, and sabinene. The potential applications in the food industry have been also described. All the articles available in English or with an abstract in English were extracted from different databases such as PubMed, SciFinder, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Scopus, and Science Direct. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Essential Oils of Plants (Chemical Composition, Variation and Properties))

► Show Figures

Figure 1

35 pages, 835 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Contribution of Biofertilizers to Pulse Crops: From Single-Strain Inoculants to New Technologies Based on Microbiomes Strategies

by Gustavo Ribeiro Xavier, Ederson da Conceição Jesus, Anelise Dias, Marcia Reed Rodrigues Coelho, Yulimar Castro Molina and Norma Gouvêa Rumjanek

Plants 2023, 12(4), 954; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12040954 - 20 Feb 2023

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 5972

Abstract

Pulses provide distinct health benefits due to their low fat content and high protein and fiber contents. Their grain production reaches approximately 93,210 × 10³ tons per year. Pulses benefit from the symbiosis with atmospheric N₂-fixing bacteria, which increases productivity [...] Read more.

Pulses provide distinct health benefits due to their low fat content and high protein and fiber contents. Their grain production reaches approximately 93,210 × 10³ tons per year. Pulses benefit from the symbiosis with atmospheric N₂-fixing bacteria, which increases productivity and reduces the need for N fertilizers, thus contributing to mitigation of environmental impact mitigation. Additionally, the root region harbors a rich microbial community with multiple traits related to plant growth promotion, such as nutrient increase and tolerance enhancement to abiotic or biotic stresses. We reviewed the eight most common pulses accounting for almost 90% of world production: common beans, chickpeas, peas, cowpeas, mung beans, lentils, broad beans, and pigeon peas. We focused on updated information considering both single-rhizobial inoculation and co-inoculation with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. We found approximately 80 microbial taxa with PGPR traits, mainly Bacillus sp., B. subtilis, Pseudomonas sp., P. fluorescens, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, and that contributed to improve plant growth and yield under different conditions. In addition, new data on root, nodule, rhizosphere, and seed microbiomes point to strategies that can be used to design new generations of biofertilizers, highlighting the importance of microorganisms for productive pulse systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interactions between Plants and Soil Microorganisms)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 2201 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Persimmon Leaves: Nutritional, Pharmaceutical, and Industrial Potential—A Review

by Abul Hossain and Fereidoon Shahidi

Plants 2023, 12(4), 937; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12040937 - 18 Feb 2023

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 6577

Abstract

Persimmon is a delicious fruit, and its leaves are considered a valuable ingredient in food, beverage, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic sectors. Traditionally, persimmon leaves (PL) are used as a functional tea in Asian culture to cure different ailments, and are also incorporated into various [...] Read more.

Persimmon is a delicious fruit, and its leaves are considered a valuable ingredient in food, beverage, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic sectors. Traditionally, persimmon leaves (PL) are used as a functional tea in Asian culture to cure different ailments, and are also incorporated into various food and cosmeceutical products as a functional ingredient. PL mainly contain flavonoids, terpenoids, and polysaccharides, along with other constituents such as carotenoids, organic acids, chlorophylls, vitamin C, and minerals. The major phenolic compounds in PL are proanthocyanidins, quercetin, isoquercetin, catechin, flavonol glucosides, and kaempferol. Meanwhile, ursolic acid, rotungenic acid, barbinervic acid, and uvaol are the principal terpenoids. These compounds demonstrate a wide range of pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, anticancer, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, anti-obesity, anti-tyrosinase, antiallergic, and antiglaucoma properties. This review summarizes the latest information on PL, mainly distribution, traditional uses, industrial potential, and bioactive compounds, as well as their potential action mechanisms in exhibiting biological activities. In addition, the effect of seasonality and geographical locations on the content and function of these biomolecules are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds from Plants-Based Functional Foods)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

15 pages, 1706 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Use of Natural Agents and Agrifood Wastes for the Treatment of Skin Photoaging

by Melania Parisi, Mariavittoria Verrillo, Maria Antonietta Luciano, Giuseppina Caiazzo, Maria Quaranta, Francesco Scognamiglio, Vincenzo Di Meo, Alessia Villani, Mariateresa Cantelli, Lucia Gallo, Giovanna G. Altobelli, Serena Poggi, Riccardo Spaccini and Gabriella Fabbrocini

Plants 2023, 12(4), 840; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12040840 - 13 Feb 2023

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3886

Abstract

Photoaging is the premature aging of the skin caused by repeated exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays. The harmful effects of UV rays—from the sun or from artificial sources—alter normal skin structures and cause visible damage, especially in the most exposed areas. Fighting premature [...] Read more.

Photoaging is the premature aging of the skin caused by repeated exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays. The harmful effects of UV rays—from the sun or from artificial sources—alter normal skin structures and cause visible damage, especially in the most exposed areas. Fighting premature aging is one of the most important challenges of the medical landscape. Additionally, consumers are looking for care products that offer multiple benefits with reduced environmental and economic impact. The growing requests for bioactive compounds from aromatic plants for pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications have to find new sustainable methods to increase the effectiveness of new active formulations derived from eco-compatible technologies. The principle of sustainable practices and the circular economy favor the use of bioactive components derived from recycled biomass. The guidelines of the European Commission support the reuse of various types of organic biomass and organic waste, thus transforming waste management problems into economic opportunities. This review aims to elucidate the main mechanisms of photoaging and how these can be managed using natural renewable sources and specific bioactive derivatives, such as humic extracts from recycled organic biomass, as potential new actors in modern medicine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Specialized Metabolites of Plants—Evaluation of Functional and Biological Value)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

25 pages, 1323 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

What Can Boron Deficiency Symptoms Tell Us about Its Function and Regulation?

by Luis Bolaños, Isidro Abreu, Ildefonso Bonilla, Juan J. Camacho-Cristóbal and María Reguera

Plants 2023, 12(4), 777; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12040777 - 9 Feb 2023

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 6256

Abstract

On the eve of the 100th anniversary of Dr. Warington’s discovery of boron (B) as a nutrient essential for higher plants, “boronists” have struggled to demonstrate a role beyond its structural function in cell walls dimerizing pectin molecules of rhamnogalacturonan II [...] Read more.

On the eve of the 100th anniversary of Dr. Warington’s discovery of boron (B) as a nutrient essential for higher plants, “boronists” have struggled to demonstrate a role beyond its structural function in cell walls dimerizing pectin molecules of rhamnogalacturonan II (RGII). In this regard, B deficiency has been associated with a plethora of symptoms in plants that include macroscopic symptoms like growth arrest and cell death and biochemical or molecular symptoms that include changes in cell wall pore size, apoplast acidification, or a steep ROS production that leads to an oxidative burst. Aiming to shed light on B functions in plant biology, we proposed here a unifying model integrating the current knowledge about B function(s) in plants to explain why B deficiency can cause such remarkable effects on plant growth and development, impacting crop productivity. In addition, based on recent experimental evidence that suggests the existence of different B ligands other than RGII in plant cells, namely glycolipids, and glycoproteins, we proposed an experimental pipeline to identify putative missing ligands and to determine how they would integrate into the above-mentioned model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular, Metabolic and Physiological Responses to Boron Stress in Higher Plants)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 1277 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Melatonin as a Possible Natural Anti-Viral Compound in Plant Biocontrol

by Josefa Hernández-Ruiz, Manuela Giraldo-Acosta, Amina El Mihyaoui, Antonio Cano and Marino B. Arnao

Plants 2023, 12(4), 781; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12040781 - 9 Feb 2023

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 4824

Abstract

Melatonin is a multifunctional and ubiquitous molecule. In animals, melatonin is a hormone that is involved in a wide range of physiological activities and is also an excellent antioxidant. In plants, it has been considered a master regulator of multiple physiological processes as [...] Read more.

Melatonin is a multifunctional and ubiquitous molecule. In animals, melatonin is a hormone that is involved in a wide range of physiological activities and is also an excellent antioxidant. In plants, it has been considered a master regulator of multiple physiological processes as well as of hormonal homeostasis. Likewise, it is known for its role as a protective biomolecule and activator of tolerance and resistance against biotic and abiotic stress in plants. Since infections by pathogens such as bacteria, fungi and viruses in crops result in large economic losses, interest has been aroused in determining whether melatonin plays a relevant role in plant defense systems against pathogens in general, and against viruses in particular. Currently, several strategies have been applied to combat infection by pathogens, one of them is the use of eco-friendly chemical compounds that induce systemic resistance. Few studies have addressed the use of melatonin as a biocontrol agent for plant diseases caused by viruses. Exogenous melatonin treatments have been used to reduce the incidence of several virus diseases, reducing symptoms, virus titer, and even eradicating the proliferation of viruses such as Tobacco Mosaic Virus, Apple Stem Grooving Virus, Rice Stripe Virus and Alfalfa Mosaic Virus in tomato, apple, rice and eggplant, respectively. The possibilities of using melatonin as a possible natural virus biocontrol agent are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Virus Disease Control)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 713 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Potential of Cover Crops for Weed Management: A Sole Tool or Component of an Integrated Weed Management System?

by Margaret Fernando and Anil Shrestha

Plants 2023, 12(4), 752; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12040752 - 8 Feb 2023

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 6782

Abstract

Cover crops are an important component of integrated weed management programs in annual and perennial cropping systems because of their weed suppressive abilities. They influence weed populations using different mechanisms of plant interaction which can be facilitative or suppressive. However, the question often [...] Read more.

Cover crops are an important component of integrated weed management programs in annual and perennial cropping systems because of their weed suppressive abilities. They influence weed populations using different mechanisms of plant interaction which can be facilitative or suppressive. However, the question often arises if cover crops can be solely relied upon for weed management or not. In this review we have tried to provide examples to answer this question. The most common methods of weed suppression by an actively growing cover crop include competition for limited plant growth resources that result in reduced weed biomass, seed production, and hence reductions in the addition of seeds to the soil seedbank. Cover crop mulches suppress weeds by reducing weed seedling emergence through allelopathic effects or physical effects of shading. However, there is a great degree of variability in the success or failure of cover crops in suppressing weeds that are influenced by the cover crop species, time of planting, cover crop densities and biomass, time of cover crop termination, the cash crop following in the rotation, and the season associated with several climatic variables. Several studies demonstrated that planting date was important to achieve maximum cover crop biomass, and a mixture of cover crop species was better than single cover crop species to achieve good weed suppression. Most of the studies that have demonstrated success in weed suppression have only shown partial success and not total success in weed suppression. Therefore, cover crops as a sole tool may not be sufficient to reduce weeds and need to be supplemented with other weed management tools. Nevertheless, cover crops are an important component of the toolbox for integrated weed management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Methods and Innovative Strategies for Weed Management)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 1823 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

A Green Approach Used for Heavy Metals ‘Phytoremediation’ Via Invasive Plant Species to Mitigate Environmental Pollution: A Review

by Irfan Ullah Khan, Shan-Shan Qi, Farrukh Gul, Sehrish Manan, Justice Kipkorir Rono, Misbah Naz, Xin-Ning Shi, Haiyan Zhang, Zhi-Cong Dai and Dao-Lin Du

Plants 2023, 12(4), 725; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12040725 - 6 Feb 2023

Cited by 74 | Viewed by 13712

Abstract

Heavy metals (HMs) normally occur in nature and are rapidly released into ecosystems by anthropogenic activities, leading to a series of threats to plant productivity as well as human health. Phytoremediation is a clean, eco-friendly, and cost-effective method for reducing soil toxicity, particularly [...] Read more.

Heavy metals (HMs) normally occur in nature and are rapidly released into ecosystems by anthropogenic activities, leading to a series of threats to plant productivity as well as human health. Phytoremediation is a clean, eco-friendly, and cost-effective method for reducing soil toxicity, particularly in weedy plants (invasive plant species (IPS)). This method provides a favorable tool for HM hyperaccumulation using invasive plants. Improving the phytoremediation strategy requires a profound knowledge of HM uptake and translocation as well as the development of resistance or tolerance to HMs. This review describes a comprehensive mechanism of uptake and translocation of HMs and their subsequent detoxification with the IPS via phytoremediation. Additionally, the improvement of phytoremediation through advanced biotechnological strategies, including genetic engineering, nanoparticles, microorganisms, CRISPR-Cas9, and protein basis, is discussed. In summary, this appraisal will provide a new platform for the uptake, translocation, and detoxification of HMs via the phytoremediation process of the IPS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Invasion 2022)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

26 pages, 1770 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Biocontrol Activity of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants and Their Bioactive Components against Soil-Borne Pathogens

by Babett Greff, András Sáhó, Erika Lakatos and László Varga

Plants 2023, 12(4), 706; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12040706 - 5 Feb 2023

Cited by 46 | Viewed by 8250

Abstract

Soil-borne phytopathogens can have detrimental effects on both cereal and horticultural crops resulting in serious losses worldwide. Due to their high efficiency and easy applicability, synthetic pesticides are still the primary choice in modern plant disease control systems, but stringent regulations and increasing [...] Read more.

Soil-borne phytopathogens can have detrimental effects on both cereal and horticultural crops resulting in serious losses worldwide. Due to their high efficiency and easy applicability, synthetic pesticides are still the primary choice in modern plant disease control systems, but stringent regulations and increasing environmental concerns make the search for sustainable alternatives more pressing than ever. In addition to the incorporation of botanicals into agricultural practices, the diversification of cropping systems with aromatic and medicinal plants is also an effective tool to control plant diseases through providing nutrients and shaping soil microbial communities. However, these techniques are not universally accepted and may negatively affect soil fertility if their application is not thoroughly controlled. Because the biocontrol potential of aromatic and medicinal plants has been extensively examined over the past decades, the present study aims to overview the recent literature concerning the biopesticide effect of secondary metabolites derived from aromatic and medicinal plants on important soil-borne plant pathogens including bacteria, fungi, and nematodes. Most of the investigated herbs belong to the family of Lamiaceae (e.g., Origanum spp., Salvia spp., Thymus spp., Mentha spp., etc.) and have been associated with potent antimicrobial activity, primarily due to their chemical constituents. The most frequently tested organisms include fungi, such as Rhizoctonia spp., Fusarium spp., and Phytophthora spp., which may be highly persistent in soil. Despite the intense research efforts dedicated to the development of plant-based pesticides, only a few species of aromatic herbs are utilized for the production of commercial formulations due to inconsistent efficiency, lack of field verification, costs, and prolonged authorization requirements. However, recycling the wastes from aromatic and medicinal plant-utilizing industries may offer an economically feasible way to improve soil health and reduce environmental burdens at the same time. Overall, this review provides comprehensive knowledge on the efficiency of aromatic herb-based plant protection techniques, and it also highlights the importance of exploiting the residues generated by aromatic plant-utilizing sectors as part of agro-industrial processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue On the Microbe-Essential Oil Interplay: Processes, Mechanisms, Impacts and Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Editor’s Choice Articles

Review

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI