Physics

9 pages, 244 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Derivation of the Ray Equation from Snell’s Law

by Carmen Toro-Castillo, Joel Cervantes-Lozano, David I. Serrano-García and Héctor O. González-Ochoa

Physics 2025, 7(3), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/physics7030026 - 9 Jul 2025

Viewed by 129

The one-dimensional ray equation, the differential description of Fermat’s principle, is deduced directly from Snell’s law using two methods. In the first method, we obtain the ray equation from a differential equation relating the spatial coordinates derivative with the index of refraction field. In the second method, the ray equation is deduced from the proper generalization of Snell’s law for a refractive field, that is, a differential equation relating the index of refraction field and the refraction angle. Additionally, we used an intermediate expression of the first method to find a straightforward analytical solution of the ray path to an inferior mirage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physics Education)

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19 pages, 23203 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quantum Scattering by Multiple Slits—A Lippmann–Schwinger Approach

by Rafael M. Fortiny, Matheus E. Pereira and Alexandre G. M. Schmidt

Physics 2025, 7(3), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/physics7030025 - 1 Jul 2025

Viewed by 175

Abstract

We investigate the non-relativistic scattering of a plane wave by a vertical segment formulating the problem in terms of the Lippmann–Schwinger equation in two spatial dimensions. Adjusting the coupling strength function we show how to implement the scattering by a system of multiple slits and by a Cantor set. We present detailed calculations of the scattered wave function for the line segment, as well as for the single, double, and multiple slits. We define reflection and transmission functions that are position-dependent in a defined region. From these results, we obtain the probability densities and differential and total cross-sections for these problems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Classical Physics)

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19 pages, 568 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Testing the Double-Logarithmic Asymptotic Gluon Density in Ultraperipheral Heavy-Ion Collisions at the Large Hadron Collider

by Daniel Almeida Fagundes and Magno V. T. Machado

Physics 2025, 7(3), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/physics7030024 - 25 Jun 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 182

Abstract

In this paper, we analyze the application of an analytical gluon distribution based on double-asymptotic scaling to the photoproduction of vector mesons in coherent

p p

p A

, and

A A

collisions at LHC energies, using the color dipole formalism. Predictions [...] Read more.

In this paper, we analyze the application of an analytical gluon distribution based on double-asymptotic scaling to the photoproduction of vector mesons in coherent

p p

p A

, and

A A

collisions at LHC energies, using the color dipole formalism. Predictions for the rapidity distribution are presented for

ρ^{0}

J / ψ

ψ (2 S)

, and

Υ (1 S)

mesons photoproduction. An analysis of the uncertainties associated with different implementations of the dipole–proton amplitude is performed. The vector meson photoproduction accompanied by electromagnetic dissociation is also analyzed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section High Energy Physics)

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Physics, Volume 7, Issue 3 (September 2025) – 3 articles

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