Nanomaterials

13 pages, 1362 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Metal Modification of Activated Carbon on the Hydrogen Adsorption Capacity

by Nurlan Idrissov, Nursultan Aidarbekov, Zhengisbek Kuspanov, Kydyr Askaruly, Olga Tsurtsumia, Kairat Kuterbekov, Zhassulan Zeinulla, Kenzhebatyr Bekmyrza, Asset Kabyshev, Marzhan Kubenova and Aigerim Serik

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(19), 1503; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15191503 (registering DOI) - 1 Oct 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the hydrogen adsorption performance of activated carbon (AC) derived from rice husks and modified with magnesium and nickel salts. Adsorption isotherms were recorded at 25 °C and 50 °C up to 80 bar, simulating practical storage conditions. The unmodified AC [...] Read more.

This study investigates the hydrogen adsorption performance of activated carbon (AC) derived from rice husks and modified with magnesium and nickel salts. Adsorption isotherms were recorded at 25 °C and 50 °C up to 80 bar, simulating practical storage conditions. The unmodified AC exhibited the highest hydrogen uptake (0.62 wt% at 25 °C), attributed to its high surface area and dominant ultramicroporosity (<0.9 nm). Modifications with Mg and Ni reduced adsorption capacity, likely due to partial pore blockage and decreased surface functionality, as confirmed by FTIR, Raman, and XRD analyses. Despite this, all samples demonstrated stable cyclic adsorption–desorption behavior and consistent isotherm profiles. Hysteresis observed in the modified samples suggests capillary condensation within mesopores. Thermodynamic analysis confirmed the exothermic nature of hydrogen adsorption. Among the modified materials, ACM10 (Mg-modified) exhibited the best performance (0.54 wt%), highlighting the importance of optimizing the metal content. The obtained results indicate that the micropore size distribution and accessible surface functionality critically govern the hydrogen storage capacity, suggesting that unmodified AC is a promising candidate for low-temperature hydrogen storage systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Porous Nanomaterials: Preparation, Performance, and Practical Application)

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14 pages, 3483 KB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Purcell Effect and Photoluminescence Properties of Gold–Titanium Dioxide Quasiperiodic Multilayers and Cavities

by Guangfa He, Changjun Min, Ling Li and Xiaocong Yuan

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(19), 1502; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15191502 - 1 Oct 2025

Abstract

This work studies the Purcell effect of two quasiperiodic multilayers of gold and titanium dioxide following the Thue–Morse and Fibonacci sequence, respectively. We systematically investigated the impacts of polarization direction, dipole height, and wavelength on the Purcell factor. Additionally, we compared the normalized [...] Read more.

This work studies the Purcell effect of two quasiperiodic multilayers of gold and titanium dioxide following the Thue–Morse and Fibonacci sequence, respectively. We systematically investigated the impacts of polarization direction, dipole height, and wavelength on the Purcell factor. Additionally, we compared the normalized field distribution profiles across all multilayer structures. Concurrently, under varying polarizations, we computed the radiative part of the Purcell factor, photoluminescence at the reflection and transmission side of multilayers, respectively. Our findings indicate that under near-field excitation conditions, the Purcell factor is predominantly governed by its non-radiative component rather than the radiative one. We attribute the observed discrepancies in the Purcell factor to variations in the intensity and spatial distribution of non-radiative losses within the metallic components of the multilayers. This mechanism provides a robust physical foundation for exploring and extending the applications of photonic quasicrystals in the modulation of nanoscale light–matter interactions. Furthermore, we examined cavities constructed from symmetric multilayers. Under z-polarization and long-wavelength conditions, the cavity effect was observed to enhance the radiative part of the Purcell factor, thereby further boosting spontaneous emission efficiency. This work offers novel insights into the design of semiconductor devices with improved quantum emission efficiency and photoluminescence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical Properties of Plasmonic Nanostructures)

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21 pages, 5821 KB

Open AccessArticle

Systematic Study of Gold Nanoparticle Effects on the Performance and Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells

by Sofia Rubtsov, Akshay Puravankara, Edi L. Laufer, Alexander Sobolev, Alexey Kosenko, Vasily Shishkov, Mykola Shatalov, Victor Danchuk, Michael Zinigrad, Albina Musin and Lena Yadgarov

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(19), 1501; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15191501 - 1 Oct 2025

Abstract

We explore a plasmonic interface for perovskite solar cells (PSCs) by integrating inkjet-printed TiO₂-AuNP microdot arrays (MDA) into the electron transport layer. This systematic study examines how the TiO₂ blocking layer (BL) surface conditioning, AuNP layer positioning, and nanoparticle loading [...] Read more.

We explore a plasmonic interface for perovskite solar cells (PSCs) by integrating inkjet-printed TiO₂-AuNP microdot arrays (MDA) into the electron transport layer. This systematic study examines how the TiO₂ blocking layer (BL) surface conditioning, AuNP layer positioning, and nanoparticle loading collectively influence device performance. Pre-annealing the BL increases its hydrophobicity, yielding smaller and denser AuNP microdots with an enhanced localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR). Positioning the AuNP MDA at the BL/perovskite interface (above the BL) maximizes near-field plasmonic coupling to the absorber, resulting in higher photocurrent and power conversion devices; these trends are corroborated by finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations. Moreover, these devices demonstrate better stability over time compared to those with AuNPs at the transparent electrode (under BL). Although higher AuNP concentrations improve dispersion stability, preserve MAPI crystallinity, and yield more uniform nanoparticle sizes, device measurements showed no performance gains. After annealing, the samples with the Au content of 23 wt% relative to TiO₂ achieved optimal PSC efficiency by balancing plasmonic enhancement and charge transport without the increased resistance and recombination losses seen at higher loadings. Importantly, X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirms that introducing the TiO₂-AuNP MDA at the interface does not disrupt the perovskite’s crystal structure, underscoring the structural compatibility of this plasmonic enhancement. Overall, our findings highlight a scalable strategy to boost PSC efficiency via engineered light-matter interactions at the nanoscale without compromising the perovskite’s structural integrity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photochemical Frontiers of Noble Metal Nanomaterials)

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44 pages, 10926 KB

Open AccessReview

Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: Advances in Synthesis, Mechanistic Understanding, and Magnetic Property Optimization for Improved Biomedical Performance

by Minh Dang Nguyen, Supawitch Hoijang, Ramtin Yarinia, Melissa Ariza Gonzalez, Suman Mandal, Quoc Minh Tran, Pailinrut Chinwangso and T. Randall Lee

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(19), 1500; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15191500 - 1 Oct 2025

Abstract

Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MIONPs) represent a versatile magnetic nanoparticle (NP) system with considerable, yet underexplored, potential in diverse applications, particularly in emerging biomedical fields such as magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic hyperthermia, targeted drug delivery, and biosensing. The successful translation of MIONPs into [...] Read more.

Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MIONPs) represent a versatile magnetic nanoparticle (NP) system with considerable, yet underexplored, potential in diverse applications, particularly in emerging biomedical fields such as magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic hyperthermia, targeted drug delivery, and biosensing. The successful translation of MIONPs into these applications requires reproducible synthesis methods and precise control over particle uniformity in terms of size, shape, and composition. However, reproducibility in nanoparticle synthesis remains a persistent challenge, limiting the ability of researchers to replicate results and integrate MIONPs into application-oriented studies. In recent years, substantial efforts have been directed toward elucidating synthesis mechanisms and improving both reproducibility and particle uniformity, enabling notable advances in the biomedical deployment of MIONPs. This review summarizes progress in the synthesis of MIONPs, with emphasis on three widely employed precursors: iron oleate, iron acetylacetonate, and iron pentacarbonyl. The discussion focuses on key findings in NP synthesis, relevant chemical aspects, and the magnetic properties of MIONPs, which are critical for optimizing their functional performance. By consolidating recent advances, this review aims to provide a reliable framework for the preparation of high-quality MIONPs and to support their effective use in specific biomedical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Study on Magnetic Properties of Nanostructured Materials)

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14 pages, 12512 KB

Open AccessArticle

Integration of Er³⁺ Emitters in Silicon-on-Insulator Nanodisk Metasurface

by Joshua Bader, Hamed Arianfard, Vincenzo Ciavolino, Mohammed Ashahar Ahamad, Faraz A. Inam, Shin-ichiro Sato and Stefania Castelletto

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(19), 1499; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15191499 - 1 Oct 2025

Abstract

Erbium (

{Er}^{3 +}

) emitters are relevant for optical applications due to their narrow emission line directly in the telecom C-band due to the ⁴I_13/2 → ⁴I_15/2 transition at 1.54 μm. Additionally, they are promising candidates for [...] Read more.

Erbium (

{Er}^{3 +}

) emitters are relevant for optical applications due to their narrow emission line directly in the telecom C-band due to the ⁴I_13/2 → ⁴I_15/2 transition at 1.54 μm. Additionally, they are promising candidates for future quantum technologies when embedded in thin film silicon-on-insulator (SOI) to achieve fabrication scalability and CMOS compatibility. In this paper we integrate Er³⁺ emitters in SOI metasurfaces made of closely spaced arrays of nanodisks, to study their spontaneous emission via room and cryogenic temperature confocal microscopy, off-resonance and in-resonance photoluminescence excitation at room temperature and time-resolved spectroscopy. This work demonstrates the possibility to adopt CMOS-compatible and fabrication-scalable metasurfaces for controlling and improving the collection efficiency of the spontaneous emission from the Er³⁺ transition in SOI and that they could be adopted in similar technologically advanced materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanophotonics Materials and Devices)

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14 pages, 2101 KB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Design of H₂ Storage/Release Devices: A Direct Ab Initio MD Study

by Hiroto Tachikawa

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(19), 1498; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15191498 - 1 Oct 2025

Abstract

To advance a hydrogen-based energy society, the development of efficient hydrogen storage materials is essential. In particular, such materials are expected to be lightweight and chemically stable. Moreover, they must allow for easy storage and release of hydrogen. In this study, we theoretically [...] Read more.

To advance a hydrogen-based energy society, the development of efficient hydrogen storage materials is essential. In particular, such materials are expected to be lightweight and chemically stable. Moreover, they must allow for easy storage and release of hydrogen. In this study, we theoretically designed hydrogen storage and release devices based on graphene (GR)—a lightweight and chemically stable material—using a direct ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) approach. The target reaction in this study is the hydrogen abstraction from hydrogenated graphene, H-(GR)-H, by hydrogen atom, resulting in molecular hydrogen formation: H-(GR)-H + H → GR-H + H₂. Hydrogen atom (H) can be readily generated through the discharge of H₂ gas. The calculated activation energy was −0.3 kcal/mol. The direct AIMD calculations showed that the hydrogen abstraction reaction proceeds without the activation barrier, and H₂ is easily formed by the collision of H atom with the H-(GR)-H surface. For comparison, the addition reaction of hydrogen atom to the graphene surface was investigated: GR + H → GR–H. The activation energies were calculated to be 5–7 kcal/mol. These energetic profiles indicate that both hydrogen storage and release proceed with low and negative activation energies, respectively. On the basis of these calculations, H₂-storage/release device was theoretically designed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2D Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage)

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14 pages, 1522 KB

Open AccessArticle

Tunable Strong Plasmon-Exciton Coupling in a Low-Loss Nanocuboid Dimer with Monolayer WS₂

by Fan Wu and Zhao Chen

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(19), 1497; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15191497 - 30 Sep 2025

Abstract

Strong coupling between plasmons and excitons in two-dimensional materials offers a powerful route for manipulating light–matter interactions at the nanoscale, with potential applications in quantum optics, nanophotonics, and polaritonic devices. Here, we design and numerically investigate a low-loss coupling platform composed of a [...] Read more.

Strong coupling between plasmons and excitons in two-dimensional materials offers a powerful route for manipulating light–matter interactions at the nanoscale, with potential applications in quantum optics, nanophotonics, and polaritonic devices. Here, we design and numerically investigate a low-loss coupling platform composed of a silver nanocuboid dimer and monolayer of WS₂ using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations. The dimer supports a subradiant bonding plasmonic mode with a linewidth as narrow as 60 meV. This ultralow-loss feature enables strong coupling with monolayer WS₂ at relatively low coupling strengths. FDTD simulations combined with the coupled oscillator model reveal a Rabi splitting of ~60 meV and characteristic anticrossing behavior in the dispersion relations. Importantly, we propose and demonstrate two independent tuning mechanisms—loss engineering through nanocuboid tilt and coupling-strength modulation through the number of WS₂ layers—that enable transitions between weak and strong coupling regimes. This work provides a low-loss and tunable plasmonic platform for studying and controlling strong light–matter interactions in plasmon-two-dimensional material systems, with potential for room-temperature quantum and optoelectronic devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photonics and Plasmonics of Low-Dimensional Materials)

16 pages, 2498 KB

Open AccessArticle

Nanoparticles Enhance in Vitro Micropropagation and Secondary Metabolite Accumulation in Origanum petraeum

by Tamara S. Al Qudah, Rida A. Shibli, Rund Abu-Zurayk and Mohammad Hudaib

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(19), 1496; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15191496 - 30 Sep 2025

Abstract

Origanum petraeum Danin, an endemic medicinal shrub from Jordan, belongs to the Lamiaceae family and possesses significant pharmaceutical potential, yet its secondary metabolite profile remains largely unexplored. This study evaluated the effects of two types of nanoparticles, silver (Ag) and copper (Cu), on [...] Read more.

Origanum petraeum Danin, an endemic medicinal shrub from Jordan, belongs to the Lamiaceae family and possesses significant pharmaceutical potential, yet its secondary metabolite profile remains largely unexplored. This study evaluated the effects of two types of nanoparticles, silver (Ag) and copper (Cu), on in vitro propagation and secondary metabolite composition in O. petraeum microshoots. Sterilized buds were used to initiate in vitro cultures on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with gibberellic acid (GA₃) at 0.5 mg/L. Microshoots were treated with nanoparticles at concentrations of 0, 25, 50, 100, and 150 mg/L. AgNPs at 100 mg/L promoted growth, increasing the number of microshoots to 11.6 and shoot height to 9.22 cm. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed nanoparticle uptake and translocation, with AgNPs observed in root cells as small particles (≤24.63 nm), while CuNPs formed aggregates in leaves (47.71 nm). GC-MS analysis revealed that nanoparticles altered the volatile composition; 50 mg/L CuNPs enhanced monoterpenes, including α-terpinyl acetate (29.23%) and geranyl acetate (12.76%), whereas 50 mg/L AgNPs increased sesquiterpenes, such as caryophyllene oxide (28.45%). Control in vitro cultures without nanoparticles showed simpler profiles dominated by caryophyllene oxide, while wild plants contained both monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, with eudesm-7(11)-en-4-ol (25.10%) as the major compound. Nutrient analysis indicated that nanoparticles influenced nutrient composition in microshoots. This study is the first to report nanoparticle-assisted growth and essential oil composition in O. petraeum, demonstrating their potential to enhance growth and secondary metabolite production for pharmacological and biotechnological applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanotechnology in Agriculture)

51 pages, 7232 KB

Open AccessReview

Machine Learning-Driven Design of Fluorescent Materials: Principles, Methodologies, and Future Directions

by Qihang Bian and Xiangfu Wang

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(19), 1495; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15191495 - 30 Sep 2025

Abstract

Dual-mode fluorescent materials are vital in bioimaging, sensing, displays, and lighting, owing to their efficient emission of visible or near-infrared light. Traditional optimization methods, including empirical experiments and quantum chemical computations, suffer from high costs, high labor intensities, and difficulties capturing complex relationships [...] Read more.

Dual-mode fluorescent materials are vital in bioimaging, sensing, displays, and lighting, owing to their efficient emission of visible or near-infrared light. Traditional optimization methods, including empirical experiments and quantum chemical computations, suffer from high costs, high labor intensities, and difficulties capturing complex relationships among molecular structures, synthesis parameters, and key photophysical properties. In this review, fundamental principles, key methodologies, and representative applications of machine learning (ML) in predicting fluorescent material performance are systematically summarized. The core ML techniques covered include supervised regression, neural networks, and physics-informed hybrid frameworks. The representative fluorescent materials analyzed encompass aggregation-induced emission (AIE) luminogens, thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters, quantum dots, carbon dots, perovskites, and inorganic phosphors. This review details the modeling approaches and typical workflows—such as data preprocessing, descriptor selection, and model validation—and highlights algorithmic optimization strategies such as data augmentation, physical constraints embedding, and transfer learning. Finally, prevailing challenges, including limited high-quality data availability, weak model interpretability, and insufficient model transferability, are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Theory and Simulation of Nanostructures)

43 pages, 2854 KB

Open AccessReview

Strategies for Enhancing BiVO₄ Photoanodes for PEC Water Splitting: A State-of-the-Art Review

by Binh Duc Nguyen, In-Hee Choi and Jae-Yup Kim

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(19), 1494; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15191494 - 30 Sep 2025

Abstract

Bismuth vanadate (BiVO₄) has attracted significant attention as a photoanode material for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting due to its suitable bandgap (~2.4 eV), strong visible light absorption, chemical stability, and cost-effectiveness. Despite these advantages, its practical application remains constrained by intrinsic [...] Read more.

Bismuth vanadate (BiVO₄) has attracted significant attention as a photoanode material for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting due to its suitable bandgap (~2.4 eV), strong visible light absorption, chemical stability, and cost-effectiveness. Despite these advantages, its practical application remains constrained by intrinsic limitations, including poor charge carrier mobility, short diffusion length, and sluggish oxygen evolution reaction (OER) kinetics. This review critically summarizes recent advancements aimed at enhancing BiVO₄ PEC performance, encompassing synthesis strategies, defect engineering, heterojunction formation, cocatalyst integration, light-harvesting optimization, and stability improvements. Key fabrication methods—such as solution-based, vapor-phase, and electrochemical approaches—along with targeted modifications, including metal/nonmetal doping, surface passivation, and incorporation of electron transport layers, are discussed. Emphasis is placed on strategies to improve light absorption, charge separation efficiency (η_sep), and charge transfer efficiency (η_trans) through bandgap engineering, optical structure design, and catalytic interface optimization. Approaches to enhance stability via protective overlayers and electrolyte tuning are also reviewed, alongside emerging applications of BiVO₄ in tandem PEC systems and selective solar-driven production of value-added chemicals, such as H₂O₂. Finally, critical challenges, including the scale-up of electrode fabrication and the elucidation of fundamental reaction mechanisms, are highlighted, providing perspectives for bridging the gap between laboratory performance and practical implementation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design of Nanocatalysts and Electrodes: Application to Fuel Cell and Water Electrolysis (Second Edition))

9 pages, 4134 KB

Open AccessArticle

Single-Layer Full-Color Waveguide Display Based on a Broadband Efficient Meta-Grating

by Yong Li, Fei Wu, Huihui Li, Mengguang Wang, Zhiyuan Xiang and Zhenrong Zheng

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(19), 1493; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15191493 - 30 Sep 2025

Abstract

Augmented reality (AR) displays are pivotal for delivering immersive experiences in the metaverse, thus driving significant research interest. Current AR systems, predominantly relying on diffraction principles, often suffer from low efficiency and face challenges in realizing monolithic full-color operation. Herein, we propose an [...] Read more.

Augmented reality (AR) displays are pivotal for delivering immersive experiences in the metaverse, thus driving significant research interest. Current AR systems, predominantly relying on diffraction principles, often suffer from low efficiency and face challenges in realizing monolithic full-color operation. Herein, we propose an AR system that integrates a broadband and highly efficient meta-grating in-coupler and an elliptical meta-grating out-coupler onto a single thin glass substrate. The meta-gratings, with unique nanostructures, enable coupling efficiency exceeding 60% for red (R), green (G), and blue (B) wavelengths across the entire field of view (FOV). Image-bearing light is first coupled into a single-layer optical waveguide via the meta-grating, then undergoes two-dimensional expansion through the elliptical meta-grating, and is ultimately coupled into the human eye to form a large AR FOV. Experimentally, we fabricated an optical waveguide prototype and validated the system’s high efficiency and color-enhanced imaging capabilities. This work advances the development of monolithic, trichromatic, highly efficient, and large FOV AR displays based on meta-grating technology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanoelectronics, Nanosensors and Devices)

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36 pages, 2307 KB

Open AccessReview

Ecological Synthesis of Precious Metal Nanoparticles: Harnessing the Potential of Marine Algae Biomass

by Laura Bulgariu

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(19), 1492; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15191492 - 30 Sep 2025

Abstract

The synthesis of precious metal nanoparticles (PM-NPs) is an important field of research that has expanded significantly in recent decades due to their numerous applications. Therefore, research has been directed toward developing green methods for the synthesis of such nanoparticles that are simple, [...] Read more.

The synthesis of precious metal nanoparticles (PM-NPs) is an important field of research that has expanded significantly in recent decades due to their numerous applications. Therefore, research has been directed toward developing green methods for the synthesis of such nanoparticles that are simple, safe, eco-friendly, efficient, and sustainable. In this context, the use of marine algae biomass for the green synthesis of PM-NPs can be a viable large-scale alternative, as algae are easy to cultivate, have a rapid growth rate, and are widely distributed across many regions of the globe. The reduction of precious metal ions takes place at the surface of algae biomass particles, and the characteristics of the resulting precious metal nanoparticles depend on the experimental conditions (pH, amount of algae biomass, contact time, etc.), as well as on the type of algae biomass and the speciation form of the metal ions in the solution. All these factors significantly influence the properties of precious metal nanoparticles, and their understanding allows the development of synthesis strategies that can be applied on a large scale. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the way in which PM-NPs can be synthesized using algae biomass. The importance of experimental conditions (such as pH, contact time, amount of biomass, type of algal biomass, temperature, etc.) on the synthesis efficiency, as well as the elementary steps involved in the synthesis, is also discussed in this study. Particular attention has been paid to the analytical methods used for characterizing PM-NPs, as they provide crucial data regarding their structure and composition. These aspects are essential for identifying the practical applications of PM-NPs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Nanoscience and Nanotechnology)

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2 pages, 407 KB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Abubakar et al. Controlled Growth of Semiconducting ZnO Nanorods for Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting-Based Nanogenerators. Nanomaterials 2023, 13, 1025

by Shamsu Abubakar, Sin Tee Tan, Josephine Ying Chyi Liew, Zainal Abidin Talib, Ramsundar Sivasubramanian, Chockalingam Aravind Vaithilingam, Sridhar Sripadmanabhan Indira, Won-Chun Oh, Rikson Siburian, Suresh Sagadevan and Suriati Paiman

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(19), 1491; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15191491 - 29 Sep 2025

Abstract

In the original publication [...] Full article

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2 pages, 368 KB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Shaban et al. Design of SnO₂:Ni,Ir Nanoparticulate Photoelectrodes for Efficient Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting. Nanomaterials 2022, 12, 453

by Mohamed Shaban, Abdullah Almohammedi, Rana Saad and Adel M. El Sayed

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(19), 1490; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15191490 - 29 Sep 2025

Abstract

In the original publication [...] Full article

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18 pages, 2156 KB

Open AccessArticle

Interfacial Viscoelastic Moduli of Surfactant- and Nanoparticle-Laden Oil/Water Interfaces Surrounded by a Weak Gel

by Lazhar Benyahia, Ahmad Jaber, Philippe Marchal, Tayssir Hamieh and Thibault Roques-Carmes

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(19), 1489; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15191489 - 29 Sep 2025

Abstract

This work aims to study the effect of the bulk rheology of a complex system on the apparent interfacial viscoelastic response of a rising oil droplet of a paraffinic oil (Indopol) undergoing sinusoidal volume dilatations insidean aqueous phase containing a hydrogel. The modulation [...] Read more.

This work aims to study the effect of the bulk rheology of a complex system on the apparent interfacial viscoelastic response of a rising oil droplet of a paraffinic oil (Indopol) undergoing sinusoidal volume dilatations insidean aqueous phase containing a hydrogel. The modulation of the interfacial viscoelasticity is obtained using Span 80 surfactant or fumed silica nanoparticles. The rheology of the continuous phase is tuned by adding 3 to 5 g/L of κ-carrageenan (KC) to switch the continuous aqueous phase from a liquid to a gel state at 15 °C. When KC is liquid, the presence of Span 80 or nanoparticles at the liquid/liquid interface increases the apparent interfacial elastic modulus. However, when KC becomes a weak gel, the apparent interfacial elastic modulus depends on the nature of the surface-active agents. Indeed, if the presence of silica hard nanoparticles enhances the apparent elasticity of the interface, adding Span 80 weakens the apparent elasticity of the interface. These trends are discussed in terms of the localization of the deformation and slippage at the interfaces. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Synthesis, Interfaces and Nanostructures)

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10 pages, 2707 KB

Open AccessArticle

Crystalline Phase-Dependent Emissivity of MoSi₂ Nanomembranes for Extreme Ultraviolet Pellicle Applications

by Haneul Kim, Young Woo Kang, Jungyeon Kim, Taeho Lee and Jinho Ahn

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(19), 1488; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15191488 - 29 Sep 2025

Abstract

Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) pellicles must withstand intense thermal stress during exposure due to their limited heat dissipation, which results from their ultrathin geometry and the vacuum environment within EUV scanners. To address this challenge, we investigated the crystalline phase-dependent emissivity of nanometer-thick molybdenum [...] Read more.

Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) pellicles must withstand intense thermal stress during exposure due to their limited heat dissipation, which results from their ultrathin geometry and the vacuum environment within EUV scanners. To address this challenge, we investigated the crystalline phase-dependent emissivity of nanometer-thick molybdenum disilicide (MoSi₂) membranes. Membranes exhibiting amorphous, hexagonal, and tetragonal phases were independently prepared via controlled annealing, and their thermal radiation properties were evaluated using heat-load testing under emulated EUV scanner conditions. The Hall effect measurements revealed distinct variations in carrier density and mobility across phases, which were theoretically correlated with emissivity using the Lorentz–Drude model. The results demonstrate that emissivity increases in the hexagonal phase due to increased carrier density and reduced scattering, offering improved thermal radiation performance. These findings establish the phase engineering of conductive silicides as a viable strategy for enhancing radiative cooling in EUV pellicles and offer a theoretical framework applicable to other high-temperature nanomaterials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physical Chemistry at Nanoscale)

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25 pages, 8087 KB

Open AccessReview

Biochar-Based Remediation of Heavy Metal-Contaminated Soils: Mechanisms, Synergies, and Sustainable Prospects

by Yuxin Wei, Jingjing Ma, Kuankuan Liu, Shuai Zhang and Junqi Wang

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(19), 1487; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15191487 - 29 Sep 2025

Abstract

This study systematically explores the mechanisms and application potential of biochar in remediating heavy metal-contaminated soils. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of raw materials and pyrolysis conditions in modulating key physicochemical properties of biochar, including its aromatic structure, porosity, cation exchange [...] Read more.

This study systematically explores the mechanisms and application potential of biochar in remediating heavy metal-contaminated soils. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of raw materials and pyrolysis conditions in modulating key physicochemical properties of biochar, including its aromatic structure, porosity, cation exchange capacity, and ash content, which collectively enhance heavy metal immobilization. The direct remediation mechanisms are categorized into six pathways: physical adsorption, electrostatic interactions, precipitation, ion exchange, organic functional group complexation, and redox reactions, with particular emphasis on the reduction in toxic Cr⁶⁺ and the oxidation of mobile As³⁺. In addition to direct interactions, biochar indirectly facilitates remediation by enhancing soil carbon sequestration, improving soil physicochemical characteristics, stimulating microbial activity, and promoting plant growth, thereby generating synergistic effects. The study evaluates combined remediation strategies integrating biochar with phytoremediation and microbial remediation, highlighting their enhanced efficiency. Moreover, practical challenges related to the long-term stability, ecological risks, and economic feasibility in field applications are critically analyzed. By synthesizing recent theoretical advancements and practical findings, this research provides a scientific foundation for optimizing biochar-based soil remediation technologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Nanoscience and Nanotechnology)

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15 pages, 2431 KB

Open AccessArticle

One-Pot Synthesis for Doped Amorphous Carbon-Based Compounds: Influence of ZnO Dopant on the Charge Transfer Efficiency

by Bernardo Alberto Vargas-Vidal, Esperanza Baños-López, María del Rosario Munguía-Fuentes, Yazmín Mariela Hernández-Rodríguez and Oscar Eduardo Cigarroa-Mayorga

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(19), 1486; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15191486 - 29 Sep 2025

Abstract

Amorphous carbon (a-C) materials have attracted significant attention for environmental remediation due to their chemical stability and high surface area; however, their photocatalytic activity remains limited by rapid electron–hole recombination. In this study, ZnO-doped amorphous carbon (a-C@ZnO) composites were synthesized via a one-pot [...] Read more.

Amorphous carbon (a-C) materials have attracted significant attention for environmental remediation due to their chemical stability and high surface area; however, their photocatalytic activity remains limited by rapid electron–hole recombination. In this study, ZnO-doped amorphous carbon (a-C@ZnO) composites were synthesized via a one-pot hydrothermal method to enhance charge separation and photocatalytic performance. The synthesis involved the carbonization of glucose and the incorporation of zinc species under controlled conditions, resulting in composites with varying ZnO contents. The physical and chemical properties of the materials were thoroughly characterized by SEM, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, confirming the successful integration of ZnO within the carbon matrix and the formation of Zn–O–C chemical bonds. Photocatalytic tests, evaluated through the degradation of rhodamine 6G under UV irradiation, demonstrated that ZnO doping significantly improved photocatalytic efficiency, with the a-C@ZnO_0.75 sample achieving a 72% degradation rate and the highest kinetic rate constant. The enhancement was attributed to improved charge transfer and reactive oxygen species generation facilitated by the ZnO–a-C interface. These findings highlight the potential of ZnO-doped amorphous carbon composites as effective, low-cost photocatalysts for water purification applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Nanoparticles and Nanocomposites for Water Remediation: Synthesis and Current Applications)

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22 pages, 10170 KB

Open AccessReview

Bio-Inspired Photocatalytic Nitrogen Fixation: From Nitrogenase Mimicry to Advanced Artificial Systems

by Wenpin Xia, Kaiyang Zhang, Jiewen Hou, Huaiyu Fu, Mingming Gao, Hui-Zi Huang, Liwei Chen, Suqin Han, Yen Leng Pak, Hongyu Mou, Xing Gao and Zhenbin Guo

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(19), 1485; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15191485 - 29 Sep 2025

Abstract

Photocatalytic nitrogen fixation under ambient conditions offers a sustainable alternative to the energy-intensive Haber–Bosch process, yet remains limited by the inertness of N≡N bonds and sluggish multi-electron/proton transfer kinetics. Nature’s nitrogenase enzymes, featuring the FeMo cofactor and ATP-driven electron cascades, inspire a new [...] Read more.

Photocatalytic nitrogen fixation under ambient conditions offers a sustainable alternative to the energy-intensive Haber–Bosch process, yet remains limited by the inertness of N≡N bonds and sluggish multi-electron/proton transfer kinetics. Nature’s nitrogenase enzymes, featuring the FeMo cofactor and ATP-driven electron cascades, inspire a new generation of artificial systems capable of mimicking their catalytic precision and selectivity. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in bio-inspired photocatalytic nitrogen reduction, focusing on six key strategies derived from enzymatic mechanisms: Fe–Mo–S active site reconstruction, hierarchical electron relay pathways, ATP-mimicking energy modules, defect-induced microenvironments, interfacial charge modulation, and spatial confinement engineering. While notable progress has been made in enhancing activity and selectivity, challenges remain in dynamic regulation, mechanistic elucidation, and system-level integration. Future efforts should prioritize operando characterization, adaptive interface design, and device-compatible catalyst platforms. By abstracting nature’s catalytic logic into synthetic architectures, biomimetic photocatalysis holds great promise for scalable, green ammonia production aligned with global decarbonization goals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Pollutants, Hydrogen Evolution and Ammonia Production)

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