Innovative Nanomaterials for Enhanced Steel and Alloy Performance

A special issue of Nanomaterials (ISSN 2079-4991). This special issue belongs to the section "Nanofabrication and Nanomanufacturing".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 10 September 2026 | Viewed by 4275

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
Interests: ultrahigh strength steel; HEA; superalloy; nanostructure; phase transformation; twinning; strengthening; strength; ductility; deformation mechanism
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Higher strength and good ductility are desirable qualities for structural materials. However, ultra-strong alloys inevitably show strength–ductility trade-off, thereby limiting their potential applications. Over the past few years, extensive novel approaches have been applied to enhance the mechanical properties of metallic materials via the creation of nanoscale substructures, such as chemical short-range order (CSRO), chemical short-range disorder (CSRO), nanoscale co-precipitation, nanotwins, nanoscale stacking faults, a nano-metal-stable phase, and heterostructure engineering-induced nanostructures. Such innovative alloy design concepts have opened up new avenues for material exploration and property optimization. For example, in lightweight compositionally complex steel undergoing cryogenic tensile loading, the dislocation cutting of B2 nanoprecipitates enhances the steel with up to two gigapascals of ultra-high cryogenic tensile strength at a tensile elongation of 34%. Meanwhile, by successively designing a supranano (<10 nm) and short-range ordering design in fine-grained alloys, the grain boundary–related strengthening and ductilization mechanism is effectively realized through a supranano-ordering-enhanced pinning effect for dislocations and stacking faults, leading to an ultra-high tensile stress of 2600 MPa at 10% strain.

This Special Issue focuses on new findings in the field of metallic materials, which are closely related to improved performance when nanostructures are used.

Potential topics include, but are not limited to the following:

  1. Metallic materials with heterogeneous structures, including nanostructures;
  2. Metallic materials with gradient structures, including nanostructures;
  3. Metallic materials with nanoscale dual/multiple-phase structures;
  4. Bi-modal structures including nanostructures;
  5. Metal matrix composites with nanostructures;
  6. Any metallic materials strengthened via nanostructures, etc.

Prof. Dr. Yongfeng Shen
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • nanoscale precipitation
  • nanotwin
  • high-entropy alloy
  • titanium alloy
  • high-strength steel
  • strength
  • ductility
  • strain hardening
  • atomic-scale characterization
  • molecular dynamics simulation

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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15 pages, 25925 KB  
Article
Hydrogen Segregation at the Coherent α-Fe/V4C3 Interface: First-Principles Insights into the Role of Carbon Vacancies
by Linxian Li, Aoxuan Guo, Jiamin Liu, Huifang Lan, Shuai Tang, Zhenyu Liu and Guodong Wang
Nanomaterials 2026, 16(9), 555; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16090555 - 30 Apr 2026
Viewed by 1310
Abstract
Hydrogen trapping at carbide/matrix interfaces is important for improving the resistance of steels to hydrogen embrittlement. In this work, the segregation behavior of hydrogen at the coherent α-Fe/V4C3 interface was investigated by first-principles calculations. Representative hydrogen sites were considered systematically, [...] Read more.
Hydrogen trapping at carbide/matrix interfaces is important for improving the resistance of steels to hydrogen embrittlement. In this work, the segregation behavior of hydrogen at the coherent α-Fe/V4C3 interface was investigated by first-principles calculations. Representative hydrogen sites were considered systematically, including interstitial sites in the near-interface region, interfacial sites, and carbon-vacancy sites in V4C3. All of the sites examined are energetically favorable for hydrogen trapping, but the carbon vacancy inside V4C3 exhibits the strongest trapping tendency. Charge density, Bader charge, and density-of-states analyses indicate that hydrogen at this site gains more electrons and forms stronger interactions with neighboring V atoms, leading to enhanced stability. The behavior of H2 at the internal carbon vacancy was also evaluated. After structural relaxation, the H2 molecule dissociated into two separate H atoms, indicating that hydrogen is more stably trapped in atomic rather than molecular form. These findings reveal the crucial role of carbon vacancies in regulating hydrogen trapping at the α-Fe/V4C3 interface and provide atomic-scale insight into the hydrogen trapping mechanism of vanadium carbide precipitates in steels. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Nanomaterials for Enhanced Steel and Alloy Performance)
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17 pages, 7994 KB  
Article
Superior Strength-Ductility Synergy Enabled by Dual-Level Heterostructure of L12 Precipitates and Local Chemical Order in a MPEA
by Jingjing Zhang, Yongfeng Shen, Wenying Xue and Zhijian Fan
Nanomaterials 2026, 16(7), 418; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16070418 - 30 Mar 2026
Viewed by 407
Abstract
The trade-off between strength and ductility remains a pivotal challenge in the development of multi-principal element alloys (MPEAs) for structural applications. Here, we report a dual-scale ordering strategy to achieve triple strengthening in a Ni-26.6Co-18.4Cr-5.4Nb-4.1Mo-2.3Al-0.3Ti-0.05Y (wt.%) MPEA through the synergistic interplay of L1 [...] Read more.
The trade-off between strength and ductility remains a pivotal challenge in the development of multi-principal element alloys (MPEAs) for structural applications. Here, we report a dual-scale ordering strategy to achieve triple strengthening in a Ni-26.6Co-18.4Cr-5.4Nb-4.1Mo-2.3Al-0.3Ti-0.05Y (wt.%) MPEA through the synergistic interplay of L12 nanoprecipitates and local chemical order (LCO). The alloy was processed via cold rolling followed by aging at 750 °C for 8 h, resulting in a high density of coherent L12 precipitates (average size 47 ± 1 nm, volume fraction ~27%) with an ultra-low lattice misfit of 0.5%. Additionally, sub-nanoscale LCO domains with an average diameter of 0.62 nm were identified within the face-centered cubic matrix. This hierarchical microstructure yields an exceptional combination of mechanical properties at room temperature: yield strength of 1480 ± 6 MPa, ultimate tensile strength of 1678 ± 10 MPa, and a total elongation of 13.9 ± 0.2%. Quantitative strengthening analysis reveals that precipitation strengthening (697 MPa) is the dominant contributor, followed by dislocation strengthening (397 MPa). Transmission electron microscopy characterization of deformed samples reveals that the low stacking fault energy, promoted by LCO, facilitates the dissociation of perfect dislocations and the formation of extensive stacking faults. The intersection of stacking faults on different {111} planes generates a large number of Lomer–Cottrell locks, which significantly enhance work hardening and delay plastic instability. The findings demonstrate that engineering dual-scale ordered structures offers a promising pathway for developing MPEAs with a superior strength-ductility combination. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Nanomaterials for Enhanced Steel and Alloy Performance)
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12 pages, 2925 KB  
Article
The Formation of Surface Nanoparticles Enhances the Vacuum Carburizing Efficiency of 20CrMnTi Steel
by Fangpo Li, Jianjun Wang, Lihong Han, Caihong Lu and Zhuocheng Li
Nanomaterials 2026, 16(5), 305; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16050305 - 27 Feb 2026
Viewed by 430
Abstract
This work investigates the effect of pre-nitriding treatment before vacuum carburizing on the carburizing efficiency of 20CrMnTi steel. The results show that pre-nitrocarburizing significantly enhances the vacuum carburizing efficiency of 20CrMnTi steel, refines the microstructure of the carburized layer’s martensite, and promotes the [...] Read more.
This work investigates the effect of pre-nitriding treatment before vacuum carburizing on the carburizing efficiency of 20CrMnTi steel. The results show that pre-nitrocarburizing significantly enhances the vacuum carburizing efficiency of 20CrMnTi steel, refines the microstructure of the carburized layer’s martensite, and promotes the precipitation of carbides. At the same carburized layer depth, the hardness and carbon content of the pre-nitrocarburized samples are significantly higher than those of the samples without pre-nitriding. Specifically, the effective hardening depth and surface hardness increase by approximately 0.15 mm and 75 HV, respectively. These improvements are attributed to the formation of loose and porous nanoscale nitride particles on the surface during the pre-nitrocarburizing process, which significantly increases the surface roughness and porosity. This surface morphology facilitates the adsorption and inward diffusion of carbon atoms during the carburizing process. This study provides some inspiration for pretreatment techniques to improve the efficiency of vacuum carburizing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Nanomaterials for Enhanced Steel and Alloy Performance)
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17 pages, 6320 KB  
Article
Texture and Flexural Fatigue Resistance Governed by Surface-Dependent Deformation and Recrystallization in the Copper Foils
by Tong Wu, Guohao Liu, Di Liu, Bingxing Wang, Bin Wang and Yong Tian
Nanomaterials 2026, 16(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16010011 - 20 Dec 2025
Viewed by 804
Abstract
High-flexibility copper foils are critical for reliable flexible interconnects and displays. In this work, commercial-purity copper belts were processed by triple-layer stacked cold rolling to ultrathin foils, producing distinct surface- and layer-dependent deformation structures in the bright, matte, and central-interface layers; subsequent annealing [...] Read more.
High-flexibility copper foils are critical for reliable flexible interconnects and displays. In this work, commercial-purity copper belts were processed by triple-layer stacked cold rolling to ultrathin foils, producing distinct surface- and layer-dependent deformation structures in the bright, matte, and central-interface layers; subsequent annealing at 600 °C then promoted orientation-selective recrystallization. Under the present conditions, the center-interface layer of the triple-rolled foil achieved the highest flexural-fatigue life (≈8.0 × 104 cycles) within a window of cube ≈ 30–45% and grain size ≈ 40–60 μm. In this regime, grain-size control stabilizes intergranular slip compatibility, reduces elastic–plastic mismatch, and mitigates strain localization during cyclic bending. Even without aggressive cube enrichment, high flexural fatigue resistance can likewise be achieved through deliberate control of grain size. These findings establish a clear processing–microstructure–property linkage and indicate that layer-dependent control of texture and grain size can enhance flexural-fatigue performance in triple-layer stacked-rolled copper foils for flexible electronics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Nanomaterials for Enhanced Steel and Alloy Performance)
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Review

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20 pages, 5544 KB  
Review
A Comprehensive Review on the Enhancement Mechanism of Fatigue Performance in Titanium Alloys via Laser Shock Peening
by Qun Zu, Jiong Yang, Jiarui Li, Xinxin Qi and Xiao Yang
Nanomaterials 2026, 16(5), 321; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16050321 - 3 Mar 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 682
Abstract
This paper reviews the enhancement mechanisms of fatigue performance in titanium alloys processed by laser shock peening (LSP). Because of the redistribution of residual stress and micro-crack and pore behavior, micro–nanostructure evolution and surface roughness effect are systematically discussed. LSP induces beneficial compressive [...] Read more.
This paper reviews the enhancement mechanisms of fatigue performance in titanium alloys processed by laser shock peening (LSP). Because of the redistribution of residual stress and micro-crack and pore behavior, micro–nanostructure evolution and surface roughness effect are systematically discussed. LSP induces beneficial compressive residual stresses at the surface, effectively suppressing crack initiation and propagation. Notably, the nanostructures induced by this process—including nanotwins, dislocations, stacking faults, and nanocrystals—collectively enhance the material’s mechanical hardness, strength, and fatigue resistance. Furthermore, LSP reduces porosity, alters pore morphology and alters crack initiation sites, thereby increasing the crack propagation threshold. However, the influence of LSP on material toughness remains a subject of debate. The insights provided herein offer valuable theoretical guidance for the development of high-performance titanium alloys and further optimization of LSP technology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Nanomaterials for Enhanced Steel and Alloy Performance)
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