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Contemporary Synthetic Glycoscience: A Theme Issue Dedicated to the Memory of Hans Paulsen

A special issue of Molecules (ISSN 1420-3049). This special issue belongs to the section "Bioorganic Chemistry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2025) | Viewed by 2367

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hamburg, Martin- Luther-King-Platz 6, Hamburg, Germany
Interests: synthetic carbohydrate chemistry; preparative chemoenzymatic synthesis; carbohydrates as chemical feedstock

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue of Molecules is dedicated to Professor Dr. Hans Paulsen for his contributions to the field of glycoscience.

Hans Paulsen, born on May 20, 1922 in Altona, was drafted after graduating from high school and conducted labor and military service until 1945. He returned to Hamburg seriously ill and was only able to start studying chemistry in 1948. After completing his Diploma, he received his doctorate in 1955 as Dr. rer. nat. from the University of Hamburg in the research group of Prof. Kurt Heyns. In 1962, he completed his Habilitation at the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences with the thesis "Monosaccharides with Nitrogen in the Ring".

From 1953 onwards, he was employed as Scientific Assistant in Heyns' group for teaching, researching, and planning tasks in the construction of the university's new chemistry center. In 1968, the Privatdozent was appointed University Professor. He did not follow the offer to fill a chair at the University of Kiel, but instead took up the newly created Professorship for Natural Product Chemistry in Hamburg, a position he held from 1972 until his retirement in 1987.

Hans Paulsen's scientific work lies at the heart of carbohydrate chemistry. Joint publications with his academic teacher Kurt Heyns dealt with the platinum-catalyzed oxidation of saccharides. Individual topics relating to the chemistry of carbohydrates with nitrogen in the hemiacetal ring later gained particular attention because such derivatives turned out to be extremely potent glycosidase inhibitors. Other research areas dealt with acyloxonium rearrangements in carbohydrate chemistry; phosphorus-containing saccharides; carbohydrates with branched functional chains; aminoglycoside antibiotics; and oligosaccharide, glycolipid, and O- and N-glycoprotein syntheses. Early on, Hans Paulsen recognized the impact of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) for structural assignments in organic chemistry and particularly complex saccharides; he purposefully expanded this technology in Hamburg. This enabled him to make important contributions to the conformations of monosaccharide and later oligosaccharide derivatives, as well as to the understanding of the exo-anomeric effect.

Hans Paulsen's scientific work, with more than 500 publications, has received some of the most prestigious national and international awards, including the Emil Fischer Medal, the Haworth Memorial Medal, the Claude S. Hudson Award, the Heyrovsky Medal, the Biyvoet Medal, and the Riken Eminent Scientist Award. Hans Paulsen has served as a co-Editor and a member of the Editorial Boards of numerous international journals. As one of the chief reviewers at the German Research Foundation, he helped shape the field of organic chemistry in Germany for many years.

Remarkably, behind this enormous impact stands a modest and reserved personality. Never loud but always with convincing detailed knowledge, he charismatically encouraged many young scientists to write their own articles. His withdrawn private lifestyle always became somewhat transparent when he reported enthusiastically, knowledgeably, and humorously with beautiful pictures about history, architecture, countries, and their people from numerous trips to all parts of the world.

We will remember Hans Paulsen as a great scientist and highly valued colleague.

It is with pleasure that we address all his colleagues and friends and ask for contributions to this Commemorative Special Issue dedicated to honoring his achievements in glycoscience.

Prof. Dr. Joachim Erich Thiem
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • synthesis, chemical, enzymatic
  • glycosylation
  • mono-, di-, tri-, oligosaccharides
  • carbohydrate-based
  • modified carbohydrates
  • glycoconjugates

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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16 pages, 1765 KiB  
Article
Towards Understanding the Basis of Brucella Antigen–Antibody Specificity
by Amika Sood, David R. Bundle and Robert J. Woods
Molecules 2025, 30(14), 2906; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30142906 - 9 Jul 2025
Viewed by 166
Abstract
Brucellosis continues to be a significant global zoonotic infection, with diagnosis largely relying on the detection of antibodies against the Brucella O-polysaccharide (O-PS) A and M antigens. In this study, computational methods, including homology modeling, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations, were applied [...] Read more.
Brucellosis continues to be a significant global zoonotic infection, with diagnosis largely relying on the detection of antibodies against the Brucella O-polysaccharide (O-PS) A and M antigens. In this study, computational methods, including homology modeling, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations, were applied to investigate the interaction of the four murine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) YsT9.1, YsT9.2, Bm10, and Bm28 with hexasaccharide fragments of the A and M epitopes. Through stringent stability criteria, based on interaction energies and mobility of the antigens, high-affinity binding of A antigen with YsT9.1 antibody and M antigen with Bm10 antibody was predicted. In both the complexes hydrophobic interactions dominate the antigen–antibody binding. These findings align well with experimental epitope mapping, indicating YsT9.1’s preference for internal sequences of the A epitope and Bm10’s preference for internal elements of the M epitope. Interestingly, no stable complexes were identified for YsT9.2 or Bm28 interacting with A or M antigen. This study provides valuable insights into the mechanism of molecular recognition of Brucella O-antigens that can be applied for the development of improved diagnostics, synthetic glycomimetics, and improved vaccine strategies. Full article
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16 pages, 556 KiB  
Article
Synthesis of Azide-Labeled β-Lactosylceramide Analogs Containing Different Lipid Chains as Useful Glycosphingolipid Probes
by Basant Mohamed, Rajendra Rohokale, Xin Yan, Amany M. Ghanim, Nermine A. Osman, Hanan A. Abdel-Fattah and Zhongwu Guo
Molecules 2025, 30(13), 2667; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30132667 - 20 Jun 2025
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Abstract
β-Lactosylceramide (β-LacCer) is not only a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of complex glycosphingolipids (GSLs) but also an important regulator of many biological processes. To facilitate the investigation of β-LacCer and other GSLs, a series of β-LacCer analogs with an azido group at [...] Read more.
β-Lactosylceramide (β-LacCer) is not only a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of complex glycosphingolipids (GSLs) but also an important regulator of many biological processes. To facilitate the investigation of β-LacCer and other GSLs, a series of β-LacCer analogs with an azido group at the 6-C-position of the D-galactose in lactose and varied forms of the ceramide moiety were synthesized from commercially available lactose in sixteen linear steps by a versatile and diversity-oriented strategy, which engaged lipid remodeling and glycan functionalization at the final stage. These azide-labeled β-LacCer analogs are flexible and universal platforms that are suitable for further functionalization with other molecular tags via straightforward and biocompatible click chemistry, thereby paving the way for their application to various biological studies. Full article
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17 pages, 824 KiB  
Article
Total Synthesis of Cardenolides Acospectoside A and Acovenoside B
by Benzhang Liu, Peng Xu and Biao Yu
Molecules 2025, 30(11), 2297; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30112297 - 23 May 2025
Viewed by 350
Abstract
Acospectoside A (1) and acovenoside B (2), two cytotoxic cardenolides extracted from the venomous South African bush Acokanthera oppositifolia, are distinguished by their unique structural motifs of the l-acovenose moiety at C-3 and a 1β-O-acetylated [...] Read more.
Acospectoside A (1) and acovenoside B (2), two cytotoxic cardenolides extracted from the venomous South African bush Acokanthera oppositifolia, are distinguished by their unique structural motifs of the l-acovenose moiety at C-3 and a 1β-O-acetylated cardenolide aglycone. Here, we report the synthesis of these cardiac glycosides featuring delicate introductions of the 1-O-acetyl group under acid-catalyzed conditions, 14β-OH by Mukaiyama hydration, and a C17-butenolide moiety by Stille coupling. Full article
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14 pages, 896 KiB  
Article
Chemical and Enzymatic Synthesis of DisialylGb5 and Other Sialosides for Glycan Array Assembly and Evaluation of Siglec-Mediated Immune Checkpoint Inhibition
by Kuo-Shiang Liao, Yixuan Zhou, Cinya Chung, Chih-Chuan Kung, Chien-Tai Ren, Chung-Yi Wu, Yi-Wei Lou, Po-Kai Chuang, Balázs Imre, Yves S. Y. Hsieh and Chi-Huey Wong
Molecules 2025, 30(11), 2264; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30112264 - 22 May 2025
Viewed by 714
Abstract
Aberrant glycosylation, especially sialylation, on cell surface is often associated with cancer progression and immunosuppression. Over-sialylation of stage-specific embryonic antigen-4 (SSEA-4) to generate disialylGb5 (DSGb5) was reported to trigger Siglec-7 recognition and suppress NK-mediated target killing. In this study, efficient chemo-enzymatic and programmable [...] Read more.
Aberrant glycosylation, especially sialylation, on cell surface is often associated with cancer progression and immunosuppression. Over-sialylation of stage-specific embryonic antigen-4 (SSEA-4) to generate disialylGb5 (DSGb5) was reported to trigger Siglec-7 recognition and suppress NK-mediated target killing. In this study, efficient chemo-enzymatic and programmable one-pot methods were explored for the synthesis of DSGb5 and related sialosides for assembly of glycan microarrays and evaluation of binding specificity toward Siglecs-7, 9, 10, and 15 associated with immune checkpoint inhibition. The result showed weak binding of DSGb5 to these Siglecs; however, a truncated glycolyl glycan was identified to bind Siglec-10 strongly with a dissociation constant of 50 nM and exhibited a significant inhibition of Siglec-10 interacting with breast cancer cells. Full article
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Review

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12 pages, 3918 KiB  
Review
Sucrose-Based Macrocycles: An Update
by Sławomir Jarosz and Zbigniew Pakulski
Molecules 2025, 30(13), 2721; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30132721 - 24 Jun 2025
Viewed by 334
Abstract
Sucrose is by far the most abundant disaccharide found in nature, consisting of two simple hexose units: d-glucose and d-fructose. This exceptionally inexpensive and widely accessible raw material is produced in virtually limitless quantities. The vast majority is consumed in the [...] Read more.
Sucrose is by far the most abundant disaccharide found in nature, consisting of two simple hexose units: d-glucose and d-fructose. This exceptionally inexpensive and widely accessible raw material is produced in virtually limitless quantities. The vast majority is consumed in the food industry either in its native form—as commercial table sugar—or, to a lesser extent, as the basis for artificial sweeteners such as palatinose and sucralose. Beyond its dietary use, sucrose serves as a feedstock for the production of bioethanol, liquid crystals, biodegradable surfactants, and polymers. However, the application of this valuable and extremely cheap raw material (100% optical purity and eight stereogenic centers with precisely defined stereochemistry) in the synthesis of more sophisticated products remains surprisingly limited. In this short review, we focus on the strategic use of the sucrose scaffold in the design and synthesis of fine chemicals. Special attention will be paid to macrocyclic derivatives incorporating the sucrose backbone. These water-soluble structures show promise as molecular receptors within biological environments, offering unique advantages in terms of solubility, biocompatibility, and stereochemical precision. Full article
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