molecules-logo

Journal Browser

Journal Browser

Essential Oils—Third Edition

A special issue of Molecules (ISSN 1420-3049). This special issue belongs to the section "Natural Products Chemistry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 December 2025 | Viewed by 4948

Special Issue Editor

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Following the success of the first and second Special Issues "Essential Oils 2021" and "Essential Oils II”, we are launching the third edition “Essential Oils—Third Edition” to invite the selected experts in this field.

Essential oils are natural secondary metabolites, produced by aromatic plants, which are responsible for their distinctive scents. These liquid, volatile, and often colorful compounds are soluble in organic solvents and are complex mixtures of terpenoids, primarily monoterpenes (C10) and sesquiterpenes (C15). Essential oils can be found in various plant organs, including buds, flowers, leaves, seeds, twigs, stems, fruits, roots, wood, or bark and can be obtained through mechanical pressing or distillation. These concentrated plant extracts retain the natural aroma and flavor of their botanical sources. The chemical composition of an essential oil can vary significantly, not only within the same plant species but also from one individual plant to another. This variability is influenced by a range of factors, such as genetic makeup, geographical origin, environmental conditions, nutritional status, the specific plant parts extracted (e.g., stem, leaf, flower, etc.), and the extraction methods employed.

Since ancient times, plant-derived essential oils have been an integral part of traditional medicine and pharmacopoeia, particularly for their antimicrobial properties. However, their biological activities extend far beyond their antimicrobial effects. Essential oils have been found to exhibit a diverse array of beneficial properties, including anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, antidiabetic, spasmolytic, sedative, anti-cancer, insecticidal, and insect-repellent activities. In the natural world, essential oils play a crucial role in the protection and interactions of plants. Their allelopathic potential can influence not only other plants but also the microorganisms present within the same agro-ecosystems. Understanding the complex mechanisms underlying the biological activities of essential oils remains an ongoing challenge for researchers.

This Special Issue aims to bring together a diverse range of contributions that delve into the various aspects of essential oils. We invite original research, mini-reviews, comprehensive reviews, brief communications, and perspectives that address any of the following topics:

  • Biosynthesis of essential oils within plants;
  • The functional roles of essential oils in plant physiology and ecology;
  • Elucidating the mechanisms of action of essential oils;
  • Investigating the in vitro and in vivo biological activities of essential oils.

By exploring the multifaceted world of essential oils, this Special Issue seeks to advance our understanding of these remarkable plant-derived compounds and their potential applications in various fields, from medicine and agriculture to environmental science and beyond.

Dr. Laura De Martino
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Molecules is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • essential oils
  • volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
  • chemical fingerprinting
  • isoprenoids
  • gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)
  • nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy
  • physiological functions of essential oils in plants
  • molecular mechanisms of essential oils
  • in vitro and in vivo bioactivities
  • antimicrobial agents
  • anti-infective properties
  • antioxidant potential
  • allelopathic interactions
  • biosynthetic pathways
  • extraction techniques

Benefits of Publishing in a Special Issue

  • Ease of navigation: Grouping papers by topic helps scholars navigate broad scope journals more efficiently.
  • Greater discoverability: Special Issues support the reach and impact of scientific research. Articles in Special Issues are more discoverable and cited more frequently.
  • Expansion of research network: Special Issues facilitate connections among authors, fostering scientific collaborations.
  • External promotion: Articles in Special Issues are often promoted through the journal's social media, increasing their visibility.
  • Reprint: MDPI Books provides the opportunity to republish successful Special Issues in book format, both online and in print.

Further information on MDPI's Special Issue policies can be found here.

Related Special Issues

Published Papers (4 papers)

Order results
Result details
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:

Research

20 pages, 743 KB  
Article
Optimization of Supplemental LED Spectral Quality and Light Dose for Enhancing Biomass and Essential Oil Yield of Ocimum gratissimum L. Under Net House Condition
by Ha Thi Thu Chu, Thi Nghiem Vu, Thuy Thi Thu Dinh, Phat Tien Do, Tran Quoc Tien, Quang Cong Tong, Quyen Thi Ha, Khanh Quoc Tran and William N. Setzer
Molecules 2025, 30(18), 3753; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30183753 - 15 Sep 2025
Viewed by 567
Abstract
This study investigated optimal supplemental multispectral light-emitting diode (LED) conditions for the growth and essential oil accumulation of Ocimum gratissimum L. (OG) cultivated in a net house over 15 weeks. We hypothesized that supplemental lighting could increase biomass while affecting oil yield or [...] Read more.
This study investigated optimal supplemental multispectral light-emitting diode (LED) conditions for the growth and essential oil accumulation of Ocimum gratissimum L. (OG) cultivated in a net house over 15 weeks. We hypothesized that supplemental lighting could increase biomass while affecting oil yield or vice versa. Nine lighting treatments were established, combining red (R) and blue (B) with ultraviolet-A (UV-A), green (G), or far-red (Fr) lights, applied for 4, 6, or 8 h/night at 80–120 µmol·m−2·s−1. Essential oils were analyzed by GC/MS-FID, revealing 21–28 compounds, dominated by phenylpropanoids (59.4–71.2%). Eugenol (58.5–69.8%), (Z)-β-ocimene (10.2–12.1%), and germacrene D (7.6–12.1%) were the major constituents. The oils showed weak antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans. All lighting treatments significantly enhanced fresh biomass and oil yield (p < 0.001) compared with the control. The optimal treatment (F2; R, B, and UV-A lights at a photon flux ratio of 71:20:9; 100 µmol·m−2·s−1, 6 h/night) yielded the highest fresh biomass (13.07 ± 0.71 Mg/ha), essential oil (31.39 ± 1.71 L/ha), and eugenol (21.09 ± 1.15 L/ha). These findings demonstrate the strong influence of spectral composition and exposure duration on OG productivity and highlight the potential of tailored LED strategies to improve both biomass and oil quality in cultivation systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Essential Oils—Third Edition)
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

24 pages, 2024 KB  
Article
New Insights into the Synergistic Bioactivities of Zingiber officinale (Rosc.) and Humulus lupulus (L.) Essential Oils: Targeting Tyrosinase Inhibition and Antioxidant Mechanisms
by Hubert Sytykiewicz, Sylwia Goławska and Iwona Łukasik
Molecules 2025, 30(15), 3294; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30153294 - 6 Aug 2025
Viewed by 988
Abstract
Essential oils (EOs) constitute intricate mixtures of volatile phytochemicals that have garnered significant attention due to their multifaceted biological effects. Notably, the presence of bioactive constituents capable of inhibiting tyrosinase enzyme activity and scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) underpins their potential utility in [...] Read more.
Essential oils (EOs) constitute intricate mixtures of volatile phytochemicals that have garnered significant attention due to their multifaceted biological effects. Notably, the presence of bioactive constituents capable of inhibiting tyrosinase enzyme activity and scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) underpins their potential utility in skin-related applications, particularly through the modulation of melanin biosynthesis and protection of skin-relevant cells from oxidative damage—a primary contributor to hyperpigmentation disorders. Zingiber officinale Rosc. (ginger) and Humulus lupulus L. (hop) are medicinal plants widely recognized for their diverse pharmacological properties. To the best of our knowledge, this study provides the first report on the synergistic interactions between essential oils derived from these species (referred to as EOZ and EOH) offering novel insights into their combined bioactivity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate essential oils extracted from ginger rhizomes and hop strobiles with respect to the following: (1) chemical composition, determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS); (2) tyrosinase inhibitory activity; (3) capacity to inhibit linoleic acid peroxidation; (4) ABTS•+ radical scavenging potential. Furthermore, the study utilizes both the combination index (CI) and dose reduction index (DRI) as quantitative parameters to evaluate the nature of interactions and the dose-sparing efficacy of essential oil (EO) combinations. GC–MS analysis identified EOZ as a zingiberene-rich chemotype, containing abundant sesquiterpene hydrocarbons such as α-zingiberene, β-bisabolene, and α-curcumene, while EOH exhibited a caryophyllene diol/cubenol-type profile, dominated by oxygenated sesquiterpenes including β-caryophyllene-9,10-diol and 1-epi-cubenol. In vitro tests demonstrated that both oils, individually and in combination, showed notable anti-tyrosinase, radical scavenging, and lipid peroxidation inhibitory effects. These results support their multifunctional bioactivity profiles with possible relevance to skin care formulations, warranting further investigation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Essential Oils—Third Edition)
Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 712 KB  
Article
Unveiling the Chemical Composition, Enantiomeric Profile, Antibacterial, Anticholinesterase and Antioxidant Activity of the Essential Oil of Aloysia triphylla Royle
by Cinthia Mejia-Ramos, Julio Reynaldo Ruiz-Quiroz, Maria Elena Salazar-Salvatierra, James Calva, Eddie Loyola-Gonzales, Haydee Chávez, Javier Hernán Chavez-Espinoza, Josefa Bertha Pari-Olarte, José Santiago Almeida-Galindo and Oscar Herrera-Calderon
Molecules 2025, 30(13), 2849; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30132849 - 3 Jul 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 783
Abstract
Aloysia triphylla is widely used in traditional medicine from Peru for its sedative, digestive and anti-inflammatory properties. However, comprehensive studies on the biological activities of its essential oil (EO), particularly from Peruvian sources, remain limited. This study aimed to analyze the chemical composition [...] Read more.
Aloysia triphylla is widely used in traditional medicine from Peru for its sedative, digestive and anti-inflammatory properties. However, comprehensive studies on the biological activities of its essential oil (EO), particularly from Peruvian sources, remain limited. This study aimed to analyze the chemical composition and enantiomeric profile of A. triphylla EO and evaluate its antibacterial, antioxidant, anticholinesterase, and cytotoxic activities. The EO was obtained by steam distillation and analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 62 compounds were identified, with (E)-caryophyllene (16.80%), β-pinene (9.96%), and germacrene D (10.00%) being the major components. Enantiomeric analysis revealed specific chiral signatures, including (−)-α-pinene, (+)-limonene, and (R)-(−)-linalool. The EO exhibited significant antibacterial activity, particularly against Bacillus subtilis (MIC = 5 µg/mL), and weak antioxidant activity (IC50 = 7720 and 4648 µg/mL for DPPH and ABTS, respectively). Additionally, the EO demonstrated moderate acetylcholinesterase inhibition (IC50 = 87.8 µg/mL) and cytotoxicity in the Artemia salina assay (LC50 = 964 µg/mL). These findings suggest that A. triphylla EO possesses promising bioactivities with potential applications in pharmaceutical and cosmetic fields. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Essential Oils—Third Edition)
Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 1788 KB  
Article
Chemical Composition, Anti-Tyrosinase and Antioxidant Potential of Essential Oils from Acorus calamus (L.) and Juniperus communis (L.)
by Hubert Sytykiewicz, Iwona Łukasik and Sylwia Goławska
Molecules 2025, 30(11), 2417; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30112417 - 31 May 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1297
Abstract
The essential oils (EOs) represent a natural source of diverse phytoconstituents that may exert a wide range of health-promoting effects, including antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and immunomodulatory activities. Compounds with antioxidative and anti-tyrosinase properties present in EOs may suppress excessive melanin production and protect [...] Read more.
The essential oils (EOs) represent a natural source of diverse phytoconstituents that may exert a wide range of health-promoting effects, including antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and immunomodulatory activities. Compounds with antioxidative and anti-tyrosinase properties present in EOs may suppress excessive melanin production and protect skin cells from oxidative stress factors that often aggravate the pigmentation process. Acorus calamus L. and Juniperus communis L. plants have been traditionally used in phytotherapy, either individually or in combination. However, the biological and pharmacological effects of the essential oils derived from A. calamus rhizomes (EOA) and J. communis cone-berries (EOJ) remain underexplored. This study aimed to evaluate (1) the chemical composition of both EOA and EOJ using the gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique; (2) the anti-tyrosinase activity of the two examined EOs; and (3) their antioxidant potential against DPPH and ABTS free radicals. In addition, the anti-tyrosinase and antioxidant activities of mixtures of EOA and EOJ were also investigated. GC-MS analyses identified 48 and 81 chemical compounds in the EOA and EOJ, respectively. The main constituents of the EOA were sesquiterpenoids, including acorenone (18.1%), preisocalamendiol (12.0%), shyobunone (7.5%), and isoshyobunone (5.7%). In contrast, EOJ was primarily composed of α-pinene (22%), a monoterpene. In vitro analyses demonstrated that both individual and combined EOs exhibited notable antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase activities. The health-promoting potential of these EOs is discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Essential Oils—Third Edition)
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

Back to TopTop