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Heterocycles in Medicinal Chemistry, 4th Edition

A special issue of Molecules (ISSN 1420-3049). This special issue belongs to the section "Medicinal Chemistry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 November 2026 | Viewed by 2667

Editor


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Guest Editor
1. Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Slechtitelu 27, 77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic
2. Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Szkolna 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
Interests: medicinal chemistry; drug design; structure–activity relationships; pharmaceutical analysis; polymorphism; drug bioavailability; ADME; nanoparticles; nanoformulations; controlled/targeted delivery
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We announce with great pleasure the fourth edition of “Heterocycles in Medicinal Chemistry, 4th Edition”.

Heteroatoms constitute a very common fragment of several active pharmaceutical ingredients, as well as excipients; from the point of view of significance, it is all the same if these are isosterically/bioisosterically replaced carbons/carbon substructures in aliphatic structures or real heterocycles. Many heterocyclic scaffolds can be considered as privileged structures. Most frequently, nitrogen heterocycles or various positional combinations of nitrogen atoms, sulphur, and oxygen can be found in five- or six-membered rings. According to statistics, more than 85% of all biologically active chemical entities contain a heterocycle. This fact reflects the central role of heterocycles in modern drug design. The application of heterocycles provides a useful tool for the modification of solubility, lipophilicity, polarity, and hydrogen bonding capacity of biologically active agents, which results in the optimization of the ADME/Tox properties of drugs or drug candidates. The increasing presence of various heterocycles in drugs is related to advances in synthetic methodologies, such as metal-catalyzed cross-coupling and hetero-coupling reactions, that allow rapid access to a wide variety of functionalized heterocycles. On the other hand, many heterocyclic lead compounds were isolated from natural resources, and their structures subsequently simplified and modified by medicinal chemists. Thus, heterocycles are of critical importance to medicinal chemists because they are integral in expanding the available drug-like chemical space and drive more effective drug discovery programmes. Medicinal chemistry is “a chemistry-based discipline, also involving aspects of biological, medical, and pharmaceutical sciences” and “concerned with the invention, discovery, design, identification, and preparation of biologically active compounds, as well as the study of their metabolism, the interpretation of their mode of action at the molecular level, and the construction of structure–activity relationships”, this Special Issue of Molecules titled “Heterocycles in Medicinal Chemistry, 4th Edition” is devoted to the following research topics focused on heterocycles: (i) synthesis and analysis; (ii) natural compounds; (iii) carbohydrates; (iv) drug design; (v) in silico investigations; (vi) biological screening; (vii) chemical biology and biological chemistry; (vii) biomaterials; and, in general, other topics related to heterocycles.

Prof. Dr. Josef Jampilek
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • drugs
  • heterocycles
  • pharmacophore
  • drug design
  • computer study
  • synthesis
  • analysis
  • natural compounds
  • carbohydrates
  • physicochemical properties
  • ADMET
  • biological screening
  • chemical biology
  • biological chemistry
  • biomaterials

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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19 pages, 1061 KB  
Article
New Hybrid Benzothiazole Derivatives from Gallic and Syringic Acid as a Potential Multifunctional Skin Disease
by Leonardo Montani, Chiara Tupini, Filippo Marchetti, Alessandra Rizzo, Silvia Vertuani, Stefano Manfredini, Ilaria Lampronti and Anna Baldisserotto
Molecules 2026, 31(13), 2245; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31132245 - 25 Jun 2026
Viewed by 271
Abstract
Multifunctional drugs represent an emerging strategy for treating complex skin disorders and melanoma. A series of benzothiazole-based hybrids incorporating gallic and syringic acid moieties was synthesized and evaluated as multifunctional agents for skin-related applications. Six hydrazone (GAHYDR1–3) and acyl-hydrazone (GACIN1–3 [...] Read more.
Multifunctional drugs represent an emerging strategy for treating complex skin disorders and melanoma. A series of benzothiazole-based hybrids incorporating gallic and syringic acid moieties was synthesized and evaluated as multifunctional agents for skin-related applications. Six hydrazone (GAHYDR1–3) and acyl-hydrazone (GACIN1–3) derivatives were obtained and fully characterized. Hydroxylated compounds showed the strongest antioxidant activity, with GAHYDR1 and GACIN1 displaying low DPPH IC50 values and high FRAP reducing power. UV–Vis studies revealed strong UVA–UVB absorption, with molar extinction coefficients comparable to or exceeding those of PBSA. Photoprotective evaluation showed SPF values up to 10.09 (GACIN2) and broad-spectrum behavior for selected derivatives. Antioxidant activity remained substantially stable over 3 months in solution. Antiproliferative assays against Colo38, A375, and HaCaT cell lines indicated generally low cytotoxicity toward non-tumor cells. Notably, GAHYDR3 exhibited selective activity against A375 melanoma cells (IC50 = 8.75 µM; SI = 8.12). Overall, phenolic substitution emerged as a key determinant of biological activity, highlighting hydroxylated benzothiazole hybrids as promising antioxidant and photoprotective agents, with GAHYDR3 representing a potential lead for anti-melanoma development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heterocycles in Medicinal Chemistry, 4th Edition)
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13 pages, 816 KB  
Article
Biological Evaluation of Esters of 4-Carboxylate-1,2,3-triazine and Analogs as New Potential Anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis Agents
by Gildardo Rivera, Diana V. Navarrete-Carriola, Luca De Angelis, Alma D. Paz-González, Ana Verónica Martínez-Vázquez, Eyra Ortiz-Pérez, Baojie Wan, Scott Franzblau, Marlet Martínez-Archundia, Adriana Moreno-Rodríguez, Isidro Palos and Michael P. Doyle
Molecules 2026, 31(12), 1993; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31121993 - 7 Jun 2026
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Abstract
In searching for novel molecules to act as antibacterial agents, particularly against Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria, three series of C5- and C6-substituted 1,2,3-triazine compounds were investigated: 1,2,3-triazine-4-carboxylate 1-oxide (series 1), 1,2,3-triazine-4-carboxylate (series 2), and 3,6-dihydro-1,2,3-triazine-4-carboxylate 1-oxide derivatives (series 3). Their structural [...] Read more.
In searching for novel molecules to act as antibacterial agents, particularly against Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria, three series of C5- and C6-substituted 1,2,3-triazine compounds were investigated: 1,2,3-triazine-4-carboxylate 1-oxide (series 1), 1,2,3-triazine-4-carboxylate (series 2), and 3,6-dihydro-1,2,3-triazine-4-carboxylate 1-oxide derivatives (series 3). Their structural elucidation was confirmed by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and HRMS. We determined their antibacterial activity (MIC value) using the MABA against the M. tuberculosis H37Rv strain, as well as their physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties. Finally, to determine their potential mode of action, an inhibition assay against M. tuberculosis DNA gyrase was performed. Compounds 4-ethoxycarbonyl-5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1,2,3-triazine (2l) and 4-ethoxycarbonyl-5 -(n-propyl)-1,2,3-triazine (3s) exhibited high activity against M. tuberculosis with MIC values < 5.90 µg/mL and selectivity index of 18.56 and 8.36, respectively. Additionally, compound 2m also exhibited anti-mycobacterial activity with MIC values < 10.0 µg/mL. However, none of the selected compounds inhibited the activity of M. tuberculosis DNA gyrase, suggesting that another drug target may be involved as a mode of action. These results encourage exploring the use of 1,2,3-triazine as a scaffold for the development of new anti-mycobacterium agents. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heterocycles in Medicinal Chemistry, 4th Edition)
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21 pages, 3483 KB  
Article
New Miconazole Salts with Heterocyclic Carboxylic Acids with Improved Water Solubility and Enhanced Antifungal Activity
by Anna Ben, Aleksandra Felczak, Michał Gacki, Katarzyna Lisowska, Mateusz Rafał Gołdyn, Elżbieta Bartoszak-Adamska and Lilianna Chęcińska
Molecules 2026, 31(10), 1686; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31101686 - 16 May 2026
Viewed by 475
Abstract
Miconazole is a commonly used imidazole antifungal drug with a broad spectrum of activity against Candida strains and other microorganisms. However, its poor solubility and low bioavailability have limited its use to topical infections. To overcome this limitation through the use of cocrystalization [...] Read more.
Miconazole is a commonly used imidazole antifungal drug with a broad spectrum of activity against Candida strains and other microorganisms. However, its poor solubility and low bioavailability have limited its use to topical infections. To overcome this limitation through the use of cocrystalization techniques, the present work focuses on the relatively less explored class of heterocyclic carboxylic acid coformers, containing two nitrogen atoms in the ring, aimed at developing alternative multicomponent forms of miconazole. Five new forms of miconazole were subjected to in-depth structural analysis, including an evaluation of the effect of hydrate formation. Furthermore, layered motifs in the supramolecular crystal architectures were subjected to qualitative and quantitative surface analysis using CSD-Particle. All new forms of miconazole were also characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. Water solubility was identified as the most important physicochemical property, and significant improvements were obtained for four of the five salts studied. Notably, the newly synthesized miconazole salts with heterocyclic (di)carboxylic acids exhibited high antifungal activity. The tested compounds effectively inhibited the growth of C. albicans and C. parapsilosis at concentrations several times lower than the parent drug and also showed activity against the important C. auris strain. Therefore, the obtained salts may constitute attractive alternatives to currently used antifungal therapies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heterocycles in Medicinal Chemistry, 4th Edition)
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Review

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53 pages, 6944 KB  
Review
Biphenyl as a Privileged Structure in Medicinal Chemistry: Advances in Anti-Infective Drug Discovery
by Marilia Oliva Gandi, Rodolfo Rodrigo Florido França, Frederico Silva Castelo-Branco and Nubia Boechat
Molecules 2026, 31(7), 1109; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31071109 - 27 Mar 2026
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Abstract
The discovery of novel anti-infective agents is a continuous challenge in medicinal chemistry, particularly due to the rise in resistant fungal and viral strains. Within this context, the biphenyl subunit has been identified as a highly versatile privileged structure capable of interacting with [...] Read more.
The discovery of novel anti-infective agents is a continuous challenge in medicinal chemistry, particularly due to the rise in resistant fungal and viral strains. Within this context, the biphenyl subunit has been identified as a highly versatile privileged structure capable of interacting with diverse protein targets via hydrophobic and π-interactions. The purpose of this study is to review the pharmacological potential of biphenyl-based compounds, focusing on their application as anti-infective agents. We comprehensively analyzed recent literature and rational design strategies concerning biphenyl derivatives, examining structure-activity relationships, molecular docking insights, and structural optimizations aimed at enhancing both pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. The reviewed studies demonstrate that incorporating biphenyl moieties yields compounds with potent antifungal and antiviral activities. Specifically, optimized biphenyl derivatives exhibit strong inhibitory effects against resistant Candida strains and crucial viral targets, including mutant variants of the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and protease enzymes. Furthermore, strategic modifications, such as scaffold hopping and the introduction of specific substituents, successfully mitigated cytotoxicity and improved metabolic stability against cytochrome P450 enzymes. Biphenyl serves as a robust and adaptable scaffold for drug design. Its rational structural optimization provides a viable pathway to overcome drug resistance and develop effective, metabolically stable anti-infective therapeutics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heterocycles in Medicinal Chemistry, 4th Edition)
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