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Catalysis for Green Chemistry

A special issue of Molecules (ISSN 1420-3049). This special issue belongs to the section "Green Chemistry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 September 2023) | Viewed by 26117

Special Issue Editor

Division of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
Interests: green organic synthesis
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Synthetic chemistry has greatly enriched people’s lives and dramatically changed the world in every aspect due to its impressive capacity to construct diverse functional groups and structurally complex molecules. However, traditional synthetic reactions normally suffer from low atom economy, harsh conditions, as well as hazardous waste production. Recently, the general principles of green chemistry have required the design of environmentally benign organic reactions, which is of great importance for the sustainable development of our society. Therein, it is pivotal to achieve new catalytic strategies for organic synthesis guided by the connotations of green chemistry.

The goal of this Special Issue is to collect original research papers and review articles devoted to all aspects of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis for green chemistry, including metal catalysis, organocatalysis, photocatalysis, and biocatalysis. Submission of manuscripts describing green catalytic technologies such as flow chemistry, multiphase catalysis, green reagents and solvents, catalyst immobilization, and recycling is also encouraged.

Prof. Dr. Lu Liu
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • green chemistry
  • green synthesis
  • catalysis
  • metal catalysis
  • organocatalysis

Published Papers (15 papers)

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Research

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17 pages, 8583 KiB  
Article
Fabricated Gamma-Alumina-Supported Zinc Ferrite Catalyst for Solvent-Free Aerobic Oxidation of Cyclic Ethers to Lactones
by Naaser A. Y. Abduh, Abdullah A. Al-Kahtani, Mabrook S. Amer, Tahani Saad Algarni and Abdel-Basit Al-Odayni
Molecules 2023, 28(20), 7192; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28207192 - 20 Oct 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 782
Abstract
The aim of this work was to fabricate a new heterogeneous catalyst as zinc ferrite (ZF) supported on gamma-alumina (γ-Al2O3) for the conversion of cyclic ethers to the corresponding, more valuable lactones, using a solvent-free method and O2 [...] Read more.
The aim of this work was to fabricate a new heterogeneous catalyst as zinc ferrite (ZF) supported on gamma-alumina (γ-Al2O3) for the conversion of cyclic ethers to the corresponding, more valuable lactones, using a solvent-free method and O2 as an oxidant. Hence, the ZF@γ-Al2O3 catalyst was prepared using a deposition–coprecipitation method, then characterized using TEM, SEM, EDS, TGA, FTIR, XRD, ICP, XPS, and BET surface area, and further applied for aerobic oxidation of cyclic ethers. The structural analysis indicated spherical, uniform ZF particles of 24 nm dispersed on the alumina support. Importantly, the incorporation of ZF into the support influenced its texture, i.e., the surface area and pore size were reduced while the pore diameter was increased. The product identification indicated lactone compound as the major product for saturated cyclic ether oxidation. For THF as a model reaction, it was found that the supported catalyst was 3.2 times more potent towards the oxidation of cyclic ethers than the unsupported one. Furthermore, the low reactivity of the six-membered ethers can be tackled by optimizing the oxidant pressure and the reaction time. In the case of unsaturated ethers, deep oxidation and polymerization reactions were competitive oxidations. Furthermore, it was found that the supported catalyst maintained good stability and catalytic activity, even after four cycles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalysis for Green Chemistry)
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11 pages, 10614 KiB  
Article
A Sustainable Green Enzymatic Method for Amide Bond Formation
by György Orsy, Sayeh Shahmohammadi and Enikő Forró
Molecules 2023, 28(15), 5706; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28155706 - 28 Jul 2023
Viewed by 1016
Abstract
A sustainable enzymatic strategy for the preparation of amides by using Candida antarctica lipase B as the biocatalyst and cyclopentyl methyl ether as a green and safe solvent was devised. The method is simple and efficient and it produces amides with excellent conversions [...] Read more.
A sustainable enzymatic strategy for the preparation of amides by using Candida antarctica lipase B as the biocatalyst and cyclopentyl methyl ether as a green and safe solvent was devised. The method is simple and efficient and it produces amides with excellent conversions and yields without the need for intensive purification steps. The scope of the reaction was extended to the preparation of 28 diverse amides using four different free carboxylic acids and seven primary and secondary amines, including cyclic amines. This enzymatic methodology has the potential to become a green and industrially reliable process for direct amide synthesis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalysis for Green Chemistry)
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11 pages, 2370 KiB  
Article
Application of Chitosan/Poly(vinyl alcohol) Stabilized Copper Film Materials for the Borylation of α, β-Unsaturated Ketones, Morita-Baylis-Hillman Alcohols and Esters in Aqueous Phase
by Bojie Li, Wu Wen, Wei Wen, Haifeng Guo, Chengpeng Fu, Yaoyao Zhang and Lei Zhu
Molecules 2023, 28(14), 5609; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28145609 - 24 Jul 2023
Viewed by 805
Abstract
A chitosan/poly(vinyl alcohol)-stabilized copper nanoparticle (CP@Cu NPs) was used as a heterogeneous catalyst for the borylation of α, β-unsaturated ketones, MBH alcohols, and MBH esters in mild conditions. This catalyst not only demonstrated remarkable efficiency in synthesizing organoboron compounds but also still maintained [...] Read more.
A chitosan/poly(vinyl alcohol)-stabilized copper nanoparticle (CP@Cu NPs) was used as a heterogeneous catalyst for the borylation of α, β-unsaturated ketones, MBH alcohols, and MBH esters in mild conditions. This catalyst not only demonstrated remarkable efficiency in synthesizing organoboron compounds but also still maintained excellent reactivity and stability even after seven recycled uses of the catalyst. This methodology provides a gentle and efficient approach to synthesize the organoboron compounds by efficiently constructing carbon–boron bonds. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalysis for Green Chemistry)
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13 pages, 4132 KiB  
Article
Highly Efficient Selective Hydrogenation of Cinnamaldehyde to Cinnamyl Alcohol over CoRe/TiO2 Catalyst
by Mengting Chen, Yun Wang, Limin Jiang, Yuran Cheng, Yingxin Liu and Zuojun Wei
Molecules 2023, 28(8), 3336; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28083336 - 10 Apr 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1434
Abstract
Allylic alcohols typically produced through selective hydrogenation of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes are important intermediates in fine chemical industry, but it is still a challenge to achieve its high selectivity transformation. Herein, we report a series of TiO2-supported CoRe bimetallic [...] Read more.
Allylic alcohols typically produced through selective hydrogenation of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes are important intermediates in fine chemical industry, but it is still a challenge to achieve its high selectivity transformation. Herein, we report a series of TiO2-supported CoRe bimetallic catalysts for the selective hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde (CAL) to cinnamyl alcohol (COL) using formic acid (FA) as a hydrogen donor. The resultant catalyst with the optimized Co/Re ratio of 1:1 can achieve an exceptional COL selectivity of 89% with a CAL conversion of 99% under mild conditions of 140 °C for 4 h, and the catalyst can be reused four times without loss of activity. Meanwhile, the Co1Re1/TiO2/FA system was efficient for the selective hydrogenation of various α,β-unsaturated aldehydes to the corresponding α,β-unsaturated alcohols. The presence of ReOx on the Co1Re1/TiO2 catalyst surface was advantageous to the adsorption of C=O, and the ultrafine Co nanoparticles provided abundant hydrogenation active sites for the selective hydrogenation. Moreover, FA as a hydrogen donor improved the selectivity to α,β-unsaturated alcohols. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalysis for Green Chemistry)
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15 pages, 6810 KiB  
Article
Mesoporous Polymeric Ionic Liquid via Confined Polymerization for Laccase Immobilization towards Efficient Degradation of Phenolic Pollutants
by Yu Liang, Xinyan Chen, Jianli Zeng, Junqing Ye, Bin He, Wenjin Li and Jian Sun
Molecules 2023, 28(6), 2569; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28062569 - 12 Mar 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1403
Abstract
Laccase immobilization is a promising method that can be used for the recyclable treatment of refractory phenolic pollutants (e.g., chlorophenols) under mild conditions, but the method is still hindered by the trade-off limits of supports in terms of their high specific surface area [...] Read more.
Laccase immobilization is a promising method that can be used for the recyclable treatment of refractory phenolic pollutants (e.g., chlorophenols) under mild conditions, but the method is still hindered by the trade-off limits of supports in terms of their high specific surface area and rich functional groups. Herein, confined polymerization was applied to create abundant amino-functionalized polymeric ionic liquids (PILs) featuring a highly specific surface area and mesoporous structure for chemically immobilizing laccase. Benefiting from this strategy, the specific surface area of the as-synthesized PILs was significantly increased by 60-fold, from 5 to 302 m2/g. Further, a maximum activity recovery of 82% towards laccase was recorded. The tolerance and circulation of the immobilized laccase under harsh operating conditions were significantly improved, and the immobilized laccase retained more than 84% of its initial activity after 15 days. After 10 cycles, the immobilized laccase was still able to maintain 80% of its activity. Compared with the free laccase, the immobilized laccase exhibited enhanced stability in the biodegradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), recording around 80% (seven cycles) efficiency. It is proposed that the synergistic effect between PILs and laccase plays an important role in the enhancement of stability and activity in phenolic pollutant degradation. This work provides a strategy for the development of synthetic methods for PILs and the improvement of immobilized laccase stability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalysis for Green Chemistry)
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15 pages, 1936 KiB  
Article
Boron Lewis Acid Catalysis Enables the Direct Cyanation of Benzyl Alcohols by Means of Isonitrile as Cyanide Source
by Tong-Tong Xu, Jin-Lan Zhou, Guang-Yuan Cong, Jiang-Yi-Hui Sheng, Shi-Qi Wang, Yating Ma and Jian-Jun Feng
Molecules 2023, 28(5), 2174; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28052174 - 26 Feb 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2346
Abstract
The development of an efficient and straightforward method for cyanation of alcohols is of great value. However, the cyanation of alcohols always requires toxic cyanide sources. Herein, an unprecedented synthetic application of an isonitrile as a safer cyanide source in B(C6F [...] Read more.
The development of an efficient and straightforward method for cyanation of alcohols is of great value. However, the cyanation of alcohols always requires toxic cyanide sources. Herein, an unprecedented synthetic application of an isonitrile as a safer cyanide source in B(C6F5)3-catalyzed direct cyanation of alcohols is reported. With this approach, a wide range of valuable α-aryl nitriles was synthesized in good to excellent yields (up to 98%). The reaction can be scaled up and the practicability of this approach is further manifested in the synthesis of an anti-inflammatory drug, naproxen. Moreover, experimental studies were performed to illustrate the reaction mechanism. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalysis for Green Chemistry)
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13 pages, 7008 KiB  
Article
Theoretical Study on the Copper-Catalyzed ortho-Selective C-H Functionalization of Naphthols with α-Phenyl-α-Diazoesters
by Xiaoli Zhu, Xunshen Liu, Fei Xia and Lu Liu
Molecules 2023, 28(4), 1767; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28041767 - 13 Feb 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1281
Abstract
The aromatic C(sp2)-H functionalization of unprotected naphthols with α-phenyl-α-diazoesters under mild conditions catalyzed by CuCl and CuCl2 exhibits high efficiency and unique ortho-selectivity. In this study, the combination of density functional theory (DFT) calculations and experiments [...] Read more.
The aromatic C(sp2)-H functionalization of unprotected naphthols with α-phenyl-α-diazoesters under mild conditions catalyzed by CuCl and CuCl2 exhibits high efficiency and unique ortho-selectivity. In this study, the combination of density functional theory (DFT) calculations and experiments is employed to investigate the mechanism of C-H functionalization, which reveals the fundamental origin of the site-selectivity. It explains that CuCl-catalyzed ortho-selective C-H functionlization is due to the bimetallic carbene, which differs from the reaction catalyzed by CuCl2 via monometallic carbene. The results demonstrate the function of favourable H-bond interactions on the site- and chemo-selectivity of reaction through stabilizing the rate-determining transition states in proton (1,3)-migration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalysis for Green Chemistry)
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15 pages, 3330 KiB  
Article
Alkyl Levulinates and 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran: Possible Biomass-Based Solvents in Palladium-Catalyzed Aminocarbonylation
by Nuray Uzunlu, Péter Pongrácz, László Kollár and Attila Takács
Molecules 2023, 28(1), 442; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28010442 - 03 Jan 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1517
Abstract
In this research, ethyl levulinate, methyl levulinate, and 2-methyltetrahydrofuran as bio-derived hemicellulose-based solvents were applied as green alternatives in palladium-catalyzed aminocarbonylation reactions. Iodobenzene and morpholine were used in optimization reactions under different conditions, such as temperatures, pressures, and ligands. It was shown that [...] Read more.
In this research, ethyl levulinate, methyl levulinate, and 2-methyltetrahydrofuran as bio-derived hemicellulose-based solvents were applied as green alternatives in palladium-catalyzed aminocarbonylation reactions. Iodobenzene and morpholine were used in optimization reactions under different conditions, such as temperatures, pressures, and ligands. It was shown that the XantPhos ligand had a great influence on conversion (98%) and chemoselectivity (100% carboxamide), compared with the monodentate PPh3. Following this study, the optimized conditions were used to extend the scope of substrates with nineteen candidates (various para-, ortho-, and meta-substituted iodobenzene derivatives and iodo-heteroarenes), as well as eight different amine nucleophiles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalysis for Green Chemistry)
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20 pages, 3775 KiB  
Article
In Situ-Generated, Dispersed Cu Catalysts for the Catalytic Hydrogenolysis of Glycerol
by Iuliana Porukova, Vadim Samoilov, Dzhamalutdin Ramazanov, Mariia Kniazeva and Anton Maximov
Molecules 2022, 27(24), 8778; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27248778 - 11 Dec 2022
Viewed by 1322
Abstract
The present study is dedicated to the experimental verification of a concept for the hydrogenolysis of glycerol over in situ-generated Cu dispersed particles (Cu-DP). The Cu-DP were generated by in situ reduction of a precursor salt (Cu(OAc)2, CuSO4, CuCl [...] Read more.
The present study is dedicated to the experimental verification of a concept for the hydrogenolysis of glycerol over in situ-generated Cu dispersed particles (Cu-DP). The Cu-DP were generated by in situ reduction of a precursor salt (Cu(OAc)2, CuSO4, CuCl2) in the presence of KOH and were active in glycerol conversion under hydrogen (T = 200–220 °C, p(H2) = 1–4 MPa), where 1,2-propylene glycol (PG) and lactic acid (LA) were detected to be the main products. The influence of the reaction conditions (temperature, hydrogen pressure, reaction time, catalyst-to-feed ratio and the KOH/Cu ratio) on the yields of the products is described. It was shown that the selectivity between the PG and LA could be tuned by changing p(H2) or by the KOH amount, i.e., higher yields of LA corresponded to lower p(H2) and higher alkalinity of the reaction media. The activity of the in situ-generated Cu-DP was found to be comparable to that of an industrial Cu-Cr2O3 catalyst. The Cu-DP catalysts were characterized by XRD, XPS, HRTEM and SEM. During the reaction, the catalyst evolved by the sintering and recrystallization of the separate Cu-DP; the crystallite sizes after 1 and 15 h reaction times amounted to 35 and 49 nm, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalysis for Green Chemistry)
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17 pages, 4784 KiB  
Article
TiO2 Catalyzed Dihydroxyacetone (DHA) Conversion in Water: Evidence That This Model Reaction Probes Basicity in Addition to Acidity
by Insaf Abdouli, Frederic Dappozze, Marion Eternot, Chantal Guillard and Nadine Essayem
Molecules 2022, 27(23), 8172; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27238172 - 24 Nov 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1375
Abstract
In this paper, evidence is provided that the model reaction of aqueous dihydroxyacetone (DHA) conversion is as sensitive to the TiO2 catalysts’ basicity as to their acidity. Two parallel pathways transformed DHA: while the pathway catalyzed by Lewis acid sites gave pyruvaldehyde [...] Read more.
In this paper, evidence is provided that the model reaction of aqueous dihydroxyacetone (DHA) conversion is as sensitive to the TiO2 catalysts’ basicity as to their acidity. Two parallel pathways transformed DHA: while the pathway catalyzed by Lewis acid sites gave pyruvaldehyde (PA) and lactic acid (LA), the base-catalyzed route afforded fructose. This is demonstrated on a series of six commercial TiO2 samples and further confirmed by using two reference catalysts: niobic acid (NbOH), an acid catalyst, and a hydrotalcite (MgAlO), a basic catalyst. The original acid-base properties of the six commercial TiO2 with variable structure and texture were investigated first by conventional methods in gas phase (FTIR or microcalorimetry of pyridine, NH3 and CO2 adsorption). A linear relationship between the initial rates of DHA condensation into hexoses and the total basic sites densities is highlighted accounting for the water tolerance of the TiO2 basic sites whatever their strength. Rutile TiO2 samples were the most basic ones. Besides, only the strongest TiO2 Lewis acid sites were shown to be water tolerant and efficient for PA and LA formation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalysis for Green Chemistry)
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12 pages, 2837 KiB  
Article
Synthesis of Diversified Pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine Frameworks from 5-Aminopyrazoles and Alkynyl Aldehydes via Switchable C≡C Bond Activation Approaches
by Xiao-Yu Miao, Yong-Ji Hu, Fu-Rao Liu, Yuan-Yuan Sun, Die Sun, An-Xin Wu and Yan-Ping Zhu
Molecules 2022, 27(19), 6381; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196381 - 27 Sep 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1573
Abstract
A cascade 6-endo-dig cyclization reaction was developed for the switchable synthesis of halogen and non-halogen-functionalized pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridines from 5-aminopyrazoles and alkynyl aldehydes via C≡C bond activation with silver, iodine, or NBS. In addition to its wide substrate scope, the reaction showed good [...] Read more.
A cascade 6-endo-dig cyclization reaction was developed for the switchable synthesis of halogen and non-halogen-functionalized pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridines from 5-aminopyrazoles and alkynyl aldehydes via C≡C bond activation with silver, iodine, or NBS. In addition to its wide substrate scope, the reaction showed good functional group tolerance as well as excellent regional selectivity. This new protocol manipulated three natural products, and the arylation, alkynylation, alkenylation, and selenization of iodine-functionalized products. These reactions demonstrated the potential applications of this new method. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalysis for Green Chemistry)
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14 pages, 3023 KiB  
Article
Homocouplings of Sodium Arenesulfinates: Selective Access to Symmetric Diaryl Sulfides and Diaryl Disulfides
by Xin-Zhang Yu, Wen-Long Wei, Yu-Lan Niu, Xing Li, Ming Wang and Wen-Chao Gao
Molecules 2022, 27(19), 6232; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196232 - 22 Sep 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1536
Abstract
Symmetrical diaryl sulfides and diaryl disulfides have been efficiently and selectively constructed via the homocoupling of sodium arenesulfinates. The selectivity of products relied on the different reaction systems: symmetrical diaryl sulfides were predominately obtained under the Pd(OAc)2 catalysis, whereas symmetrical diaryl sulfides [...] Read more.
Symmetrical diaryl sulfides and diaryl disulfides have been efficiently and selectively constructed via the homocoupling of sodium arenesulfinates. The selectivity of products relied on the different reaction systems: symmetrical diaryl sulfides were predominately obtained under the Pd(OAc)2 catalysis, whereas symmetrical diaryl sulfides were exclusively yielded in the presence of the reductive Fe/HCl system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalysis for Green Chemistry)
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Review

Jump to: Research

26 pages, 1578 KiB  
Review
Comparsion of Catalyst Effectiveness in Different Chemical Depolymerization Methods of Poly(ethylene terephthalate)
by Marcin Muszyński, Janusz Nowicki, Mateusz Zygadło and Gabiela Dudek
Molecules 2023, 28(17), 6385; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28176385 - 31 Aug 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2504
Abstract
This paper presents an overview of the chemical recycling methods of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) described in the scientific literature in recent years. The review focused on methods of chemical recycling of PET including hydrolysis and broadly understood alcoholysis of polymer ester bonds including [...] Read more.
This paper presents an overview of the chemical recycling methods of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) described in the scientific literature in recent years. The review focused on methods of chemical recycling of PET including hydrolysis and broadly understood alcoholysis of polymer ester bonds including methanolysis, ethanolysis, glycolysis and reactions with higher alcohols. The depolymerization methods used in the literature are described, with particular emphasis on the use of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts and ionic liquids, as well as auxiliary substances such as solvents and cosolvents. Important process parameters such as temperature, reaction time, and pressure are compared. Detailed experimental results are presented focusing on reaction yields to allow for easy comparison of applied catalysts and for determination of the most favorable reaction conditions and methods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalysis for Green Chemistry)
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13 pages, 1539 KiB  
Review
Research Progress on Propylene Preparation by Propane Dehydrogenation
by Cheng Zuo and Qian Su
Molecules 2023, 28(8), 3594; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28083594 - 20 Apr 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2947
Abstract
At present, the production of propylene falls short of the demand, and, as the global economy grows, the demand for propylene is anticipated to increase even further. As such, there is an urgent requirement to identify a novel method for producing propylene that [...] Read more.
At present, the production of propylene falls short of the demand, and, as the global economy grows, the demand for propylene is anticipated to increase even further. As such, there is an urgent requirement to identify a novel method for producing propylene that is both practical and reliable. The primary approaches for preparing propylene are anaerobic and oxidative dehydrogenation, both of which present issues that are challenging to overcome. In contrast, chemical looping oxidative dehydrogenation circumvents the limitations of the aforementioned methods, and the performance of the oxygen carrier cycle in this method is superior and meets the criteria for industrialization. Consequently, there is considerable potential for the development of propylene production by means of chemical looping oxidative dehydrogenation. This paper provides a review of the catalysts and oxygen carriers employed in anaerobic dehydrogenation, oxidative dehydrogenation, and chemical looping oxidative dehydrogenation. Additionally, it outlines current directions and future opportunities for the advancement of oxygen carriers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalysis for Green Chemistry)
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31 pages, 5555 KiB  
Review
Silica-Based Supported Ionic Liquid-like Phases as Heterogeneous Catalysts
by Anna Wolny and Anna Chrobok
Molecules 2022, 27(18), 5900; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27185900 - 11 Sep 2022
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 3125
Abstract
Supported ionic liquid phases offer several advantages related with catalysis. Immobilization of ionic liquid on the solid support provides catalytic activity or efficient matrix for active phases, as enzymes or metal compounds. Ionic liquid can be physically adsorbed on the carrier (supported ionic [...] Read more.
Supported ionic liquid phases offer several advantages related with catalysis. Immobilization of ionic liquid on the solid support provides catalytic activity or efficient matrix for active phases, as enzymes or metal compounds. Ionic liquid can be physically adsorbed on the carrier (supported ionic liquid phase) or chemically grafted to the material surface (supported ionic liquid-like phase). The use of supported ionic liquid phases improves mass transport, reduces ionic amount in the process and, most importantly, enables effortless catalyst separation and recycling. Moreover, chemical modification of the surface material with ionic liquid prevents its leaching, enhancing length of catalyst life. Silica-based materials have become an effective and powerful matrix for supported ionic liquid-like phase due to its cost-efficiency, presence of hydroxyl groups on the surface enabling its functionalization, and specific material properties, such as the size and shapes of the pores. For these reasons, supported ionic liquid-like phase silica-based materials are successfully used in the organic catalysis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalysis for Green Chemistry)
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