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Metals
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Phase Transformations and Structure/Property Relationship in Duplex Austenitic-Ferritic Stainless Steels
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Phase Transformations and Structure/Property Relationship in Duplex Austenitic-Ferritic Stainless Steels

A special issue of Metals (ISSN 2075-4701). This special issue belongs to the section "Metal Casting, Forming and Heat Treatment".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2022) | Viewed by 6314

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Abdelkrim Redjaïmia

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Institut Jean Lamour, CNRS, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France
2. Laboratory of Excellence on Design of Alloy Metals for Low-mAss Structures ("LabEx DAMAS"), Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France
Interests: solid state phase transformations and structure/property relationship in metallic alloys (carbon-steel, stainless steels and light alloys (TiAl, Al-Mg-Si)); Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Electron Diffraction (CBED, micro-Diffraction, Precession); correlation between the fractal dimension and microstructure-mechanical properties of engineering alloys (Fe-C-V and Fe-Ni, etc.); nitrogen metallurgy (Fe-N, Fe-N-Si); phase transformations in stainless steels under intense magnetic field (20 Tesla); high entropy alloys (HEA) and multi-component alloys (MCA).

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

During the 1930s, in the kingdom of stainless steels, austenitic–ferritic (γ/δ) duplex steels were, inadvertently, created in France. For more than 80 years, these steels have not stopped acquiring titles of nobility in various industrial fields such as transport and chemical industries and have to date been the subject of extensive research and development. From 1982 to the present day, more than fifteen conferences have been dedicated worldwide to this stainless steel family.

It is well known that thermal aging and/or thermomechanical treatments of such materials lead to more than a dozen secondary phases (carbides, nitrides, Frank–Kasper phases (σ, χ, R), π, τ and Laves phases) essentially taking place inside the δ-ferrite grains and/or at the δ/γ interfaces. The latter phases, in addition to the spinodal decomposition of the ferrite, play an important role in the control of the microstructure and, consequently, in-service properties (mechanical, corrosion, etc.) of these materials.

It is therefore important that we devote a Special Issue to highlighting their current and various advances that have been recorded, here and there, in terms of metallurgical (crystallography, corrosion resistance, weldability, etc.), mechanical, economical, and even environmental behaviors. However, it goes without saying that a focus will be dedicated the contribution, on one hand, of the new characterization techniques (nano-indentation, EBSD, SKPFM, etc.) and, on the other hand, of the new manufacturing processes, such as powder metallurgy, surface treatment by ion implantation, etc. to ultimately design the used material in their duplex austenitic–ferritic state.

Topics addressed in this Special Issue may include but are not limited to:

Microstructure: Thermal aging, thermodynamic and kinetic calculation;

Precipitation: Carbides, Nitrides, Secondary phases (σ, χ, R, π, τ, Laves phases);

Mechanical properties: plasticity, constitutive law, fatigue, etc.;

Characterization Techniques: EBSD, SKPFM, TEM, atom probe tomography, mechanical and crystallographic phase mapping, etc.;

Corrosion: Stress corrosion, pitting corrosion, etc.;

Surface treatments: Nitriding, plasma immersion ion implantation, etc.;

Powder metallurgy: SPS (spark plasma sintering), cold spray, etc.

This Special Issue, an open-access forum, is provided for publishing original papers that report on the various aforementioned aspects of duplex stainless steels, including both research and review papers, informing duplex readers about the latest ongoing research and development activities.

Prof. Dr. Abdelkrim Redjaïmia
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Metals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • duplex (lean and hyper) stainless steel
  • microstructure
  • precipitation
  • mechanical properties
  • new characterization techniques
  • corrosion
  • surface treatments
  • powder metallurgy

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 6172 KiB  
Article
Effects of Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of a Transformation-Induced Plasticity-Aided Economical Duplex Stainless Steel
by Yandong Jia, Xingyu Yin, Yulai Xu and Gang Wang
Metals 2022, 12(12), 2019; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12122019 - 25 Nov 2022
Viewed by 1364
Abstract
In order to obtain steel with high tensile strength and elongation and good pitting resistance, the economical duplex stainless steel with and without the addition of tungsten (W) was prepared in this paper. The comparison and distribution of the two phases were controlled [...] Read more.
In order to obtain steel with high tensile strength and elongation and good pitting resistance, the economical duplex stainless steel with and without the addition of tungsten (W) was prepared in this paper. The comparison and distribution of the two phases were controlled by optimizing the heat treatment process. The highest product of tensile strength and elongation of Cr19 series duplex stainless steel (DSS) DSS were obtained after solution treatment at 1050 °C for 5 min, up to 58692 Mpa%(876 Mpa * 67%), when the area f.raction of α was about 50.7%. The addition of tungsten reduces tensile strength due to the increased area fraction of α at 1050–1150 °C. Finer grain size leads to higher tensile strength after solution treatment at 1050 °C. The microstructure is characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The steels exhibit an excellent transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) effect after the solution treated is at 1050 °C, which may primarily be due to the existence of a more unstable austenite phase. The TRIP effect acts through the phase transformation of γ to α′-M during high deformation, and the orientation relationship of {111}γ || {110}α′-M & <110>γ || <001>α′-M belongs to the standard variants of Nishiyama–Wassermann relationship. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phase Transformations and Structure/Property Relationship in Duplex Austenitic-Ferritic Stainless Steels)
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22 pages, 21047 KiB  
Article
On the M23C6-Carbide in 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel: An Unexpected (M23C6/Austenite)—Eutectoid in the δ-Ferritic Matrix
by Abdelkrim Redjaïmia and Antonio Manuel Mateo Garcia
Metals 2021, 11(9), 1340; https://doi.org/10.3390/met11091340 - 25 Aug 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2622
Abstract
This study is focused on isothermal and anisothermal precipitation of M23C6 carbides from the fully ferritic structure of the (γ + δ) austenitic-ferritic duplex stainless steel X2CrNiMo2253, (2205). During isothermal heat treatments, small particles of K-M23C6 carbide [...] Read more.
This study is focused on isothermal and anisothermal precipitation of M23C6 carbides from the fully ferritic structure of the (γ + δ) austenitic-ferritic duplex stainless steel X2CrNiMo2253, (2205). During isothermal heat treatments, small particles of K-M23C6 carbide precipitates at the δ/δ grain-boundaries. Their formation precedes γ and σ-phases, by acting as highly potential nucleation sites, confirming the undertaken TEM investigations. Furthermore, anisothermal heat treatment leads to the formation of very fine islands dispersed throughout the fully δ-ferritic matrix. TEM characterization of these islands reveals a particular eutectoid, reminiscent of the well-known (γ-σ)—eutectoid, usually encountered in this kind of steel. TEM and electron microdiffraction techniques were used to determine the crystal structure of the eutectoid constituents: γ-Austenite and K-M23C6 carbides. Based on this characterization, orientation relationships between the two latter phases and the ferritic matrix were derived: cube-on-cube, on one hand, between K-M23C6 and γ-Austenite and Kurdjumov-Sachs, on the other hand, between γ-Austenite and the δ-ferritic matrix. Based on these rational orientation relationships and using group theory (symmetry analysis), the morphology and the only one variant number of K-M23C6 in γ-Austenite have been elucidated and explained. Thermodynamic calculations, based on the commercial software ThermoCalq® (Thermo-Calc Software, Stockholm, Sweden), were carried out to explain the K-M23C6 precipitation and its effect on the other decomposition products of the ferritic matrix, namely γ-Austenite and σ-Sigma phase. For this purpose, the mole fraction evolution of K-M23C6 and σ-phase and the mass percent of all components entering in their composition, have been drawn. A geometrical model, based on the corrugated compact layers instead of lattice planes with the conservation of the site density at the interface plane, has been proposed to explain the transition δ-ferrite ⇒ {γ-Austenite ⇔ K-M23C6}. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phase Transformations and Structure/Property Relationship in Duplex Austenitic-Ferritic Stainless Steels)
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15 pages, 5848 KiB  
Article
Strength Enhancement of Superduplex Stainless Steel Using Thermomechanical Processing
by M. A. Lakhdari, F. Krajcarz, J. D. Mithieux, H. P. Van Landeghem and M. Veron
Metals 2021, 11(7), 1094; https://doi.org/10.3390/met11071094 - 9 Jul 2021
Viewed by 1599
Abstract
The impact of microstructure evolution on mechanical properties in superduplex stainless steel UNS S32750 (EN 1.4410) was investigated. To this end, different thermomechanical treatments were carried out in order to obtain clearly distinct duplex microstructures. Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, together with [...] Read more.
The impact of microstructure evolution on mechanical properties in superduplex stainless steel UNS S32750 (EN 1.4410) was investigated. To this end, different thermomechanical treatments were carried out in order to obtain clearly distinct duplex microstructures. Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, together with texture measurements, were used to characterize the morphology and the preferred orientations of ferrite and austenite in all microstructures. Additionally, the mechanical properties were assessed by tensile tests with digital image correlation. Phase morphology was not found to significantly affect the mechanical properties and neither were phase volume fractions within 13% of the 50/50 ratio. Austenite texture was the same combined Goss/Brass texture regardless of thermomechanical processing, while ferrite texture was mainly described by α-fiber orientations. Ferrite texture and average phase spacing were found to have a notable effect on mechanical properties. One of the original microstructures of superduplex stainless steel obtained here shows a strength improvement by the order of 120 MPa over the industrial material. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phase Transformations and Structure/Property Relationship in Duplex Austenitic-Ferritic Stainless Steels)
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