Special Issue "Advanced Modeling, Control, and Optimization Methods in Power Hybrid Systems - 2021"

A special issue of Mathematics (ISSN 2227-7390). This special issue belongs to the section "Engineering Mathematics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 29 October 2021.

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Nicu Bizon
E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Electronics, Communication and Computers, University of Pitesti, 110040 Pitesti, Romania
Interests: electrical engineering; power electronics; power converters; inverters; renewable energy; energy efficiency; energy storage; fuel cell; hybrid power systems; control; optimization; MATLAB simulation
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The generation of distributed electricity using micro- and nano-grids is an obvious opportunity to reduce CO2 emissions if hydrogen energy technology is used in addition to renewable energy potential. It is expected that these hybrid microgrids will play an important role in the implementation of the scenario of limiting global warming to 20 C by replacing fossil fuels with renewables.

Thus, to highlight the latest solutions and paradigms in hybrid microgrids, such as vehicle-to-everything (V2X), power-following control, grid-responsive strategies, and global optimization strategies, this Special Issue, titled “Advanced Modeling and Research in Hybrid Microgrid Control and Optimization”, is proposed for Mathematics from MDPI, which is an international peer-reviewed open access covered by many databased such WOS (SCIE Impact Factor 1.747 (2019), Q1) and SCOPUS (Elsevier). The present Special Issue aims to collect innovative solutions and experimental research supported by appropriate modeling and design, as well as state-of-the-art studies, in the following topics:

  • Hybrid nano- and micro-grids;
  • Hybrid power systems (HPSs);
  • Renewable energy sources (RESs);
  • Fuel Cell (FC) systems;
  • Hybrid energy storage systems (HESSs);
  • Smart contracts based on IoT blockchain technology;
  • Cyber-security, reliability, maintenance, resilience, and safety in the operation of FC/RES hybrid microgrids;
  • Energy management and optimization strategies for FC/RES HPS;
  • Control, optimization, and energy management strategies for hybrid/FC/electrical vehicles;
  • Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) architectures;
  • Communication architectures for microgrids.

Prof. Dr. Nicu Bizon
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All papers will be peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Mathematics is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Hybrid nano- and micro-grids
  • Hybrid power systems (HPSs)
  • Renewable energy sources (RESs)
  • Fuel cell (FC) systems
  • FC RES hybrid microgrids
  • Energy management strategies (EMSs)
  • Blockchain technology
  • Smart contracts
  • Hybrid energy storage systems (HESSs)
  • Fuel cell vehicles (FCVs)
  • Vehicle-to-everything (V2X)
  • Vehicle-to-building (V2B)
  • Vehicle-to-grid (V2G)
  • Optimization strategies
  • Energy management strategies
  • System modeling and design
  • Cyber-security
  • Communication
  • Reliability, maintenance, resilience, and safety in operation.

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

Article
Design and Numerical Implementation of V2X Control Architecture for Autonomous Driving Vehicles
Mathematics 2021, 9(14), 1696; https://doi.org/10.3390/math9141696 - 19 Jul 2021
Viewed by 460
Abstract
This paper is concerned with designing and numerically implementing a V2X (Vehicle-to-Vehicle and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure) control system architecture for a platoon of autonomous vehicles. The V2X control architecture integrates the well-known Intelligent Driver Model (IDM) for a platoon of Autonomous Driving Vehicles (ADVs) with [...] Read more.
This paper is concerned with designing and numerically implementing a V2X (Vehicle-to-Vehicle and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure) control system architecture for a platoon of autonomous vehicles. The V2X control architecture integrates the well-known Intelligent Driver Model (IDM) for a platoon of Autonomous Driving Vehicles (ADVs) with Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) Communication. The main aim is to address practical implementation issues of such a system as well as the safety and security concerns for traffic environments. To this end, we first investigated a channel estimation model for V2I communication. We employed the IEEE 802.11p vehicular standard and calculated path loss, Packet Error Rate (PER), Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR), and throughput between transmitter and receiver end. Next, we carried out several case studies to evaluate the performance of the proposed control system with respect to its response to: (i) the communication infrastructure; (ii) its sensitivity to an emergency, inter-vehicular gap, and significant perturbation; and (iii) its performance under the loss of communication and changing driving environment. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed control model. The model is collision-free for an infinite length of platoon string on a single lane road-driving environment. It also shows that it can work during a lack of communication, where the platoon vehicles can make their decision with the help of their own sensors. V2X Enabled Intelligent Driver Model (VX-IDM) performance is assessed and compared with the state-of-the-art models considering standard parameter settings and metrics. Full article
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Article
An Optimized Triggering Algorithm for Event-Triggered Control of Networked Control Systems
Mathematics 2021, 9(11), 1262; https://doi.org/10.3390/math9111262 - 31 May 2021
Viewed by 676
Abstract
This paper presents an optimized algorithm for event-triggered control (ETC) of networked control systems (NCS). Initially, the traditional backstepping controller is designed for a generalized nonlinear plant in strict-feedback form that is subsequently extended to the ETC. In the NCS, the controller and [...] Read more.
This paper presents an optimized algorithm for event-triggered control (ETC) of networked control systems (NCS). Initially, the traditional backstepping controller is designed for a generalized nonlinear plant in strict-feedback form that is subsequently extended to the ETC. In the NCS, the controller and the plant communicate with each other using a communication network. In order to minimize the bandwidth required, the number of samples to be sent over the communication channel should be reduced. This can be achieved using the non-uniform sampling of data. However, the implementation of non-uniform sampling without a proper event triggering rule might lead the closed-loop system towards instability. Therefore, an optimized event triggering algorithm has been designed such that the system states are always forced to remain in stable trajectory. Additionally, the effect of ETC on the stability of backstepping control has been analyzed using the Lyapunov stability theory. Two case studies on an inverted pendulum system and single-link robot system have been carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed ETC in terms of system states, control effort and inter-event execution time. Full article
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Article
Optimal Parameter Estimation Methodology of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Using Modern Optimization
Mathematics 2021, 9(9), 1066; https://doi.org/10.3390/math9091066 - 10 May 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 449
Abstract
An optimal parameter estimation methodology of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) using modern optimization is proposed in this paper. An equilibrium optimizer (EO) has been used to identify the unidentified parameters of the SOFC equivalent circuit with the assistance of experimental results. This [...] Read more.
An optimal parameter estimation methodology of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) using modern optimization is proposed in this paper. An equilibrium optimizer (EO) has been used to identify the unidentified parameters of the SOFC equivalent circuit with the assistance of experimental results. This is presented via formulating the modeling process as an optimization problem considering the sum mean squared error (SMSE) between the observed and computed voltages as the target. Two modes of the SOFC-based model are investigated under variable operating conditions, namely, the steady-state and the dynamic-state based models. The proposed EO results are compared to those obtained via the Archimedes optimization algorithm (AOA), Heap-based optimizer (HBO), Seagull Optimization Algorithm (SOA), Student Psychology Based Optimization Algorithm (SPBO), Marine predator algorithm (MPA), Manta ray foraging optimization (MRFO), and comprehensive learning dynamic multi-swarm marine predators algorithm. The minimum fitness function at the steady-state model is obtained via the proposed EO with value of 1.5527 × 10−6 at 1173 K. In the dynamic based model, the minimum SMSE is 1.0406. The obtained results confirmed the reliability and superiority of the proposed EO in constructing a reliable model of SOFC. Full article
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Article
Dynamic Stability Performance of Autonomous Microgrid Involving High Penetration Level of Constant Power Loads
Mathematics 2021, 9(9), 922; https://doi.org/10.3390/math9090922 - 21 Apr 2021
Viewed by 350
Abstract
Nowadays, behaving as constant power loads (CPLs), rectifiers and voltage regulators are extensively used in microgrids (MGs). The MG dynamic behavior challenges both stability and control effectiveness in the presence of CPLs. CPLs characteristics such as negative incremental resistance, synchronization, and control loop [...] Read more.
Nowadays, behaving as constant power loads (CPLs), rectifiers and voltage regulators are extensively used in microgrids (MGs). The MG dynamic behavior challenges both stability and control effectiveness in the presence of CPLs. CPLs characteristics such as negative incremental resistance, synchronization, and control loop dynamic with similar frequency range of the inverter disturb severely the MG stability. Additionally, the MG stability problem will be more sophisticated with a high penetration level of CPLs in MGs. The stability analysis becomes more essential especially with high-penetrated CPLs. In this paper, the dynamic stability performance of an MG involving a high penetration level of CPLs is analyzed and investigated. An autonomous MG engaging a number of CPLs and inverter distributed generations (DGs) is modeled and designed using MATLAB. Voltage, current, and power controllers are optimally designed, controlling the inverter DGs output. A power droop controller is implemented to share the output DGs powers. Meanwhile, the current and voltage controllers are employed to control the output voltage and current of all DGs. A phase-locked loop (PLL) is essentially utilized to synchronize the CPLs with the MG. The controller gains of the inverters, CPLs, power sharing control, and PLL are optimally devised using particle swarm optimization (PSO). As a weighted objective function, the error in the DC voltage of the CPL and active power of the DG is minimized in the optimal problem based on the time-domain simulation. Under the presence of high penetrated CPLs, all controllers are coordinately tuned to ensure an enhanced dynamic stability of the MG. The impact of the highly penetrated CPLs on the MG dynamic stability is investigated. To confirm the effectiveness of the proposed technique, different disturbances are applied. The analysis shows that the MG system experiences the instability challenges due to the high penetrated CPLs. The simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method to improve the MG dynamic stability performance. Full article
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Planned Papers

The below list represents only planned manuscripts. Some of these manuscripts have not been received by the Editorial Office yet. Papers submitted to MDPI journals are subject to peer-review.

Title: Optimising energy management in hybrid microgrids
Authors: Javier Bilbao, Eugenio Bravo, Olatz García, Carolina Rebollar, Concepción Varela
Affiliation: Applied Mathematics Department, Engineering School of Bilbao, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Pl. Ing. Torres Quevedo, 1, 48013, Bilbao (Spain)
Abstract: This article deals with the optimisation of the operation of microgrids, understood as sets of generators, loads and energy storage systems, which can be isolated or connected to the rest of the electricity grid, and which can be managed in a coordinated manner to supply electricity reliably. Both the problem of controlling the management of load sharing between the different generators and energy storage and possible solutions for the integration of the microgrid into the electricity market will be discussed. Various renewable sources will be considered, such as solar and wind energy, as well as hybrid storage with hydrogen, which allows managing the energy balance on different time scales. Some Machine Learning methods will also be introduced to study the optimisation of microgrids. The conclusions obtained indicate that the development of suitable controllers can facilitate a competitive participation of renewable energies and the integration of microgrids in the electricity system.

Title: Contributions Regarding the Analysis of Power Grid Systems using Artificial Intelligence Algorithms
Authors: Catalin Dumitrescu 1, *, Maria Simona Raboaca2,3,4
Affiliation: 1 Department Telematics and Electronics for Transports, University “Politehnica” of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania; [email protected] (C.D) 2 National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenic and Isotopic Technologies—ICSI Rm. Vâlcea, Uzinei Street, No. 4, P.O. Box 7 Râureni, 240050 Rm. Vâlcea, România; [email protected] 3 Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ștefan cel Mare University, 720229 Suceava, Romania 4 Doctoral school, Polytechnic University of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, 060042 Bucharest, * Correspondence: [email protected], [email protected]
Abstract: The general context regarding the integration of electric vehicles within the new concepts of Smart Grid and Smart City, presents the main aspects of the two concepts and the connections between them through new technologies, such as the Internet of Things (IoT) and 5G technology. The concept of smart city considers a number of key elements, such as: economy, citizens (people), government, living conditions (quality of life), environment and last but not least mobility (transport). Electric vehicles, like energy storage systems along with active management of electricity networks and intelligent automation systems, are parts of what are currently considered future smart electricity networks. The integration of these elements will imply the existence together with the infrastructure of the electricity network and of a communication network. Regarding the integration of EVs in electricity networks, the electricity consumption due to EV charging is still negligible today. With a widespread adoption of EV, the additional electricity consumption can reach values ​​that will affect the operation of the power system, in a positive or negative way. In fact, if EV charging is unrestricted, the additional consumption of electricity during peak hours can pose problems for the safe operation of the energy system. As a consequence, unrestricted charging of EVs may involve additional investments in electricity generation and transmission capacity, increased wear of distribution network components and electricity quality issues. On the other hand, if EV charging is supported by differentiated tariff systems that take into account the actual production of electricity from renewable energy sources, it can bring many benefits for the operation of energy systems, as well as benefits for reducing pollution and for environment. The article presents the contributions regarding the modeling of loads in electrical networks and the efficiency of clustering techniques in their profiling, and the simulation of the load of medium voltage / low voltage distribution transformers using clustering techniques.

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