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Special Issue "Heat Treatment of Metallic Materials in Modern Industry"

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A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Metals and Alloys".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 10 May 2023 | Viewed by 5194

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Pavel Novak

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Guest Editor

Department of Metals and Corrosion Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
Interests: intermetallics; powder metallurgy; heat treatment of metallic materials
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Peter Jurči

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Guest Editor

Department of Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Trnava, Slovakia
Interests: heat treatment of metals; thermochemical treatments; physical vapor deposition; microstructural analyses; microstructure–properties relationships
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Metals are the most widely used materials in various branches of the modern industry. For proper functionality of components made of metallic materials, the components must be subjected to different heat, thermochemical or surface treatments. For these purposes, a variety of equipment, such as industrial furnaces, laser generators, electron beam, physical vapor deposition devices, 3D printers, and others, are used. Thermal or thermochemical treatments evoke changes in bulk or superficial microstructures of metals and thereby modify their properties. Changes in both the microstructures and properties of metallic materials should be carefully controlled. Different techniques and devices such as light, electron, or confocal microscopes, hardness testers, and machines for wear and mechanical properties testing are utilized in order to evaluate these alterations.

Dr. Pavel Novak
Dr. Peter Jurči
Guest Editors

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Keywords

heat treatment
metallic materials
thermochemical treatment
steels
nonferrous alloys
microstructure
mechanical properties

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Editorial

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Open AccessEditorial

Heat Treatment of Metallic Materials in Modern Industry

Peter Jurči

and

Pavel Novák

Materials 2022, 15(23), 8337; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15238337 - 23 Nov 2022

Viewed by 358

Abstract

The Heat Treatment of Metallic Materials in Modern Industry is a Special Issue of the journal Materials, which aims to publish original full-length articles and review papers on basic and applied research centered around the given topic, and thereby make the understanding of the metallurgical background of the contemporary state of heat treatment techniques used in the industrial branches in the 21st century [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat Treatment of Metallic Materials in Modern Industry)

Research

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Open AccessArticle

Microstructure and Selected Properties of Iron–Vanadium Coatings Obtained by the Laser Processing of a VC Pre-Coat Applied on Steel—Single and Multiple Laser Tracks Study

and

Materials 2022, 15(18), 6417; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15186417 - 15 Sep 2022

Viewed by 579

Abstract

This paper presents the results of the microstructure, mechanical and physicochemical properties of coatings produced by the remelting of a VC pre-coat applied in the form of a paste on 145Cr6 steel. The remelting process was carried out using a diode laser beam. A laser device with a rated power of 3 kW was used. During these tests, a constant laser beam scanning speed of 3 m/min was used. The variable parameter was the laser beam power. Values of 500 W, 900 W and 1100 W were used. In the first stage of this study, single laser tracks were formed, and basic tests, such as on microstructure, microhardness and chemical composition, were performed. In the second stage of this study, multiple laser tracks were prepared using previously selected parameters. On such specimens, it was possible to test the same traits as for single tracks and, additionally, to perform corrosion and wear resistance tests. It was found that the obtained coatings have different properties than the base material. No primary vanadium carbides were found in the melted zone, but the proposed production method contributed to an increase in microhardness and wear resistance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat Treatment of Metallic Materials in Modern Industry)

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Open AccessArticle

Effect of Annealing Temperature on Microstructure and Properties of Al/Mg Magnetic Pulse Welding Joints

and

Materials 2022, 15(16), 5519; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15165519 - 11 Aug 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 564

Abstract

In this investigation, 1060Al/AZ31B welded joints were obtained by magnetic pulse welding technique. In order to test the microstructure and mechanical properties of the joints, the welded joints were annealed at different temperatures and then examined by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy spectrum analysis (EDS) and mechanical properties testing. The testing results of the welded joints annealed at different temperatures showed that the Al-Mg MPW welded joints were well bonded. The changing of the microstructure and mechanical properties of Al/Mg welded joints was not apparent under the temperature of 200 °C. However, Al₁₂Mg₁₇ intermetallic compound layer formed at 200 °C. Al₁₂Mg₁₇ and Al₃Mg₂ intermetallic compound layers formed at the temperature of 300 °C. The diffusion rate of Mg and Al elements is proportional to the annealing temperature and the intermetallic compounds layer is gradually formed. The microhardness near the interface decreased first and then increased on account of the brittleness of intermetallic compounds. In the tensile shear tests, the fracture mechanism of Al/Mg MPW welded joints were analyzed. When the temperature was lower than 200 °C the joints did not crack. At 200 °C and 250 °C, the joints fracture along the Al₁₂Mg₁₇-Al interface. The joint cracks along the interface of Al₁₂Mg₁₇-Al₃Mg₂ at the temperature of 300 °C. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat Treatment of Metallic Materials in Modern Industry)

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Open AccessArticle

Possibilities of a Direct Synthesis of Aluminum Alloys with Elements from Deep-Sea Nodules

Klára Borkovcová

and

Pavel Novák

Materials 2022, 15(13), 4467; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15134467 - 24 Jun 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 638

Abstract

This work investigated the possibility of the direct preparation of aluminum alloys by aluminothermic reduction of deep-sea nodules with a high excess of aluminum. The process was found to be unable to obtain aluminum alloy, but an aluminum-rich manganese-based alloy was obtained instead, being composed of intermetallics. The alloy was characterized in the as-reduced state, as well as after crushing and sintering in the temperature range of 800–950 °C. The sample sintered at 900 °C was also heat-treated by annealing at 800 °C for 3 h and rapidly cooled. It was observed that with the increasing sintering temperature, the original matrix phase Al₁₁Mn₁₄ was transformed into a duplex matrix with a structure corresponding to Al₁₁Mn₁₄ and Al₄Cu₉, and this mixture was further transformed to the matrix with the structure corresponding to Al₄Cu₉. Furthermore, the mechanical properties and wear resistance of the samples were described. The highest microhardness was reached in the sample, which was annealed after sintering. Sintered samples reached a lower wear rate because of the fragmentation of brittle intermetallics during crushing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat Treatment of Metallic Materials in Modern Industry)

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Open AccessArticle

A New Alloying Concept for Low-Density Steels

and

Materials 2022, 15(7), 2539; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15072539 - 30 Mar 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 999

Abstract

This paper introduces a new alloying concept for low-density steels. Based on model calculations, samples—or “heats”—with 0.7 wt% C, 1.45 wt% Si, 2 wt% Cr, 0.5 wt% Ni, and an aluminium content varying from 5 to 7 wt% are prepared. The alloys are designed to obtain steel with reduced density and increased corrosion resistance suitable for products subjected to high dynamic stress during operation. Their density is in the range from 7.2 g cm⁻³ to 6.96 g cm⁻³. Basic thermophysical measurements are carried out on all the heats to determine the critical points of each phase transformation in the solid state, supported by metallographic analysis on SEM and LM or the EDS analysis of each phase. It is observed that even at very high austenitisation temperatures of 1100 °C, it is not possible to change the two-phase structure of ferrite and austenite. A substantial part of the austenite is transformed into martensite during cooling at 50 °C s⁻¹. The carbide kappa phase is segregated at lower cooling rates (around 2.5 °C s⁻¹). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat Treatment of Metallic Materials in Modern Industry)

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Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Boron Diffusivities in Nickel Borides by Two Mathematical Approaches

Mourad Keddam

and

Peter Jurči

Materials 2022, 15(2), 555; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15020555 - 12 Jan 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 644

Abstract

In the work of this contribution, two kinetics models have been employed to assess the boron diffusivities in nickel borides in case of Inconel 718 alloy. The first approach, named the alternative diffusion model (ADM), used the modified version of mass conservation equations for a three-phase system whilst the second one employed the mean diffusion coefficient (MDC) method. The boron diffusivities in nickel borides were firstly evaluated in the interval of 1123 to 1223 K for an upper boron concentration of 11.654 wt% in Ni₄B₃. The boron activation energies in the three phases (Ni₄B₃, Ni₂B and Ni₃B) were secondly deduced by fitting the values of boron diffusivities with Arrhenius relations. Finally, these values of energy were compared with the results from the literature for their experimental validation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat Treatment of Metallic Materials in Modern Industry)

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Open AccessArticle

Structural Stability of the SUPER304H Steel Used in Energetics

Lucie Pilsová

Jakub Horváth

and

Vladimír Mára

Materials 2022, 15(2), 455; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15020455 - 07 Jan 2022

Viewed by 690

Abstract

This paper describes the influence of technological treatments (i.e., bending or welding) on the structural stability of SUPER304H austenitic steel used in reheaters and superheaters in fossil fuel power plants. Although the worldwide trend is transitioning to green power sources, the lifetime of existing power plants has to be prolonged until the transition is complete. Experimental material was tested in as-received state (straight tubes), bends, and homogeneous weld joints. Part of the specimens was solution-annealed after the technological operation. Afterwards, all the samples were thermally aged in furnace (650, 675 and 700 °C) for 7560–20,000 h. For comparison, bent specimens were placed at experimental sites on an operating powerplant for 10,000+ h. The long-term aging causes the formation of Cr-based carbides on the grain boundaries along with the Fe-Cr sigma phase. Combination of elevated temperature and residual stress accelerates formation of the sigma phase. This can be prevented by solution-annealing after bending. Mechanical properties were evaluated by Vickers hardness and tensile tests. The microstructure was observed using light optical microscopy (LOM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with the energy-dispersive X-ray detector (EDXS). Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) were used to characterize the brittle phases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat Treatment of Metallic Materials in Modern Industry)

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