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Biomaterials for Medical and Dental Application

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Biomaterials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 February 2023) | Viewed by 44533

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Sung-Hwan Choi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Craniofacial Deformity, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea
Interests: biomaterials; biofilm; antifouling; antibacteria; zwitterions; orthodontics; orthognathic surgery; artificial intelligence; deep learning; computation biology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear colleagues,

To date, the advancement of medicine and dentistry has been due to the dedication of excellent clinicians and the innovative biomaterials developed for their successful diagnosis and treatment. Biomaterials and related technologies include metals, polymers, drug delivery systems, implantable devices, and related bionanotechnology and tissue engineering. However, countless biomaterials have been studied and introduced even now, but clinical applications in medicine and dentistry are very rare. This is because most of the effects expressed in vitro cannot be maintained in harsh environments in vivo. Therefore, researchers should consider how to apply their research results to actual clinical trials before starting research on biomaterials. Therefore, this Special Issue focuses on research related to biomaterials that are highly likely to be clinically applied in actual medicine and dentistry. The scope of this Special Issue is as follows:

 - Development of biomaterials superior in biocompatibility and related technologies in medicine and dentistry;

 - Development of biomaterials superior in mechanical properties and related technologies in medicine and dentistry;

 - Development and related technologies of biomaterials that are more durable in order not to require retreatment than existing ones in medicine and dentistry;

- Biomaterials and related technologies superior in antifouling or antibacterial properties to resist bacterial biofilm formation in medicine and dentistry;

 - Biomaterials and related technologies that have superior regenerative ability to repair damaged tissue than conventional in medicine and dentistry;

 - Biomaterials and related technologies using the latest digital technologies such as 3D printing that can be applied to medicine and dentistry.

Prof. Dr. Sung-Hwan Choi
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • biomaterials
  • biocompatibility
  • mechanical properties
  • durability
  • antifouling
  • antibacteria
  • regenerative medicine
  • digital technologies

Published Papers (18 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 4609 KiB  
Article
Mechanical Properties, Corrosion Behavior, and In Vitro Cell Studies of the New Ti-25Ta-25Nb-5Sn Alloy
by Kerolene Barboza da Silva, João Pedro Aquiles Carobolante, S. Sudhagara Rajan, Celso Bortolini Júnior, Roberta Maia Sabino, Maurício Rangel Seixas, Roberto Zenhei Nakazato, Ketul C. Popat and Ana Paula Rosifini Alves Claro
Materials 2023, 16(5), 1970; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16051970 - 28 Feb 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1194
Abstract
This study aims to characterize a new Ti-25Ta-25Nb-5Sn alloy for biomedical application. Microstructure, phase formation, mechanical and corrosion properties, along with the cell culture study of the Ti-25Ta-25Nb alloy with Sn content 5 mass% are presented in this article. The experimental alloy was [...] Read more.
This study aims to characterize a new Ti-25Ta-25Nb-5Sn alloy for biomedical application. Microstructure, phase formation, mechanical and corrosion properties, along with the cell culture study of the Ti-25Ta-25Nb alloy with Sn content 5 mass% are presented in this article. The experimental alloy was processed in an arc melting furnace, cold worked, and heat treated. For characterization, optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction, microhardness, and Young’s modulus measurements were employed. Corrosion behavior was also evaluated using open-circuit potential (OCP) and potentiodynamic polarization. In vitro studies with human ADSCs were performed to investigate cell viability, adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. Comparison among the mechanical properties observed in other metal alloy systems, including CP Ti, Ti-25Ta-25Nb, and Ti-25Ta-25-Nb-3Sn showed an increase in microhardness and a decrease in the Young’s modulus when compared to CP Ti. The potentiodynamic polarization tests indicated that the corrosion resistance of the Ti-25Ta-25Nb-5Sn alloy was similar to CP Ti and the experiments in vitro demonstrated great interactions between the alloy surface and cells in terms of adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. Therefore, this alloy presents potential for biomedical applications with properties required for good performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials for Medical and Dental Application)
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11 pages, 2346 KiB  
Article
Novel Osteogenic and Easily Handled Endodontic Calcium Silicate Cement Using Pluronic F127 Hydrogel
by Jeong-Hyun Ryu, Jiyeon Roh, Utkarsh Mangal, Kwang-Mahn Kim, Sung-Hwan Choi and Jae-Sung Kwon
Materials 2022, 15(19), 6919; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15196919 - 06 Oct 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1318
Abstract
Calcium silicate cement (CSC) is widely used as an endodontic material in clinical applications such as direct pulp capping, pulpotomy, or root canal. CSC has good biocompatibility, sealing properties, and the ability to enhance hard tissue regeneration. However, the disadvantage of CSC is [...] Read more.
Calcium silicate cement (CSC) is widely used as an endodontic material in clinical applications such as direct pulp capping, pulpotomy, or root canal. CSC has good biocompatibility, sealing properties, and the ability to enhance hard tissue regeneration. However, the disadvantage of CSC is the difficulty in handling when placing it into endodontic tissue due to the long setting time. Several attempts have been made to improve handling of CSC; however, these methods were limited by osteogenic properties. To overcome such a disadvantage, this study investigated the use of Pluronic F127 (F127) for the development easy-to-handle novel endodontic CSCs with osteogenic properties. In this case, different concentrations of F127 (5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%) were implemented to generate CSC specimens H5, H10, H20, H30, and H40, respectively. Calcium ion was continuously released for 28 days. In addition, each group resulted in apatite formation for 28 days corresponding to calcium ion release. The concentration of F127 showed opposite relationships with water solubility and compressive strength. The H20 group showed a high level of osteogenic activity compared to other groups at 14 days. Mineralization of the H20 group was higher than that of the other groups. This study indicates that the novel F127-based hydrogel with CSC can potentially be used as endodontic filler. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials for Medical and Dental Application)
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12 pages, 3274 KiB  
Article
Immediate and Long-Term Radiopacity and Surface Morphology of Hydraulic Calcium Silicate-Based Materials
by Goda Bilvinaite, Saulius Drukteinis, Vilma Brukiene and Sivaprakash Rajasekharan
Materials 2022, 15(19), 6635; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15196635 - 24 Sep 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1553
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate and compare the radiopacity and surface morphology of AH Plus Bioceramic Sealer (AHPB), Bio-C Sealer (BIOC), Biodentine (BD), BioRoot RCS (BR), Grey-MTAFlow (GMF), White-MTAFlow (WMF), TotalFill BC Sealer (TF), and TotalFill BC Sealer HiFlow (TFHF) at different [...] Read more.
The present study aimed to evaluate and compare the radiopacity and surface morphology of AH Plus Bioceramic Sealer (AHPB), Bio-C Sealer (BIOC), Biodentine (BD), BioRoot RCS (BR), Grey-MTAFlow (GMF), White-MTAFlow (WMF), TotalFill BC Sealer (TF), and TotalFill BC Sealer HiFlow (TFHF) at different time moments—30 min, 24 h, and 28 days. Ten specimens of each material were prepared according to the ISO-6876:2012 standard and radiographed next to an aluminum step wedge using a digital sensor. The specimens were stored in a gelatinized Hank’s balanced salt solution at 37 °C between assessments. The mean grayscale values of each specimen were converted into equivalent aluminum thickness by a linear regression model. Characterization of the surface morphology was performed by using a scanning electron microscope at ×4.0k and ×10.0k magnifications. The radiographic analysis revealed that all the tested materials exceeded the ISO-specified limit of 3 mm Al, with the highest radiopacity presented by AHPB and the lowest by BD. None of the tested materials demonstrated considerable variances between the 30 min and the 24 h radiopacity level (p < 0.05), and statistically significant long-term radiopacity changes were exhibited by BR, TFHF, and TF (p > 0.05). All the specimens demonstrated a common feature of limited precipitate formation, with numerous unreacted particles still presented on the surface after 24 h, whereas the particle rearrangement and the deposition of precipitates were clearly observed after 28 days. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials for Medical and Dental Application)
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10 pages, 2401 KiB  
Article
Analysis of the Deflection, Bristle Splaying, and Abrasion of a Single Tuft of a Polybutylene Terephthalate Toothbrush after Use: A Randomized Controlled Trial
by Yoshino Kaneyasu, Hideo Shigeishi, Kouji Ohta and Masaru Sugiyama
Materials 2022, 15(14), 4890; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15144890 - 14 Jul 2022
Viewed by 1316
Abstract
The aim of this study is to clarify the deflection, splaying, and abrasion of single tufts of polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) toothbrushes after use. A single-center randomized controlled trial is performed. The changes in deflection, bristle splaying, and abrasion are investigated for the middle [...] Read more.
The aim of this study is to clarify the deflection, splaying, and abrasion of single tufts of polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) toothbrushes after use. A single-center randomized controlled trial is performed. The changes in deflection, bristle splaying, and abrasion are investigated for the middle single tuft of the top line (top–middle tuft) and the middle single tuft of the bottom line (bottom–middle tuft) of PBT toothbrushes with medium stiffness after 1 month, 2 months, and 3 months of use by 34 participants. A soft-material bending-resistance tester is used to assess the deflection of the single tufts. The deflection value of the top–middle tuft significantly increased after 1 month of use compared with the baseline. In contrast, the deflection of the bottom–middle tuft significantly increased after 3 months of use compared with the baseline and after 1 month and 2 months of use. Importantly, the change in deflection was distinctly different between the top– and bottom–middle tufts. The bristle splaying of both tufts significantly increased after use, but a significant change in bristle abrasion was not found. The bending stiffness of the top tuft of a PBT toothbrush may decrease more rapidly than that of the bottom tuft with use. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials for Medical and Dental Application)
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13 pages, 1862 KiB  
Article
Surface Characteristics and Microbiological Analysis of a Vat-Photopolymerization Additive-Manufacturing Dental Resin
by Ericles Otávio Santos, Pedro Lima Emmerich Oliveira, Thaís Pereira de Mello, André Luis Souza dos Santos, Carlos Nelson Elias, Sung-Hwan Choi and Amanda Cunha Regal de Castro
Materials 2022, 15(2), 425; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15020425 - 06 Jan 2022
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 1955
Abstract
The wide application of additive manufacturing in dentistry implies the further investigation into oral micro-organism adhesion and biofilm formation on vat-photopolymerization (VP) dental resins. The surface characteristics and microbiological analysis of a VP dental resin, printed at resolutions of 50 μm (EG-50) and [...] Read more.
The wide application of additive manufacturing in dentistry implies the further investigation into oral micro-organism adhesion and biofilm formation on vat-photopolymerization (VP) dental resins. The surface characteristics and microbiological analysis of a VP dental resin, printed at resolutions of 50 μm (EG-50) and 100 μm (EG-100), were evaluated against an auto-polymerizing acrylic resin (CG). Samples were evaluated using a scanning electron microscope, a scanning white-light interferometer, and analyzed for Candida albicans (CA) and Streptococcus mutans (SM) biofilm, as well as antifungal and antimicrobial activity. EG-50 and EG-100 exhibited more irregular surfaces and statistically higher mean (Ra) and root-mean-square (rms) roughness (EG-50-Ra: 2.96 ± 0.32 µm; rms: 4.05 ± 0.43 µm/EG-100-Ra: 3.76 ± 0.58 µm; rms: 4.79 ± 0.74 µm) compared to the CG (Ra: 0.52 ± 0.36 µm; rms: 0.84 ± 0.54 µm) (p < 0.05). The biomass and extracellular matrix production by CA and SM and the metabolic activity of SM were significantly decreased in EG-50 and EG-100 compared to CG (p < 0.05). CA and SM growth was inhibited by the pure unpolymerized VP resin (48 h). EG-50 and EG-100 recorded a greater irregularity, higher surface roughness, and decreased CA and SM biofilm formation over the CG. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials for Medical and Dental Application)
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13 pages, 12648 KiB  
Article
Histomorphometric, Immunohistochemical and Microtomographic Comparison between Autogenous and Xenogenous Bone Blocks for Mandibular Lateral Augmentation in Rabbits
by Erick Ricardo Silva, Vitor Ferreira Balan, Daniele Botticelli, Claudio Soldini, Roberta Okamoto and Samuel Porfirio Xavier
Materials 2021, 14(20), 6049; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14206049 - 13 Oct 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1445
Abstract
Background: The volumetric and biological behaviors of equine block grafts compared with autogenous block grafts have not yet been assessed. Hence, the aim of the present study was to compare—by means of histomorphometry, immunohistochemistry and microtomography—the graft incorporation and remodeling processes of autogenous [...] Read more.
Background: The volumetric and biological behaviors of equine block grafts compared with autogenous block grafts have not yet been assessed. Hence, the aim of the present study was to compare—by means of histomorphometry, immunohistochemistry and microtomography—the graft incorporation and remodeling processes of autogenous and equine xenogenous bone blocks used for mandibular lateral augmentation in rabbits. Methods: Autogenous bone grafts harvested from the iliac bony crest and equine block grafts were secured to the lateral aspect of the mandible angle of eighteen rabbits. The healing after 7, 20 and 60 days was assessed in six animals each period. Results: After 60 days, new bone was present 24.2 ± 11.2% and 31.6 ± 13.3% in the autograft and xenograft groups, respectively. A better integration to the recipient sites was observed in the autogenous compared with the xenogenous blocks. Conclusions: Both xenogenous and autogenous bone blocks presented similar percentages of newly formed bone over time. However, bone volume, the quality of the grafted area and graft incorporation to the recipient sites were superior in the autogenous compared with the equine xenogenous graft sites. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials for Medical and Dental Application)
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13 pages, 3029 KiB  
Article
Accuracy of Dental Implant Placement by a Novel In-House Model-Free and Zero-Setup Fully Guided Surgical Template Made of a Light-Cured Composite Resin (VARO Guide®): A Comparative In Vitro Study
by Young Woo Song, Jongseung Kim, Jang-Hyun Kim, Ji-Man Park, Ui-Won Jung and Jae-Kook Cha
Materials 2021, 14(14), 4023; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14144023 - 19 Jul 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2241
Abstract
Background: This in vitro study mainly aimed to compare VARO Guide® to the surgical guide fabricated by CAD/CAM (NAVI Guide®) in terms of accuracy and efficacy of the implant surgery held in the dentiform model. Methods: Twenty surgeons, 10 dentists [...] Read more.
Background: This in vitro study mainly aimed to compare VARO Guide® to the surgical guide fabricated by CAD/CAM (NAVI Guide®) in terms of accuracy and efficacy of the implant surgery held in the dentiform model. Methods: Twenty surgeons, 10 dentists in the beginner group and 10 dentists in the expert group, participated in the study. Each surgeon conducted fully guided surgery in dentiform models twice, once with VARO Guide® (VG surgery) and the other time with a conventional type of templates, NAVI Guide® (NG surgery). Based on the superimposition of presurgical and postsurgical STL files, the positional deviations between the virtually planned and actually placed implants and the time spent on presurgical preparation and surgical procedures were estimated and compared. Results: All dimensional deviations were similar between the two groups (p > 0.05), and there was no significant difference between the expert and beginner groups regardless of the guide system. The total procedure time (mean (median)) of the VG surgery (26.33 (28.58) min) was significantly shorter than that of the NG surgery (378.83 (379.35) min; p < 0.05). While the time spent only for the fully guided implant surgery (from the start of the surgical guide sitting onto the dentiform model to the final installation of the implant fixture) was comparable (p > 0.05), the presurgical preparation time spent on virtual implant planning and surgical guide fabrication in the VG surgery (19.63 (20.93) min) was significantly shorter compared to the NG surgery (372.93 (372.95) min; p < 0.05). Conclusions: Regardless of experience, both VG and NG surgery showed reliable positional accuracy; however, the total procedure time and the preparation time were much shorter in the VG surgery compared to the NG surgery. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials for Medical and Dental Application)
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14 pages, 3455 KiB  
Article
Anti-Microbial and Remineralizing Properties of Self-Adhesive Orthodontic Resin Containing Mesoporous Bioactive Glass
by Aerin Choi, Kyung-Hyeon Yoo, Seog-Young Yoon, Bong-Soo Park, In-Ryoung Kim and Yong-Il Kim
Materials 2021, 14(13), 3550; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14133550 - 25 Jun 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 1814
Abstract
Self-adhesive resins (SARs) contain adhesives, which simplify the procedures of resin application, and primers, which provide sufficient bonding ability. In this study, mesoporous bioactive glass nanoparticles (MBN) were added to a SAR to easily improve the physical properties and remineralization ability. The experimental [...] Read more.
Self-adhesive resins (SARs) contain adhesives, which simplify the procedures of resin application, and primers, which provide sufficient bonding ability. In this study, mesoporous bioactive glass nanoparticles (MBN) were added to a SAR to easily improve the physical properties and remineralization ability. The experimental resins comprised 1%, 3%, and 5% MBN mixed in Ortho Connect Flow (GC Corp, Tokyo, Japan). As the MBN content in the SAR increased, the microhardness increased, and a statistically significant difference was observed between the cases of 1% and 5% MBN addition. Shear bond strength increased for 1% and 3% MBN samples and decreased for 5% MBN. The addition of MBN indicated a statistically significant antibacterial effect on both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. The anti-demineralization experiment showed that the remineralization length increased with the MBN content of the sample. Through the above results, we found that SAR containing MBN has antibacterial and remineralization effects. Thus, by adding MBN to the SAR, we investigated the possibility of orthodontic resin development, wherein the strength is enhanced and the drawbacks of the conventional SAR addressed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials for Medical and Dental Application)
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9 pages, 1696 KiB  
Article
Scanning Electron Microscopic Evaluation of the Internal Fit Accuracy of 3D-Printed Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Block: An Ex Vivo Pilot Study
by Su-Hee Jeon, Young Woo Song, Jae-Kook Cha, Jeong-Won Paik, Sang-Sun Han and Seong-Ho Choi
Materials 2021, 14(6), 1557; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14061557 - 22 Mar 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1738
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the internal fit accuracy of a three-dimensional (3D)-printed biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) block compared with a 3D-milled poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) block by scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. In a total of 20 porcine rib [...] Read more.
The aim of this study was to assess the internal fit accuracy of a three-dimensional (3D)-printed biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) block compared with a 3D-milled poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) block by scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. In a total of 20 porcine rib bones, two different types of defects having two adjacent walls and a floor were produced: a defect with a flat floor (flat defect; N = 10) and a defect with a concave floor (curved defect; N = 10). Each defect was grafted with either the 3D-printed BCP block or the 3D-milled PMMA block fabricated following the computer aided design. The defects were then cut cross-sectionally and evaluated under the SEM. The extents of internal contact and gap were measured and statistically analyzed (p < 0.05). All blocks in both BCP and PMMA groups were successfully fit to the flat and curved defects. The internal contact ratio was significantly higher in the BCP group (flat defect: 0.47 ± 0.10; curved defect: 0.29 ± 0.05) compared with the PMMA group (flat defect: 0.21 ± 0.13; curved defect: 0.17 ± 0.04; p < 0.05). The internal gap area was similar between the two groups regardless of the defect types (p > 0.05). The internal fit accuracy of the 3D-printed BCP block was reliable in both the flat and curved defects when compared with the accuracy of the 3D-milled PMMA block. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials for Medical and Dental Application)
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13 pages, 1112 KiB  
Article
The Role of Hydraulic Silicate Cements on Long-Term Properties and Biocompatibility of Partial Pulpotomy in Permanent Teeth
by Chung-Min Kang, Saemi Seong, Je Seon Song and Yooseok Shin
Materials 2021, 14(2), 305; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14020305 - 08 Jan 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1923
Abstract
The use of hydraulic silicate cements (HSCs) for vital pulp therapy has been found to release calcium and hydroxyl ions promoting pulp tissue healing and mineralized tissue formation. The present study investigated whether HSCs such as mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) affect their biological [...] Read more.
The use of hydraulic silicate cements (HSCs) for vital pulp therapy has been found to release calcium and hydroxyl ions promoting pulp tissue healing and mineralized tissue formation. The present study investigated whether HSCs such as mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) affect their biological and antimicrobial properties when used as long-term pulp protection materials. The effect of variables on treatment outcomes of three HSCs (ProRoot MTA, OrthoMTA, and RetroMTA) was evaluated clinically and radiographically over a 48–78 month follow-up period. Survival analysis was performed using Kaplan–Meier survival curves. Fisher’s exact test and Cox regression analysis were used to determine hazard ratios of clinical variables. The overall success rate of MTA partial pulpotomy was 89.3%; Cumulative success rates of the three HSCs were not statistically different when analyzed by Cox proportional hazard regression analysis. None of the investigated clinical variables affected success rates significantly. These HSCs showed favorable biocompatibility and antimicrobial properties in partial pulpotomy of permanent teeth in long-term follow-up, with no statistical differences between clinical factors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials for Medical and Dental Application)
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13 pages, 3502 KiB  
Article
Effects of Intrabony Length and Cortical Bone Density on the Primary Stability of Orthodontic Miniscrews
by Jie Jin, Gi-Tae Kim, Jae-Sung Kwon and Sung-Hwan Choi
Materials 2020, 13(24), 5615; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13245615 - 09 Dec 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2171
Abstract
Miniscrews have gained recent popularity as temporary anchorage devices in orthodontic treatments, where failure due to sinus perforations or damage to the neighboring roots have increased. Issues regarding miniscrews in insufficient interradicular space must also be resolved. This study aimed to evaluate the [...] Read more.
Miniscrews have gained recent popularity as temporary anchorage devices in orthodontic treatments, where failure due to sinus perforations or damage to the neighboring roots have increased. Issues regarding miniscrews in insufficient interradicular space must also be resolved. This study aimed to evaluate the primary stability of miniscrews shorter than 6 mm and their feasibility in artificial bone with densities of 30, 40, and 50 pounds per cubic foot (pcf). The primary stability was evaluated by adjusting the intrabony miniscrew length, based on several physical properties: maximum insertion torque (MIT), maximum removal torque (MRT), removal angular momentum (RAM), horizontal resistance, and micromotion. The MIT and micromotion results demonstrated that the intrabony length of a miniscrew significantly affected its stability in low-density cortical bone, unlike cases with a higher cortical bone density (p < 0.05). The horizontal resistance, MRT, and RAM were affected by the intrabony length, regardless of the bone density (p < 0.05). Thus, the primary stability of miniscrews was affected by both the cortical bone density and intrabony length. The effect of the intrabony length was more significant in low-density cortical bone, where the implantation depth increased as more energy was required to remove the miniscrew. This facilitated higher resistance and a lower risk of falling out. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials for Medical and Dental Application)
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13 pages, 24604 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of the Color Stability of 3D-Printed Crown and Bridge Materials against Various Sources of Discoloration: An In Vitro Study
by Ji-Won Shin, Jong-Eun Kim, Young-Jin Choi, Seung-Ho Shin, Na-Eun Nam, June-Sung Shim and Keun-Woo Lee
Materials 2020, 13(23), 5359; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13235359 - 26 Nov 2020
Cited by 43 | Viewed by 4204
Abstract
Recent advances in three-dimensional (3D) printing have introduced new materials that can be utilized for dental restorations. Nonetheless, there are limited studies on the color stability of restorations using 3D-printed crowns and bridge resins. Herein, the color stability of conventional computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing [...] Read more.
Recent advances in three-dimensional (3D) printing have introduced new materials that can be utilized for dental restorations. Nonetheless, there are limited studies on the color stability of restorations using 3D-printed crowns and bridge resins. Herein, the color stability of conventional computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) blocks and 3D-printing resins was evaluated and assessed for their degrees of discoloration based on material type, colorant types (grape juice, coffee, curry, and distilled water (control group)), and storage duration (2, 7, and 30 days) in the colorants. Water sorption, solubility, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyses were conducted. A three-way ANOVA analysis showed that all three factors significantly affected the color change of the materials. Notably, the discoloration (ΔE00) was significantly higher in all 3D printing resins (4.74–22.85 over the 30 days) than in CAD/CAM blocks (0.64–4.12 over the 30 days) following immersion in all colorants. 3D-printing resins showed color differences above the clinical limit (2.25) following storage for 7 days or longer in all experimental groups. Curry was the most prominent colorant, and discoloration increased in almost all groups as the storage duration increased. This study suggests that discoloration must be considered when using 3D printing resins for restorations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials for Medical and Dental Application)
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14 pages, 2953 KiB  
Article
Comparison of Biocompatibility of Calcium Silicate-Based Sealers and Epoxy Resin-Based Sealer on Human Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells
by Hanseul Oh, Egan Kim, Sukjoon Lee, Soyeon Park, Dongzi Chen, Su-Jung Shin, Euiseong Kim and Sunil Kim
Materials 2020, 13(22), 5242; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13225242 - 20 Nov 2020
Cited by 32 | Viewed by 2811
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the biocompatibility of calcium silicate-based sealers (CeraSeal and EndoSeal TCS) and epoxy resin-based sealer (AH-Plus) in terms of cell viability, inflammatory response, expression of mesenchymal phenotype, osteogenic potential, cell attachment, and morphology, of human periodontal [...] Read more.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the biocompatibility of calcium silicate-based sealers (CeraSeal and EndoSeal TCS) and epoxy resin-based sealer (AH-Plus) in terms of cell viability, inflammatory response, expression of mesenchymal phenotype, osteogenic potential, cell attachment, and morphology, of human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs). hPDLSCs were acquired from the premolars (n = 4) of four subjects, whose ages extended from 16 to 24 years of age. Flow cytometry analysis showed stemness of hPDLSCs was maintained in all materials. In cell viability test, AH-Plus showed the lowest cell viability, and CeraSeal showed significantly higher cell viability than others. In ELISA test, AH-Plus showed higher expression of IL-6 and IL-8 than calcium silicate-based sealers. In an osteogenic potential test, AH-Plus showed a lower expression level than other material; however, EndoSeal TCS showed a better expression level than others. All experiments were repeated at least three times per cell line. Scanning electronic microscopy studies showed low degree of cell proliferation on AH-Plus, and high degree of cell proliferation on calcium silicate-based sealers. In this study, calcium silicate-based sealers appear to be more biocompatible and less cytotoxic than epoxy-resin based sealers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials for Medical and Dental Application)
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11 pages, 1071 KiB  
Article
Proteomic Analysis of Porcine-Derived Collagen Membrane and Matrix
by Jung-Seok Lee, Goran Mitulović, Layla Panahipour and Reinhard Gruber
Materials 2020, 13(22), 5187; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13225187 - 17 Nov 2020
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3002
Abstract
Collagen membranes and matrices being widely used in guided bone regeneration and soft tissue augmentation have characteristic properties based on their composition. The respective proteomic signatures have not been identified. Here, we performed a high-resolution shotgun proteomic analysis on two porcine collagen-based biomaterials [...] Read more.
Collagen membranes and matrices being widely used in guided bone regeneration and soft tissue augmentation have characteristic properties based on their composition. The respective proteomic signatures have not been identified. Here, we performed a high-resolution shotgun proteomic analysis on two porcine collagen-based biomaterials designed for guided bone regeneration and soft tissue augmentation. Three lots each of a porcine-derived collagen membrane and a matrix derived from peritoneum and/or skin were digested and separated by nano-reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The peptides were subjected to mass spectrometric detection and analysis. A total of 37 proteins identified by two peptides were present in all collagen membranes and matrices, with 11 and 16 proteins being exclusively present in the membrane and matrix, respectively. The common extracellular matrix proteins include fibrillar collagens (COL1A1, COL1A2, COL2A1, COL3A1, COL5A1, COL5A2, COL5A3, COL11A2), non-fibrillar collagens (COL4A2, COL6A1, COL6A2, COL6A3, COL7A1, COL16A1, COL22A1), and leucine-rich repeat proteoglycans (DCN, LUM, BGN, PRELP, OGN). The structural proteins vimentin, actin-based microfilaments (ACTB), annexins (ANXA1, ANXA5), tubulins (TUBA1B, TUBB), and histones (H2A, H2B, H4) were also identified. Examples of membrane-only proteins are COL12A1 and COL14A1, and, of matrix only proteins, elastin (ELN). The proteomic signature thus revealed the similarities between but also some individual proteins of collagen membrane and matrix. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials for Medical and Dental Application)
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9 pages, 2904 KiB  
Article
Impact of DBBM Fragments on the Porosity of the Calvarial Bone: A Pilot Study on Mice
by Ulrike Kuchler, Patrick Heimel, Alexandra Stähli, Franz Josef Strauss, Bernadette Luza and Reinhard Gruber
Materials 2020, 13(21), 4748; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13214748 - 23 Oct 2020
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1575
Abstract
Deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM) is brittle and can break into fragments. Here, we examined whether DBBM fragments have an impact on mice calvarial bone during bone augmentation. DBBM was either randomly crushed (DBBM fragments) or left undisturbed (DBBM granules). Then, DBBM fragments [...] Read more.
Deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM) is brittle and can break into fragments. Here, we examined whether DBBM fragments have an impact on mice calvarial bone during bone augmentation. DBBM was either randomly crushed (DBBM fragments) or left undisturbed (DBBM granules). Then, DBBM fragments or original DBBM granules were placed onto calvarial bone in 20 BALB/c mice. Following random allocation, ten mice received DBBM fragments and ten mice received original DBBM granules. After fourteen days of healing, micro computed tomography (micro-CT) and histological analysis of the augmented sites were performed. The primary outcome was the porosity of the calvarial bone. The micro-CT analysis revealed that DBBM fragments failed to significantly change the porosity of the calvarial bone as compared with original DBBM granules, despite the slightly higher bone resorption in the DBBM fragment group, 10.3% (CI 6.3–11.6) versus 6.1% (CI 4.1–7.8, p = 0.355), respectively. The cortical bone volume was not altered by DBBM fragments as compared with original DBBM granules, i.e., 79.0% (CI 78.9–81.2) versus 81.5% (CI 80.1–83.3, p = 0.357), respectively. The DBBM fragment group revealed similar bone thickness values as compared with the DBBM granules group, i.e., 0.26 mm (CI 0.23–0.29) versus 0.25 mm (CI 0.22–0.27, p = 0.641), respectively. The histological evaluation supported the micro-CT observations, displaying minor signs of porosity and resorption. The particle-size distribution analysis confirmed a shift towards smaller particle sizes in the DBBM fragment group. These findings suggest that DBBM fragments behave similarly to original DBBM granules in terms of bone morphological changes at augmented sites. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials for Medical and Dental Application)
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16 pages, 2888 KiB  
Article
Assessment of Compatibility between Various Intraoral Scanners and 3D Printers through an Accuracy Analysis of 3D Printed Models
by Chang-Hee Im, Ji-Man Park, Jang-Hyun Kim, You-Jung Kang and Jee-Hwan Kim
Materials 2020, 13(19), 4419; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13194419 - 04 Oct 2020
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2517
Abstract
To assess the accuracy of various intraoral scanners (IOSs) and to investigate the existence of mutual compatibility that affects the accuracy between IOS and 3-dimensional (3D) printing using a scan quadrant model. For clinical implication, crown preparations and cavity design according to prosthetic [...] Read more.
To assess the accuracy of various intraoral scanners (IOSs) and to investigate the existence of mutual compatibility that affects the accuracy between IOS and 3-dimensional (3D) printing using a scan quadrant model. For clinical implication, crown preparations and cavity design according to prosthetic diagnosis and treatment considerations must be acquired by a digital scanner. The selected typodont model was scanned using a reference scanner, from which reference (Ref) standard tessellation language (STL) data were created. Data obtained by scanning the typodont model with IOSs based on three different technologies were divided into three groups (CS3600, i500, and Trios3). Scanned data from the groups were divided into sub-groups of digital light processing (DLP), fused deposition modeling (FDM), and stereolithography apparatus (SLA), based on which 3D printed models (3DP) were fabricated. The 3DP dental models were scanned to obtain a total of 90 3DP STL datasets. The best-fit algorithm of 3D analysis software was used for teeth and arch measurements, while trueness was analyzed by calculating the average deviation among measured values based on superimposition of Ref and IOS and 3DP data. The differences between Ref and IOS (Ref-IOS), Ref and 3DP (Ref-IOS/3DP), and IOS and 3DP data (IOS-3DP) were compared and analyzed, while accuracy within each of the three main groups was assessed. For statistical analysis, the Kruskal–Wallis, Mann–Whitney U, and repeated measures ANOVA test were used (p < 0.05). The major finding is that the mutual relationships between IOSs and 3D printers vary depending on the combination. However, i500 intraoral scanner and DLP 3D printer was the combination that showed the best trueness value. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials for Medical and Dental Application)
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Review

Jump to: Research

32 pages, 5373 KiB  
Review
The Clinical Application of Porous Tantalum and Its New Development for Bone Tissue Engineering
by Gan Huang, Shu-Ting Pan and Jia-Xuan Qiu
Materials 2021, 14(10), 2647; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14102647 - 18 May 2021
Cited by 44 | Viewed by 4753
Abstract
Porous tantalum (Ta) is a promising biomaterial and has been applied in orthopedics and dentistry for nearly two decades. The high porosity and interconnected pore structure of porous Ta promise fine bone ingrowth and new bone formation within the inner space, which further [...] Read more.
Porous tantalum (Ta) is a promising biomaterial and has been applied in orthopedics and dentistry for nearly two decades. The high porosity and interconnected pore structure of porous Ta promise fine bone ingrowth and new bone formation within the inner space, which further guarantee rapid osteointegration and bone–implant stability in the long term. Porous Ta has high wettability and surface energy that can facilitate adherence, proliferation and mineralization of osteoblasts. Meanwhile, the low elastic modulus and high friction coefficient of porous Ta allow it to effectively avoid the stress shield effect, minimize marginal bone loss and ensure primary stability. Accordingly, the satisfactory clinical application of porous Ta-based implants or prostheses is mainly derived from its excellent biological and mechanical properties. With the advent of additive manufacturing, personalized porous Ta-based implants or prostheses have shown their clinical value in the treatment of individual patients who need specially designed implants or prosthesis. In addition, many modification methods have been introduced to enhance the bioactivity and antibacterial property of porous Ta with promising in vitro and in vivo research results. In any case, choosing suitable patients is of great importance to guarantee surgical success after porous Ta insertion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials for Medical and Dental Application)
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24 pages, 7556 KiB  
Review
Review on Development and Dental Applications of Polyetheretherketone-Based Biomaterials and Restorations
by Ludan Qin, Shuo Yao, Jiaxin Zhao, Chuanjian Zhou, Thomas W. Oates, Michael D. Weir, Junling Wu and Hockin H. K. Xu
Materials 2021, 14(2), 408; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14020408 - 15 Jan 2021
Cited by 62 | Viewed by 5540
Abstract
Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is an important high-performance thermoplastic. Its excellent strength, stiffness, toughness, fatigue resistance, biocompatibility, chemical stability and radiolucency have made PEEK attractive in dental and orthopedic applications. However, PEEK has an inherently hydrophobic and chemically inert surface, which has restricted its widespread [...] Read more.
Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is an important high-performance thermoplastic. Its excellent strength, stiffness, toughness, fatigue resistance, biocompatibility, chemical stability and radiolucency have made PEEK attractive in dental and orthopedic applications. However, PEEK has an inherently hydrophobic and chemically inert surface, which has restricted its widespread use in clinical applications, especially in bonding with dental resin composites. Cutting edge research on novel methods to improve PEEK applications in dentistry, including oral implant, prosthodontics and orthodontics, is reviewed in this article. In addition, this article also discusses innovative surface modifications of PEEK, which are a focus area of active investigations. Furthermore, this article also discusses the necessary future studies and clinical trials for the use of PEEK in the human oral environment to investigate its feasibility and long-term performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials for Medical and Dental Application)
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