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12 pages, 8658 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Atomistic Simulation and Micro-Pillar Compression Studies on the Influence of Glass–Glass Interfaces on Plastic Deformation in Co-P Metallic Nano-Glasses

by Yongwei Wang, Jiashu Chen, Mo Li and Guangping Zheng

Materials 2025, 18(8), 1853; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18081853 - 17 Apr 2025

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Abstract

The glass–glass interfaces (GGIs) play an important role during the plastic deformation of metallic nano-glasses (NGs) such as Sc-Fe NGs. In this work, Co-P nano-glasses are synthesized by pulse electrodeposition. Their mechanical properties are characterized by micro-pillar compression and compared to those obtained [...] Read more.

The glass–glass interfaces (GGIs) play an important role during the plastic deformation of metallic nano-glasses (NGs) such as Sc-Fe NGs. In this work, Co-P nano-glasses are synthesized by pulse electrodeposition. Their mechanical properties are characterized by micro-pillar compression and compared to those obtained by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. The MD simulation reveals that the GGIs with a particular incline angle (about 50.0°) in the direction of applied uniaxial strain is preferable for the accommodation of localized plastic deformation in NGs. The results are consistent with those obtained by spherical aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy, which reveals that most of shear bands form an angle of about 58.7° to the direction of compressive strain applied on the Co-P micro-pillar. The phenomena are explained with the differences in chemical composition and atom diffusion in the glassy grain interiors and in the GGI regions. This work sheds some light on the deformation mechanisms of NGs and provides guidelines for designing NGs with improved mechanical properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plastic Deformation, Strengthening and Toughening of Advanced Metallic Materials (2nd Edition))

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14 pages, 8113 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of Heat Treatment on the Impact Toughness and Fracture of Selective Laser-Melted Corrax Maraging Stainless Steel

by Ming-Hsiang Ku, Shu-Wei Ku, Chien-Lun Li, Shih-Hsien Chang and Ming-Wei Wu

Materials 2025, 18(5), 1150; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18051150 - 4 Mar 2025

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Abstract

In additive manufacturing (AM) metallic materials, heat treatment (HT) is a common process for modifying the unstable and anisotropic microstructure. Selective laser melting (SLM) Corrax maraging stainless steel is a novel material that has been applied in mold materials with conformal cooling channels [...] Read more.

In additive manufacturing (AM) metallic materials, heat treatment (HT) is a common process for modifying the unstable and anisotropic microstructure. Selective laser melting (SLM) Corrax maraging stainless steel is a novel material that has been applied in mold materials with conformal cooling channels in industry. However, the influences of HTs on the various mechanical properties of SLM Corrax steels are still not fully clarified. The aim of this research was thus to clarify the effects of solution treatment (S) and integrated solution-aging treatment (SA) on the hardness and impact toughness of SLM Corrax maraging stainless steel. Furthermore, to identify the roles of building direction (BD) on the hardness and impact toughness, parallelly built (P) and vertically built (V) SLM Corrax steels were fabricated and compared. The microstructures were examined by X-ray diffraction, electron backscatter diffraction, and electron probe micro-analysis, and to observe the fracture surface, scanning electron microscopy was used. The results showed that both the impact energies and apparent hardnesses were dominated by the HT. S treatment simultaneously decreased the impact energies and apparent hardnesses. SA treatment increased the apparent hardnesses but decreased the impact energies. BD did not apparently affect either the hardness or the toughness. Furthermore, the percentage of austenite did not affect the impact energies of the various material conditions. In the SA condition, the apparent hardnesses of P and V specimens were 49.9 HRC and 49.3 HRC, respectively. The impact energies of SA-P and SA-V specimens were 20 J and 17 J, respectively. The low anisotropy of SA specimens in hardness and toughness can be attributed to the weak texture and is advantageous to the material’s stability during service. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plastic Deformation, Strengthening and Toughening of Advanced Metallic Materials (2nd Edition))

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14 pages, 4243 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Shear Band-Induced Internal Surface Structures in a Vitreloy Bulk Metallic Glass Deformed by High-Pressure Torsion

by Zsolt Kovács, Talaye Arjmandabasi, Gábor Erdei, Erhard Schafler and Ádám Révész

Materials 2025, 18(5), 1096; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18051096 - 28 Feb 2025

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Abstract

In the present investigation, high stability Vitreloy Zr₄₄Ti₁₁Cu₁₀Ni₁₀Be₂₅ bulk metallic glass has been subjected to severe shear deformation by high-pressure torsion for 0.1 revolutions under an applied pressure of 4 and 8 GPa. The [...] Read more.

In the present investigation, high stability Vitreloy Zr₄₄Ti₁₁Cu₁₀Ni₁₀Be₂₅ bulk metallic glass has been subjected to severe shear deformation by high-pressure torsion for 0.1 revolutions under an applied pressure of 4 and 8 GPa. The fully glassy nature of the as-cast glass has been confirmed by X-ray powder diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry. Deformation-induced surface features on an internal plane of the deformed disk-shaped specimens were studied in detail at the macroscopic level by optical reconstruction method and at microscopic scales by white-light optical profilometry. Shear and compressive strain components were measured based on surface changes and it was determined that compressive strain gradient with 0.2–0.4 strain change builds up toward the disk edge, while only part of the nominal shear deformation occurs in the disk interior. The effect of strain localization in the Vitreloy bulk metallic glasses has been quantified by a surface distortion model based on simple shear. The model was then validated experimentally by the reconstructed z-profiles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plastic Deformation, Strengthening and Toughening of Advanced Metallic Materials (2nd Edition))

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17 pages, 8297 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Deformation Behavior of Inconel 625 Alloy with TPMS Structure

by Kangning Xu, Jiahui Cao, Zhiwei Zheng, Rusheng Zhao, Gaopeng Xu, Hao Wang, Jincheng Wang, Boyoung Hur and Xuezheng Yue

Materials 2025, 18(2), 396; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18020396 - 16 Jan 2025

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Abstract

Triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMSs) are known for their smooth, fully interconnected, and naturally porous characteristics, offering a superior alternative to traditional porous structures. These structures often suffer from stress concentration and a lack of adjustability. Using laser powder bed fusion (LPBF), we [...] Read more.

Triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMSs) are known for their smooth, fully interconnected, and naturally porous characteristics, offering a superior alternative to traditional porous structures. These structures often suffer from stress concentration and a lack of adjustability. Using laser powder bed fusion (LPBF), we have fabricated Inconel 625 sheet-based TPMS lattice structures with four distinct topologies: Primitive, IWP, Diamond, and Gyroid. The compressive responses and energy absorption capabilities of the four lattice designs were meticulously evaluated. The discrepancies between theoretical predictions and the fabricated specimens were precisely quantified using the Archimedes’ principle for volume displacement. Subsequently, the LPBF-manufactured samples underwent uniaxial compression tests, which were complemented by numerical simulation for validation. The experimental results demonstrate that the IWP lattice consistently outperformed the other three configurations in terms of yield strength. Furthermore, when comparing energy absorption efficiencies, the IWP structures were confirmed to be more effective and closer to the ideal performance. An analysis of the deformation mechanisms shows that the IWP structure characteristically failed in a layer-by-layer manner, distinct from the other structures that exhibited significant shear banding. This distinct behavior was responsible for the higher yield strength (113.16 MPa), elastic modulus (735.76 MPa), and energy absorption capacity (9009.39 MJ/m³) observed in the IWP configuration. To examine the influence of porosity on structural performance, specimens with two varying porosities (70% and 80%) were selected for each of the four designs. Ultimately, the mechanical performance of Inconel 625 under compression was assessed both pre- and post-deformation to elucidate its impact on the material’s integrity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plastic Deformation, Strengthening and Toughening of Advanced Metallic Materials (2nd Edition))

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11 pages, 5631 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Plastic Workability and Rheological Stress Model Based on an Artificial Neural Network of SiC_p/Al-7.75Fe-1.04V-1.95Si Composites

by Pinming Feng, Shuang Chen, Jie Tang, Haiyang Liu, Dingfa Fu, Jie Teng and Fulin Jiang

Materials 2024, 17(21), 5317; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17215317 - 31 Oct 2024

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Abstract

SiC_p/Al-Fe-V-Si composites exhibit complex deformation behaviors at both room and high temperatures because of the presence of SiC reinforcement particles and numerous fine dispersed Al₁₂(Fe, V)₃Si heat-resistant phases. In this work, an artificial neural network (ANN) constitutive [...] Read more.

SiC_p/Al-Fe-V-Si composites exhibit complex deformation behaviors at both room and high temperatures because of the presence of SiC reinforcement particles and numerous fine dispersed Al₁₂(Fe, V)₃Si heat-resistant phases. In this work, an artificial neural network (ANN) constitutive model was established to study the deformation behavior of SiC_p/Al-7.75Fe-1.04V-1.95Si composites over a wide temperature range based on uniaxial compression. Then, microstructural observation, finite element analysis, and processing maps were utilized to investigate the plastic workability. The results showed that the ANN model fit the experimental stress–strain curves with high accuracy, achieving an R² value of 0.999. The ANN model was embedded into finite element software to study plastic deformation behaviors, which indicated that this model could accurately compute the plastic and mechanical response during the compressing process. Finally, a thermomechanical processing diagram was developed, revealing that the optimal processing parameters of the SiC_p/Al-7.75Fe-1.04V-1.95Si composites were a deformation temperature of 450–500 °C and a deformation rate of 0.1–0.2 s⁻¹. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plastic Deformation, Strengthening and Toughening of Advanced Metallic Materials (2nd Edition))

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17 pages, 6127 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Solute Drag Effect and Interphase Precipitation of Nb on Ferrite Transformation

by Yiming Cai, Ran Wei, Duoduo Jin, Honghong Wang, Xiangliang Wan, Chengyang Hu and Kaiming Wu

Materials 2024, 17(10), 2440; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17102440 - 18 May 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1357

Abstract

The significant impact of Nb on ferrite transformation, both in terms of solute drag effect (SDE) and interphase precipitation, was investigated quantitatively. Ferrite transformation kinetics were characterized using thermal expansion experiments and theoretical calculations. The microstructures were characterized using high−temperature confocal laser scanning [...] Read more.

The significant impact of Nb on ferrite transformation, both in terms of solute drag effect (SDE) and interphase precipitation, was investigated quantitatively. Ferrite transformation kinetics were characterized using thermal expansion experiments and theoretical calculations. The microstructures were characterized using high−temperature confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), a field−emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), and a transmission electron microscope (TEM). Under a higher driving force, interphase precipitations were observed in the sample with a higher Nb content. A three−dimensional (3D) reconstruction method was used to convert the two−dimensional (2D) image of interphase precipitation into a three−dimensional model for a more typical view. The SDE and interphase precipitation had opposite effects on the kinetics of ferrite transformation. A lower Nb content showed a strong contribution to the SDE, which delayed ferrite transformation. A higher concentration of Nb was expected to enhance the SDE, but the inhibition effect was eliminated by the interphase precipitation of NbC during interfacial migration. Both the experimental results and theoretical calculations confirmed this phenomenon. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plastic Deformation, Strengthening and Toughening of Advanced Metallic Materials (2nd Edition))

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Review

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41 pages, 36184 KiB

Open AccessReview

Adiabatic Shear Localization in Metallic Materials: Review

by Xinran Guan, Shoujiang Qu, Hao Wang, Guojian Cao, Aihan Feng and Daolun Chen

Materials 2024, 17(21), 5365; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17215365 - 1 Nov 2024

Viewed by 1427

Abstract

In advanced engineering applications, there has been an increasing demand for the service performance of materials under high-strain-rate conditions where a key phenomenon of adiabatic shear instability is inevitably involved. The presence of adiabatic shear instability is typically associated with large shear strains, [...] Read more.

In advanced engineering applications, there has been an increasing demand for the service performance of materials under high-strain-rate conditions where a key phenomenon of adiabatic shear instability is inevitably involved. The presence of adiabatic shear instability is typically associated with large shear strains, high strain rates, and elevated temperatures. Significant plastic deformation that concentrates within a adiabatic shear band (ASB) often results in catastrophic failure, and it is necessary to avoid the occurrence of such a phenomenon in most areas. However, in certain areas, such as high-speed machining and self-sharpening projectile penetration, this phenomenon can be exploited. The thermal softening effect and microstructural softening effect are widely recognized as the foundational theories for the formation of ASB. Thus, elucidating various complex deformation mechanisms under thermomechanical coupling along with changes in temperatures in the shear instability process has become a focal point of research. This review highlights these two important aspects and examines the development of relevant theories and experimental results, identifying key challenges faced in this field of study. Furthermore, advancements in modern experimental characterization and computational technologies, which lead to a deeper understanding of the adiabatic shear instability phenomenon, have also been summarized. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plastic Deformation, Strengthening and Toughening of Advanced Metallic Materials (2nd Edition))

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18 pages, 4797 KiB

Open AccessReview

Current Status and Trends of Low-Temperature Steel Used in Polar Regions

by Qiaoling Xiao, Yaozhou Xie, Feng Hu and Chengyang Hu

Materials 2024, 17(13), 3117; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17133117 - 25 Jun 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1864

Abstract

The desire to explore the natural resources and geopolitical patterns of the North and South Poles has significantly increased the interest of experts and researchers in the development and utilization of the polar regions. In this article, we comprehensively analyzed the current state [...] Read more.

The desire to explore the natural resources and geopolitical patterns of the North and South Poles has significantly increased the interest of experts and researchers in the development and utilization of the polar regions. In this article, we comprehensively analyzed the current state of the development of polar low-temperature steel around the world. We highlighted the challenges that must be addressed in the ongoing development efforts and summarized the expected future trends in this field. The main theme of this article involves the challenges encountered in polar environments primarily caused by the low-temperature toughness and seawater corrosion of marine steel. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plastic Deformation, Strengthening and Toughening of Advanced Metallic Materials (2nd Edition))

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