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Friction and Wear of Materials Surfaces (2nd Edition)
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Friction and Wear of Materials Surfaces (2nd Edition)

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Mechanics of Materials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 January 2025) | Viewed by 9622

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Andrzej Dzierwa

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Guest Editor
Department of Manufacturing Processes and Production Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Rzeszow University of Technology, Powstancow Warszawy 8, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland
Interests: tribology; friction; wear; surface engineering; surface metrology; manufacturing processes
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

It is an honor and privilege to be involved as the guest editor of a Special Issue of Materials focusing on the friction and wear of material surfaces. I believe that with your kind support, it will become an important Special Issue, as the first edition collected over 30 articles.

Tribology plays a crucial role in industry by improving the efficiency, reliability, performance, energy efficiency, safety, and sustainability of many products and systems. Tribological research also plays an important role in improving the design, manufacturing, and operation of many industrial products and systems. This can lead to significant cost savings by reducing maintenance, repair, and replacement costs.

A number of scientists studied the effect of surface topography and material properties on the tribological performance of sliding elements. However, accessible papers contain ambiguous and sometimes contradictory opinions about connections between values of surface topography parameters, materials properties and various tribological properties of sliding pairs. In addition, a continuous development of measuring equipment makes more precision measurements possible and as a consequence also makes extended analysis of phenomena taking part on surfaces in frictional contact possible.

Therefore, the aim of this Special Issue is to collect high-quality research papers that focus on the friction and wear of material surfaces. We are looking forward to receiving your submissions.

Dr. Andrzej Dzierwa
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • tribology
  • friction
  • wear
  • lubrication
  • materials
  • surface engineering
  • surface topography
  • surface metrology
  • manufacturing processes

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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17 pages, 7620 KiB  
Article
Tribological Properties of Selected Ionic Liquids in Lubricated Friction Nodes
by Monika Madej, Joanna Kowalczyk, Marcin Kowalski, Paweł Grabowski and Jacek Wernik
Materials 2025, 18(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18010018 - 24 Dec 2024
Viewed by 705
Abstract
This article compares the rheological and tribological properties of three ionic liquids: Tributyl(methyl)phosphonium dimethyl phosphate 97%—MFCD, 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate 97%—BMIMPF6, and 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate 98%—BMIMBF4. Their density and kinematic viscosity at 20 °C and 40 °C were investigated, and tribological tests were carried out at [...] Read more.
This article compares the rheological and tribological properties of three ionic liquids: Tributyl(methyl)phosphonium dimethyl phosphate 97%—MFCD, 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate 97%—BMIMPF6, and 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate 98%—BMIMBF4. Their density and kinematic viscosity at 20 °C and 40 °C were investigated, and tribological tests were carried out at the same temperatures with ball-on-disc contact. The test materials were made of 100Cr6 steel. A scanning electron microscope was used to image the wear tracks, while an EDS analyzer was employed to determine the chemical composition at the points of wear on the samples. A confocal microscope was used to analyze the geometric structure of the samples before and after the tribological tests. The results of the tests indicated that an increase in temperature reduced the dynamic viscosity of all the ionic liquids tested. At the same time, an increase in the MFCD and BMIMBF4 ionic liquid density and a decrease in the density of the BMIMPF6 ionic liquid were observed. The BMIMPF6 ionic liquid used for this study provided the lowest value of linear wear at both temperatures, ambient and 40 °C. However, for the BMIMBF4 ionic liquid, significant wear was observed for the tested discs and balls, with corrosive pitting on their surfaces. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Friction and Wear of Materials Surfaces (2nd Edition))
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12 pages, 3638 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Wear Resistance in Tungsten-Doped Diamond-like Carbon Coatings (WC/C) on Coated and Uncoated Surfaces Under Starved Oil Lubrication with R452A Refrigerant
by Kasper Górny, Monika Madej and Arkadiusz Stachowiak
Materials 2024, 17(22), 5504; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17225504 - 12 Nov 2024
Viewed by 698
Abstract
This article assesses the potential of using a diamond-like carbon coating doped with tungsten, a-C:H:W (WC/C), on the sliding pairs of refrigeration compressors. The ability of WC/C coating to provide low wear and a low coefficient of friction was experimentally verified in a [...] Read more.
This article assesses the potential of using a diamond-like carbon coating doped with tungsten, a-C:H:W (WC/C), on the sliding pairs of refrigeration compressors. The ability of WC/C coating to provide low wear and a low coefficient of friction was experimentally verified in a specific refrigeration compressor operating environment (lubrication with oil diluted with refrigerant) and under extreme operating conditions (starved lubrication with a small amount of oil). Conditions of starved lubrication with a substance of reduced lubricity promote a temperature increase and high mechanical (friction) stresses on the surface of the sliding pairs. These situations can hinder the effective operation of WC/C coatings. Comparative wear tests were carried out for S235JR steel samples with and without WC/C coating. It was found that the samples with the WC/C coating had the lowest wear values and the lowest friction coefficients (approximately 0.06). A low coefficient of friction suggests that even a small amount of oil (one drop) is likely sufficient to achieve mixed lubrication conditions between the tested sliding surfaces and reduce material loss. The tested WC/C coating can protect sliding friction pairs in refrigeration compressors under extreme operating conditions caused by a lack of oil. Less friction reduces the need for energy to drive the refrigeration compressor. Additionally, the significance of this research is highlighted by the fact that the wear tests were conducted using R452A, a novel, eco-friendly refrigerant. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Friction and Wear of Materials Surfaces (2nd Edition))
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13 pages, 57896 KiB  
Article
Wear Mechanisms of the Working Surface of Gears after Scuffing Tests
by Edyta Osuch-Słomka, Remigiusz Michalczewski, Anita Mańkowska-Snopczyńska, Marek Kalbarczyk, Andrzej N. Wieczorek and Emilia Skołek
Materials 2024, 17(14), 3552; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17143552 - 18 Jul 2024
Viewed by 995
Abstract
Identification of changes occurring on the working surface of lubricated gears using analytical equipment, e.g., an FE-SEM scanning electron microscope with an EDS microanalyzer, a WLI interferometric microscope, or a GDEOS optical discharge spectrometer, enables the characterisation of wear mechanisms of this surface. [...] Read more.
Identification of changes occurring on the working surface of lubricated gears using analytical equipment, e.g., an FE-SEM scanning electron microscope with an EDS microanalyzer, a WLI interferometric microscope, or a GDEOS optical discharge spectrometer, enables the characterisation of wear mechanisms of this surface. Definition of the phenomena occurring on the surface of tribo-couples after scuffing tests enables a comparative analysis of scuffing resistance and surface properties of the micro- and nanostructure, and elemental composition of the tested gears. Recognition and analysis of the wear mechanisms occurring on the working surface of gears will reduce the risk of damage and losses resulting from the need for maintenance and repair. The study concerned the working surfaces of gears made of 17HNM and 35HGSA steels on which a W-DLC/CrN coating was deposited. Shell Omala S4 GX 320 commercial industrial oil with a synthetic PAO (polyalphaolefin) base was selected for the lubrication of the gears. Tribological tests employed an FZG gear scuffing under severe conditions test method and they were carried out on a T-12U test rig for cylindrical gear analysis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Friction and Wear of Materials Surfaces (2nd Edition))
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12 pages, 16521 KiB  
Article
The Development of Novel Cu/GO Nano-Composite Coatings by Brush Plating with High Wear Resistance for Potential Brass Sliding Bearing Application
by Yingdi Feng, Xiaoying Li and Hanshan Dong
Materials 2024, 17(11), 2623; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17112623 - 29 May 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 971
Abstract
Low friction and high wear resistance are critical properties for sliding bearings. In this research, advanced Cu/GO nanocomposite coatings have been developed by a brush plating method to improve the tribological performance of brass-based sliding bearings. A series of brush plating studies under [...] Read more.
Low friction and high wear resistance are critical properties for sliding bearings. In this research, advanced Cu/GO nanocomposite coatings have been developed by a brush plating method to improve the tribological performance of brass-based sliding bearings. A series of brush plating studies under voltages from 2 to 6 V with different GO concentrations (0.2–0.8 g/L) was conducted, and the coating microstructures were characterised by SEM, EDX, GDOES and XRD and the tribological behaviour of the Cu/GO composite coatings were evaluated using dry ball-on-plane tribological tests The experimental results have demonstrated that GO can be successfully introduced into the whole composite coating layer; the Cu/GO composite coatings can reduce the friction of brass and increase its wear resistance by two orders of magnitude, mainly due to the self-lubricating GO added into the coatings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Friction and Wear of Materials Surfaces (2nd Edition))
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23 pages, 44324 KiB  
Article
Microstructure and Wear Behavior of Ti-xFe-SiC In Situ Composite Ceramic Coatings on TC4 Substrate from Laser Cladding
by Xiaojun Zhao, Peize Lyu, Shenqin Fang, Shaohao Li, Xiaoxuan Tu, Penghe Ren, Dian Liu, Lyuming Chen, Lairong Xiao and Sainan Liu
Materials 2024, 17(1), 100; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17010100 - 24 Dec 2023
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 1566
Abstract
Titanium alloys are widely used in various structural materials due to their lightweight properties. However, the low wear resistance causes significant economic losses every year. Therefore, it is necessary to implement wear-resistant protection on the surface of titanium alloys. In this study, four [...] Read more.
Titanium alloys are widely used in various structural materials due to their lightweight properties. However, the low wear resistance causes significant economic losses every year. Therefore, it is necessary to implement wear-resistant protection on the surface of titanium alloys. In this study, four types of in situ composite ceramic coatings with two-layer gradient structures were prepared on a Ti-6Al-4V (TC4) substrate using laser cladding. In order to reduce the dilution rate, a transition layer (Ti-40SiC (vol.%)) was first prepared on TC4 alloy. Then, a high-volume-fraction in situ composite ceramic working layer (Ti-xFe-80SiC (vol.%)) with different contents of Fe-based alloy powder (x = 0, 5, 10 and 15 vol.%) was prepared. The working surface of Ti-40SiC (TL) exhibited a typical XRD pattern of Ti, TiC, Ti5Si3, and Ti3SiC2. In comparison, both Ti-80SiC (WL-F0) and Ti-5Fe-80SiC (WL-F5) exhibited similar phase compositions to the TL coating, with no new phase identified in the coatings. However, the TiFeSi2 and SiC phases were presented in Ti-10Fe-80SiC (WL-F10) and Ti-15Fe-80SiC (WL-F15). It is proven that the addition of the Fe element could regulate the in situ reaction in the original Ti-Si-C ternary system to form the new phases with high hardness and good wear resistance. The hardness of the WL-F15 (1842.9 HV1) is five times higher than that of the matrix (350 HV1). Due to the existence of self-lubricating phases such as Ti5Si3 and Ti3SiC2, a lubricating film was presented in the WL-F0 and WL-F5 coatings, which could block the further damage of the friction pair and enhance the wear resistance. Furthermore, a wear-transition phenomenon was observed in the WL-F10 and WL-F15 coatings, which was similar to the friction behavior of structural ceramics. Under the load of 10 N and 20 N, the wear volume of WL-F15 coating is 5.2% and 63.7% of that in the substrate, and the depth of friction of WL-15 coating is only 14.4% and 80% of that in the substrate. The transition of wear volume and depth can be attributed to the wear mechanism changing from oxidation wear to adhesive wear. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Friction and Wear of Materials Surfaces (2nd Edition))
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Review

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27 pages, 1538 KiB  
Review
Superlubricity of Materials: Progress, Potential, and Challenges
by Maziar Ramezani, Zaidi Mohd Ripin, Cho-Pei Jiang and Tim Pasang
Materials 2023, 16(14), 5145; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16145145 - 21 Jul 2023
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3515
Abstract
This review paper provides a comprehensive overview of the phenomenon of superlubricity, its associated material characteristics, and its potential applications. Superlubricity, the state of near-zero friction between two surfaces, presents significant potential for enhancing the efficiency of mechanical systems, thus attracting significant attention [...] Read more.
This review paper provides a comprehensive overview of the phenomenon of superlubricity, its associated material characteristics, and its potential applications. Superlubricity, the state of near-zero friction between two surfaces, presents significant potential for enhancing the efficiency of mechanical systems, thus attracting significant attention in both academic and industrial realms. We explore the atomic/molecular structures that enable this characteristic and discuss notable superlubric materials, including graphite, diamond-like carbon, and advanced engineering composites. The review further elaborates on the methods of achieving superlubricity at both nanoscale and macroscale levels, highlighting the influence of environmental conditions. We also discuss superlubricity’s applications, ranging from mechanical systems to energy conservation and biomedical applications. Despite the promising potential, the realization of superlubricity is laden with challenges. We address these technical difficulties, specifically those related to achieving and maintaining superlubricity, and the issues encountered in scaling up for industrial applications. The paper also underscores the sustainability concerns associated with superlubricity and proposes potential solutions. We conclude with a discussion of the possible future research directions and the impact of technological innovations in this field. This review thus provides a valuable resource for researchers and industry professionals engaged in the development and application of superlubric materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Friction and Wear of Materials Surfaces (2nd Edition))
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