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14 pages, 3158 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Laser Irradiation Settings, during Diode-Assisted Endodontics, on the Intraradicular Adhesion of Self-Etch and Self-Curing Luting Cement during Restoration—An Ex Vivo Study

by Eleftherios Terry R. Farmakis, Franziska Beer, Ioannis Tzoutzas, Christoph Kurzmann, Hassan Ali Shokoohi-Tabrizi, Nikos Pantazis and Andreas Moritz

Materials 2022, 15(7), 2531; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15072531 - 30 Mar 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2266

Abstract

Background: Diode-assisted endodontics is nowadays utilized for pulp space disinfection, but little is known on the bonding potential of this lased root dentin when the tooth is restored with an intracanal polymer post. Objectives: to investigate the influence of diode laser irradiation settings, [...] Read more.

Background: Diode-assisted endodontics is nowadays utilized for pulp space disinfection, but little is known on the bonding potential of this lased root dentin when the tooth is restored with an intracanal polymer post. Objectives: to investigate the influence of diode laser irradiation settings, in laser-assisted endodontics, on the intraradicular bonding of composite materials. Methods: Sixteen two-rooted, maxillary first premolars were collected, prepared up to F4 (Protaper Universal. Dentsply-Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland), and randomly assigned in two groups: group A (chopped mode or short pulse), diode irradiated according to protocol, pulse 25 ms, power 2.5 W, and group B (microchopped mode or ultrashort pulse), pulse 25 μs, peak power 12 W (both groups GentleRay. KaVo Dental, Biberach an der Riss, Germany). Buccal canals were irradiated, palatal ones served as controls. Canals were then obturated, post space was created in all canals, and quartz-fiber posts (ICE light Danville. Danville Materials, San Ramon, CA, USA) were cemented by self-etch self-curing cement (Max Cem Elite. Kerr, West Collins Orange, CA, USA) (Max Cem Elite. Kerr, Brea, CA, USA). A week later, teeth were sectioned horizontally in 1 mm increments. Push-out test was conducted in a Zwick testing machine (Zwick Roell, Ulm, Germany) at 1 mm/min speed, and the force required to dislodge the post from each specimen (F-max) was recorded. Weibull regression models were applied for statistical analyses. Results: Differences in F-max by group (control vs. chopped mode vs. microchopped mode) and height (meaning the apical-to-coronal position of each specimen along the root) were statistically significant (p < 0.05 in all cases). Conclusions: Short pulses (or chopped mode) had a profound positive effect on the quality of intraradicular bonding, while Ultrashort pulses (or microchopped mode) affected it negatively. In addition, apically positioned bonding proved weaker compared with more coronally located specimens. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dental Materials and Devices)

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14 pages, 5305 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performance Evaluation of Dental Flosses Pre- and Post-Utilization

by Adrian K. Stavrakis, Sanja Kojić, Bojan Petrović, Isidora Nešković and Goran M. Stojanović

Materials 2022, 15(4), 1522; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15041522 - 18 Feb 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4185

Abstract

Dental floss is an oral hygiene product used to remove food and plaque in places where toothbrushes cannot reach. Even though over the years since its introduction some research in suitable materials has been performed, thread cracking and wear can still compromise efficiency. [...] Read more.

Dental floss is an oral hygiene product used to remove food and plaque in places where toothbrushes cannot reach. Even though over the years since its introduction some research in suitable materials has been performed, thread cracking and wear can still compromise efficiency. The aim of this study was to examine the morphological properties of four different commercially available dental floss types before and after use. For that purpose, scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy were used to assess the flosses before and after use, and tension testing was performed to determine any degradation in the floss performance after utilization. The analyzed floss samples verify the hypothesis that the properties of the floss need to be known in depth, before recommending a specific type to patients for daily use in all clinical indications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dental Materials and Devices)

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12 pages, 3322 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Resin Cement–Zirconia Bond Strengthening by Exposure to Low-Temperature Atmospheric Pressure Multi-Gas Plasma

by Nobuhiro Yoda, Yuri Abe, Yuma Suenaga, Yoshiki Matsudate, Tomohiro Hoshino, Takehiko Sugano, Keisuke Nakamura, Akitoshi Okino and Keiichi Sasaki

Materials 2022, 15(2), 631; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15020631 - 14 Jan 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1395

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of gas species used for low-temperature atmospheric pressure plasma surface treatment, using various gas species and different treatment times, on zirconia surface state and the bond strength between zirconia and dental resin cement. [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of gas species used for low-temperature atmospheric pressure plasma surface treatment, using various gas species and different treatment times, on zirconia surface state and the bond strength between zirconia and dental resin cement. Three groups of zirconia specimens with different surface treatments were prepared as follows: untreated group, alumina sandblasting treatment group, and plasma treatment group. Nitrogen (N₂), carbon dioxide (CO₂), oxygen (O₂), argon (Ar), and air were employed for plasma irradiation. The bond strength between each zirconia specimen and resin cement was compared using a tension test. The effect of the gas species for plasma irradiation on the zirconia surface was investigated using a contact angle meter, an optical interferometer, an X-ray diffractometer, and X-ray photoelectric spectroscopy. Plasma irradiation increased the wettability and decreased the carbon contamination on the zirconia surface, whereas it did not affect the surface topography and crystalline phase. The bond strength varied depending on the gas species and irradiation time. Plasma treatment with N₂ gas significantly increased bond strength compared to the untreated group and showed a high bond strength equivalent to that of the sandblasting treatment group. The removal of carbon contamination from the zirconia surface and an increase in the percentage of Zr-O₂ on the zirconia surface by plasma irradiation might increase bond strength. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dental Materials and Devices)

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10 pages, 18181 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Alterations to Titanium Surface Depending on the Fluorides and Abrasives in Toothpaste

by Takahiro Shuto, Yuichi Mine, Seicho Makihira, Hiroki Nikawa, Takanori Wachi and Kazutoshi Kakimoto

Materials 2022, 15(1), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15010051 - 22 Dec 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2345

Abstract

Fluoride and abrasives in toothpastes may cause corrosion and deterioration of the titanium used for implants and other prostheses. The purpose of this study was to investigate how the presence or absence and types of fluoride and abrasives affected the titanium surface texture. [...] Read more.

Fluoride and abrasives in toothpastes may cause corrosion and deterioration of the titanium used for implants and other prostheses. The purpose of this study was to investigate how the presence or absence and types of fluoride and abrasives affected the titanium surface texture. Brushing with toothpastes was performed on pure-titanium discs using an abrasive testing machine. Unprocessed titanium discs without brushing were used as control samples. Surface roughness, color, and gloss of titanium were measured and the differences compared with the control were analyzed. Additionally, titanium surfaces and abrasives in toothpastes were observed using a scanning electron microscope to compare the surface texture of each sample. Some toothpastes (abrasive+) significantly increased the difference in surface roughness, color, and gloss, compared with ultrapure water. Toothpaste (fluoride+/abrasive+) that had many polygonal abrasive particles led to the largest color differences and exhibited notable scratches and a larger number of contaminant- or corrosion-like black spots. In contrast, brushing with toothpaste without fluoride or abrasives (fluoride−/abrasive−) caused little change to the titanium surface. These results suggest that both fluoride and abrasives in toothpaste used for brushing may be factors that affect surface texture and corrosion resistance of titanium. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dental Materials and Devices)

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14 pages, 5760 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparing the Efficacy of a Microperforated Titanium Membrane for Guided Bone Regeneration with an Existing Mesh Retainer in Dog Mandibles

by Hiroshi Hasegawa, Tetsuharu Kaneko, Manabu Endo, Chihiro Kanno, Morio Yamazaki, Sadanoshin Yaginuma, Hiroki Igarashi, Hideaki Honma, Seiichiro Masui, Mizuki Suto, Yukihiko Sakisaka and Hiroshi Ishihata

Materials 2021, 14(12), 3358; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14123358 - 17 Jun 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1728

Abstract

Acute-type lateral ridge defects (25 mm × 6 mm × 5 mm) were bilaterally created in the mandibles of four dogs (two defects per animal). The defects were reconstructed with particulate autologous bone and covered with a microperforated titanium membrane (Ti-honeycomb membrane, TiHM) [...] Read more.

Acute-type lateral ridge defects (25 mm × 6 mm × 5 mm) were bilaterally created in the mandibles of four dogs (two defects per animal). The defects were reconstructed with particulate autologous bone and covered with a microperforated titanium membrane (Ti-honeycomb membrane, TiHM) or an existing conventional titanium mesh as control. The samples were dissected after 16 weeks postoperatively and processed for radiographic, histologic, and histomorphometric analyses. Regenerated tissue and bone volume were significantly larger in the TiHM group than in the control group (p = 0.05; p = 0.049). In contrast, bone mineral density was similar between the two groups. Histomorphometric analysis revealed that the regenerated bone area and calcific osseous area were larger in the TiHM group than in the control group; however, the differences were not significant. The efficacy of TiHM was generally satisfactory with the potential to become a standard tool for the GBR procedure; however, early membrane exposure will be a major problem to overcome. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dental Materials and Devices)

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15 pages, 4056 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Preosteoblast MC3T3-E1 Cells Cultured on a Microporous Titanium Membrane Fabricated Using a Precise Mechanical Punching Process

by Jingyu Zhang, Yukihiko Sakisaka, Hiroshi Ishihata, Kentaro Maruyama, Eiji Nemoto, Shigeki Chiba, Masaru Nagamine, Hiroshi Hasegawa and Satoru Yamada

Materials 2020, 13(22), 5288; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13225288 - 22 Nov 2020

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2103

Abstract

The surface topography of Titanium (Ti) combined toughness and biocompatibility affects the attachment and migration of cells. Limited information of morphological characteristics, formed by precise machining in micron order, is currently available on the Ti that could promote osteoconduction. In the present study, [...] Read more.

The surface topography of Titanium (Ti) combined toughness and biocompatibility affects the attachment and migration of cells. Limited information of morphological characteristics, formed by precise machining in micron order, is currently available on the Ti that could promote osteoconduction. In the present study, a pure Ti membrane was pierced with precise 25 μm square holes at 75 μm intervals and appear burrs at the edge of aperture. We defined the surface without burrs as the “Head side” and that with burrs as the “Tail side”. The effects of the machining microtopography on the proliferation and differentiation of the preosteoblasts (MC3T3-E1 cells) were investigated. The cells were more likely to migrate to, and accumulate in, the aperture of holes on the head side, but grew uniformly regardless of holes on the tail side. The topography on the both surfaces increased osteopontin gene expression levels. Osteocalcin expression levels were higher on the head side than one on the blank scaffold and tail side (p < 0.05). The osteocalcin protein expression levels were higher on the tail side than on the head side after 21 days of cultivation, and were comparable to the proportion of the calcified area (p < 0.05). These results demonstrate the capacity of a novel microporous Ti membrane fabricated using a precise mechanical punching process to promote cell proliferation and activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dental Materials and Devices)

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11 pages, 2189 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Dynamic Viscoelasticity of Dental Soft Polymer Material Containing Citrate Ester-Based Plasticizers

by Guang Hong, Wei-qi Wang, Lu Sun, Jian-min Han and Keiichi Sasaki

Materials 2020, 13(22), 5078; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13225078 - 11 Nov 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1722

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the dynamic viscoelasticity of dental soft polymer material containing citrate ester-based plasticizers. Three kinds of citrate ester-based plasticizer (Citroflex^® C-2: TEC, Citroflex^® A-2: ATEC, and Citroflex^® A-4: ATBC), with the combination of [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to investigate the dynamic viscoelasticity of dental soft polymer material containing citrate ester-based plasticizers. Three kinds of citrate ester-based plasticizer (Citroflex^® C-2: TEC, Citroflex^® A-2: ATEC, and Citroflex^® A-4: ATBC), with the combination of 5 wt% ethyl alcohol, were used as the liquid phase. The dynamic viscoelastic properties of nine ethyl methacrylate polymers: (A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, and I) were immersed in 37 °C distilled water for 0, 1, 3, 7, 14 and 30 days, respectively. The dynamic viscoelastic properties were measured at 37 °C with an automatic dynamic mechanical analyzer. The shear storage modulus (G′), shear loss modulus (G″), and loss tangent (tan δ) were determined at 1 Hz. These parameters were statistically analyzed by two-way and one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s multiple comparison test at a predetermined significance level of 0.05. A significant difference was found among the materials in terms of the dynamic viscoelasticity. The materials containing citrate ester-based plasticizer ATBC showed the most stable dynamic viscoelasticity. Considering the limitations of this study, the results suggest that the inclusion of citrate ester-based plasticizer can improve the durability of dental soft polymer materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dental Materials and Devices)

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Review

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20 pages, 5548 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Applications of Hydrogel with Special Physical Properties in Bone and Cartilage Regeneration

by Hua Lin, Cuilan Yin, Anchun Mo and Guang Hong

Materials 2021, 14(1), 235; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14010235 - 05 Jan 2021

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 7110

Abstract

Hydrogel is a polymer matrix containing a large amount of water. It is similar to extracellular matrix components. It comes into contact with blood, body fluids, and human tissues without affecting the metabolism of organisms. It can be applied to bone and cartilage [...] Read more.

Hydrogel is a polymer matrix containing a large amount of water. It is similar to extracellular matrix components. It comes into contact with blood, body fluids, and human tissues without affecting the metabolism of organisms. It can be applied to bone and cartilage tissues. This article introduces the high-strength polymer hydrogel and its modification methods to adapt to the field of bone and cartilage tissue engineering. From the perspective of the mechanical properties of hydrogels, the mechanical strength of hydrogels has experienced from the weak-strength traditional hydrogels to the high-strength hydrogels, then the injectable hydrogels were invented and realized the purpose of good fluidity before the use of hydrogels and high strength in the later period. In addition, specific methods to give special physical properties to the hydrogel used in the field of bone and cartilage tissue engineering will also be discussed, such as 3D printing, integrated repair of bone and cartilage tissue, bone vascularization, and osteogenesis hydrogels that regulate cell growth, antibacterial properties, and repeatable viscosity in humid environments. Finally, we explain the main reasons and contradictions in current applications, look forward to the research prospects in the field of bone and cartilage tissue engineering, and emphasize the importance of conducting research in this field to promote medical progress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dental Materials and Devices)

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