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A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Biomaterials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2020) | Viewed by 20903

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Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Anke Bernstein

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Guest Editor

Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical Center—Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
Interests: bone graft; bioceramics; cell–biomaterial interaction; nanostructure of bone; biomechanics

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Bone biomaterials are used for the reconstruction of degenerated or damaged parts of the musculo-skeletal system. Controlling cell–biomaterial interactions plays a vital role in influencing subsequent biological processes such as cell proliferation and differentiation. In the last few decades, a variety of bone biomaterials with different physicochemical properties have been developed and analyzed to optimize the process of bone regeneration. An ideal bone biomaterial should provide a suitable cell microenvironment for bone building. Therefore they should show controlled biodegradability, provide an osteoconductive matrix to induce vascularization, or supply osteoinductive factors to direct the osteogenic differentiation of cells. The speed of degradation should ideally be synchronized with bone regeneration to ensure bone maturation and sufficient stability at the interface. As a result, the newly formed bone has similar physicochemical and mechanical properties as the surrounding skeletal tissue. Clinical experience in recent years has shown that biomaterials containing important bone minerals enhance the stable anchorage of the implant in the surrounding bone. These chemical and biological requirements are met excellently by ceramic materials based on calcium orthophosphates and by bioactive glasses. Load-bearing metal implants like prostheses are coated with ceramic materials.

This Special Issue focuses on degradable calcium phosphate biomaterials for bone tissue engineering. Contributions on related topics are also welcome. Thus, we invite reviews and/or original papers reporting new results in the field of bone substitute development, including in vitro and in vivo analyses.

Prof. Dr. Anke Bernstein
Guest Editor

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Keywords

bone biomaterial
calcium phosphate
degradation
biocompatibility
cell microenvironment

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

20 pages, 9877 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Inverse 3D Printing with Variations of the Strand Width of the Resulting Scaffolds for Bone Replacement

by Michael Seidenstuecker, Pia Schilling, Lucas Ritschl, Svenja Lange, Hagen Schmal, Anke Bernstein and Steffen Esslinger

Materials 2021, 14(8), 1964; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14081964 - 14 Apr 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2988

Abstract

The objective of this study was to vary the wall thicknesses and pore sizes of inversely printed 3D molded bodies. Wall thicknesses were varied from 1500 to 2000 to 2500 µm. The pores had sizes of 500, 750 and 1000 µm. The sacrificial structures were fabricated from polylactide (PLA) using fused deposition modeling (FDM). To obtain the final bioceramic scaffolds, a water-based slurry was filled into the PLA molds. The PLA sacrificial molds were burned out at approximately 450 °C for 4 h. Subsequently, the samples were sintered at 1250 °C for at least 4 h. The scaffolds were mechanically characterized (native and after incubation in simulated body fluid (SBF) for 28 days). In addition, the biocompatibility was assessed by live/dead staining. The scaffolds with a strand spacing of 500 µm showed the highest compressive strength; there was no significant difference in compressive strength regardless of pore size. The specimens with 1000 µm pore size showed a significant dependence on strand width. Thus, the specimens (1000 µm pores) with 2500 µm wall thickness showed the highest compressive strength of 5.97 + 0.89 MPa. While the 1000(1500) showed a value of 2.90 + 0.67 MPa and the 1000(2000) of 3.49 + 1.16 MPa. As expected for beta-Tricalciumphosphate (β-TCP), very good biocompatibility was observed with increasing cell numbers over the experimental period. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bone Biomaterials)

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12 pages, 6115 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Technique to Increase the Thickness of TiO₂ of Dental Implants by Nd: DPSS Q-sw Laser Treatment

by Antonio Scarano, Francesca Postiglione, Ahmad G. A. Khater, Faez Saleh Al-Hamed and Felice Lorusso

Materials 2020, 13(18), 4178; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13184178 - 20 Sep 2020

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2472

Abstract

High bone–implant contact is a crucial factor in the achievement of osseointegration and long time clinical success of dental implants. Micro, nano, microtopography, and oxide layer of dental implants influence tissue response. The lasers were used for achieving an implant surface with homogeneous micro texturing and uncontaminated surface. The present study aimed to characterize the implant surfaces treated by Nd: DPSS Q-sw Laser treatment compared to machined implants. A total of 10 machined implants and 10 lasered surface implants were evaluated in this study. The implant surfaces were evaluated by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES), and metallography to characterize and measure the thickness of the oxide layer on the implant titanium surface. The machined surfaces showed a non-homogeneous oxide layer ranging between 20 and 30 nm. The lasered implant surfaces showed a homogeneous oxide layer ranging between 400 nm and 460 nm in the area of the laser holes, while outside the layer, thickness ranged between 200 nm and 400 nm without microcracks or evidence of damage. Another exciting result after this laser treatment is a topographically controlled, repeatable, homogeneous, and clean surface. This technique can obtain the implant surface without leaving residues of foreign substances on it. The study results indicate that the use of Nd: DPSS Q-sw laser produces a predictable and reproducible treatment able to improve the titanium oxide layer on the dental implant surface. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bone Biomaterials)

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15 pages, 3182 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Release of Antibiotics Out of a Moldable Collagen-β-Tricalciumphosphate-Composite Compared to Two Calcium Phosphate Granules

by Klaus Edgar Roth, Gerrit Steffen Maier, Irene Schmidtmann, Ulrich Eigner, Wolf Dietrich Hübner, Fabian Peters, Philipp Drees and Uwe Maus

Materials 2019, 12(24), 4056; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12244056 - 5 Dec 2019

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3254

Abstract

Bacterial bone infections after revision surgeries and diseases, like osteomyelitis, are still a challenge with regard to surgical treatments. Local bone infections were treated with antibiotics directly or by controlled drug-releasing scaffolds, like polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) spheres, which have to be removed at a later stage, but there is a risk of a bacterial contamination during the removement. Therefore, biomaterials loaded with antibiotics for controlled release could be the method of choice: The biomaterials degrade during the drug release, therefore, there is no need for a second surgery to remove the drug eluting agent. Even non-resorbable bone materials are available (e.g., hydroxyapatite (HA)) or resorbable bone graft materials (e.g., beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP)) that will be replaced by newly formed bone. Composite materials with organic additives (e.g., collagen) supports the handling during surgery and enhances the drug loading capacity, as well as the drug releasing time. The purpose of this study was to investigate the loading capacity and the release rate of Vancomycin and Gentamicin on TCP and HA granules in the shape of a degradable scaffold compared to composite materials from TCP mixed with porcine collagen. Its antibacterial efficacy to a more elementary drug with eluting in aqueous solution was examined. The loading capacity of the biomaterials was measured and compared according to the Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC) and the Minimum Biofilm Eradication Concentration (MBEC) of a bacterial biofilm after 24 h aging. Antibiotic elution and concentration of gentamycin and vancomycin, as well as inhibition zones, were measured by using the Quantitative Microparticle Systems (QMS) immunoassays. The antibiotic concentration was determined by the automated Beckman Coulter (BC) chemistry device. For examination of the antibacterial activity, inhibition zone diameters were measured. Generally, the antibiotic release is more pronounced during the first couple of days than later. Both TCP granules and HA granules experienced a significantly decline of antibiotics release during the first three days. After the fourth day and beyond, the antibiotic release was below the detection threshold. The antibiotic release of the composite material TCP and porcine collagen declined less drastically and was still in the frame of the specification during the first nine days. There was no significant evidence of interaction effect between antibiotic and material, i.e., the fitted lines for Gentamycin and Vancomycin are almost parallel. During this first in vitro study, β-TCP-Collagen composites shows a significantly higher loading capacity and a steadily release of the antibiotics Gentamycin and Vancomycin, compared to the also used TCP and HA Granules. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bone Biomaterials)

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13 pages, 10624 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Balancing Purification and Ultrastructure of Naturally Derived Bone Blocks for Bone Regeneration: Report of the Purification Effort of Two Bone Blocks

by Mike Barbeck, Ole Jung, Xin Xiong, Rumen Krastev, Tadas Korzinskas, Stevo Najman, Milena Radenković, Nils Wegner, Marina Knyazeva and Frank Walther

Materials 2019, 12(19), 3234; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12193234 - 2 Oct 2019

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2863

Abstract

The present publication reports the purification effort of two natural bone blocks, that is, an allogeneic bone block (maxgraft^®, botiss biomaterials GmbH, Zossen, Germany) and a xenogeneic block (SMARTBONE^®, IBI S.A., Mezzovico-Vira, Switzerland) in addition to previously published results based on histology. Furthermore, specialized scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and in vitro analyses (XTT, BrdU, LDH) for testing of the cytocompatibility based on ISO 10993-5/-12 have been conducted. The microscopic analyses showed that both bone blocks possess a trabecular structure with a lamellar subarrangement. In the case of the xenogeneic bone block, only minor remnants of collagenous structures were found, while in contrast high amounts of collagen were found associated with the allogeneic bone matrix. Furthermore, only island-like remnants of the polymer coating in case of the xenogeneic bone substitute seemed to be detectable. Finally, no remaining cells or cellular remnants were found in both bone blocks. The in vitro analyses showed that both bone blocks are biocompatible. Altogether, the purification level of both bone blocks seems to be favorable for bone tissue regeneration without the risk for inflammatory responses or graft rejection. Moreover, the analysis of the maxgraft^® bone block showed that the underlying purification process allows for preserving not only the calcified bone matrix but also high amounts of the intertrabecular collagen matrix. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bone Biomaterials)

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15 pages, 4130 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Anisotropic Cryostructured Collagen Scaffolds for Efficient Delivery of RhBMP–2 and Enhanced Bone Regeneration

by Kai Stuckensen, José M. Lamo-Espinosa, Emma Muiños-López, Purificación Ripalda-Cemboráin, Tania López-Martínez, Elena Iglesias, Gloria Abizanda, Ion Andreu, María Flandes-Iparraguirre, Juan Pons-Villanueva, Reyes Elizalde, Joachim Nickel, Andrea Ewald, Uwe Gbureck, Felipe Prósper, Jürgen Groll and Froilán Granero-Moltó

Materials 2019, 12(19), 3105; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12193105 - 24 Sep 2019

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3181

Abstract

In the treatment of bone non-unions, an alternative to bone autografts is the use of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), e.g., BMP–2, BMP–7, with powerful osteoinductive and osteogenic properties. In clinical settings, these osteogenic factors are applied using absorbable collagen sponges for local controlled delivery. Major side effects of this strategy are derived from the supraphysiological doses of BMPs needed, which may induce ectopic bone formation, chronic inflammation, and excessive bone resorption. In order to increase the efficiency of the delivered BMPs, we designed cryostructured collagen scaffolds functionalized with hydroxyapatite, mimicking the structure of cortical bone (aligned porosity, anisotropic) or trabecular bone (random distributed porosity, isotropic). We hypothesize that an anisotropic structure would enhance the osteoconductive properties of the scaffolds by increasing the regenerative performance of the provided rhBMP–2. In vitro, both scaffolds presented similar mechanical properties, rhBMP–2 retention and delivery capacity, as well as scaffold degradation time. In vivo, anisotropic scaffolds demonstrated better bone regeneration capabilities in a rat femoral critical-size defect model by increasing the defect bridging. In conclusion, anisotropic cryostructured collagen scaffolds improve bone regeneration by increasing the efficiency of rhBMP–2 mediated bone healing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bone Biomaterials)

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9 pages, 2496 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Porous Open-Сell UHMWPE: Experimental Study of Structure and Mechanical Properties

by Alexei I. Salimon, Eugene S. Statnik, Michael Yu. Zadorozhnyy, Fedor S. Senatov, Dmitry D. Zherebtsov, Alexander A. Safonov and Alexander M. Korsunsky

Materials 2019, 12(13), 2195; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12132195 - 8 Jul 2019

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 5165

Abstract

Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) is a bioinert polymer that is widely used as bulk material in reconstructive surgery for structural replacements of bone and cartilage. Porous UHMWPE can be used for trabecular bone tissue replacement, and it can be used in living cell studies as bioinert 3D substrate permeable to physiological fluids. It is important to develop techniques to govern the morphology of open-cell porous UHMWPE structures (pore size, shape, and connectivity), since this allows control over proliferation and differentiation in living cell populations. We report experimental results on the mechanical behavior of porous open-cell UHMWPE obtained through sacrificial removal (desalination) of hot-molded UHMWPE-NaCl powder mixtures with pore sizes in the range 75 µm to 500 µm. The structures were characterized using SEM and mechanically tested under static compression and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), bending, and tensile tests. Apparent elastic modulus and complex modulus were in the range of 1.2 to 2.5 MPa showing a weak dependence on cell size. Densification under compression caused the apparent elastic modulus to increase to 130 MPa. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bone Biomaterials)

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