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Synthesis–Processing–Structure–Property Interrelationship of Multifunctional Polymeric Materials and Natural Polymers
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Synthesis–Processing–Structure–Property Interrelationship of Multifunctional Polymeric Materials and Natural Polymers

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Polymeric Materials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 25 July 2025 | Viewed by 7247

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Aleksander Hejna

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
Interests: polyurethane foams; polymer composites; reactive processing; filler modification; recycling
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Polymeric materials are widely used as their greatly comprehensive properties, such as light weight, low cost, easy processability, corrosion resistance, improved design options, etc. However, in order to employ polymers as the next generation of advanced materials, their physical properties must be significantly improved.

Meanwhile, with the increasing concern regarding the undesirable environmental and socioeconomic consequences of petrochemicals and limited fossil resources, biomass, bio-based polymers, and other renewable natural resources have increasingly become alternatives for the production of functional materials. Therefore, it is also necessary to focus on low-carbon chemistry, such as the utilization of biomass and transformation of renewable biomass-derived platform chemicals into functional polymeric materials.

In this regard, this Special Issue aims to create an interdisciplinary forum of discussion on applications and advancements in the area of the development of polymeric materials and natural polymers. We are delighted to invite you to contribute to this Special Issue your work in the form of full research articles, communications, or reviews.

Dr. Aleksander Hejna
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • mechanical, thermal, dielectric, tribological, electronic properties
  • advanced multiscale processing methods
  • polymer synthesis and reactions
  • polymers for advanced application
  • polymer composites and nanocomposites
  • enhanced durability of polymers
  • biomass-derived materials
  • biodegradable polymers
  • eco-polymer composites
  • natural polymers and derivatives
  • nanotechnology for polymers
  • green solvent/process/synthesis of polymers
  • biomedical polymers
  • polymers for CO2 capture
  • polymers for capturing pollution

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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25 pages, 18977 KiB  
Article
Development of a Color-Changing Face Mask for Fever Detection Applications
by Nareerut Jariyapunya, Sunee Hathaiwaseewong, Nanjaporn Roungpaisan and Mohanapriya Venkataraman
Materials 2025, 18(9), 2042; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18092042 (registering DOI) - 29 Apr 2025
Abstract
This study focused on developing a color-changing fabric face mask for fever detection. Reversible Thermochromic Leuco dye (RTL) was applied as an indicator to alert wearers of elevated body temperatures, with the color change occurring at 37.5 °C. Five fabric types Polyethylene (PE), [...] Read more.
This study focused on developing a color-changing fabric face mask for fever detection. Reversible Thermochromic Leuco dye (RTL) was applied as an indicator to alert wearers of elevated body temperatures, with the color change occurring at 37.5 °C. Five fabric types Polyethylene (PE), cotton (CO), a cotton–polyester blend (TC), polyester (PL), and Polyamide (PA) were coated with blue RTL to evaluate their color change responsiveness. The results showed that fabrics with higher thermal conductivity (λ), thermal absorptivity (b), and heat flow (q) exhibited faster color transitions. RTL-coated PE fabric demonstrated the best performance, with a thermal absorptivity of 312.8 Ws0.5m−2K−1 and a heat flow of 2.11 Wm−2, leading to a rapid color-change time of approximately 4.20 s. Although PE fabric had a lower thermal conductivity (57.6 × 10−3 Wm−1K−1) compared to PA fabric 84.56 (10−3 Wm−1K−1), the highest thickness 0.65 mm of PA fabric slowed its color-change reaction to 11.8 s. When selecting fabrics for optimal heat transfer, relying solely on fiber type or thermal conductivity (λ) is insufficient. The fabric’s structural properties, particularly thickness, significantly impact thermal resistance (γ). Experimental results suggest that thermal absorptivity and heat flow are more effective criteria for fabric selection, as they directly correlate with color-change performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis–Processing–Structure–Property Interrelationship of Multifunctional Polymeric Materials and Natural Polymers)
15 pages, 11371 KiB  
Article
Thermal and Optical Characterization of Polycarbonate Reflectors Doped with Titanium Dioxide Using Thermography
by Isabella Luísa Vieira Aquino Cassimiro, Juan Ignacio Tomsich, Matheus Pereira Porto, Rosemary do Bom Conselho Sales, Izabella Helena Werneck Soares Rezende, Nathan Funchal de Rezende and Maria Teresa Paulino Aguilar
Materials 2025, 18(7), 1628; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18071628 - 2 Apr 2025
Viewed by 351
Abstract
Automotive reflectors used in headlamps and rear lamps are typically made of polycarbonate. However, this polymer has low light reflectivity. To enhance its reflective properties, it undergoes a metallization process, which significantly increases production costs. Therefore, it is of interest to develop polymers [...] Read more.
Automotive reflectors used in headlamps and rear lamps are typically made of polycarbonate. However, this polymer has low light reflectivity. To enhance its reflective properties, it undergoes a metallization process, which significantly increases production costs. Therefore, it is of interest to develop polymers that do not require metallization for the manufacturing of automotive reflectors. In this regard, the use of polycarbonate reinforced with titanium dioxide nanoparticles may be an alternative. Studies indicate that incorporating these nanoparticles can improve the degradation temperature and mechanical properties of the composites. In the case of automotive reflectors, in addition to degradation due to temperature, it is crucial to assess the thermal diffusivity and reflectivity of these composites, thus ensuring the lighting performance of the component. Studies on such characteristics in polycarbonates with titanium dioxide nanoparticles are mostly limited to investigations of hardness and optical properties using Raman and UV–Vis spectroscopy tests. This article investigates the thermal and lighting performance of polycarbonate (PC) samples with 10 wt% titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles and automotive reflectors with the same chemical composition. The thermal stability of PC and PC-10%TiO2 was analyzed by thermogravimetry (TGA), whereas the reflectors were evaluated using active infrared thermography. Spectral thermographic analysis in the mid- and long-wave infrared range provided thermal diffusivity data for the polycarbonates and offered important insights into their optical behavior under operational conditions (up to 70 °C). Furthermore, illumination tests were conducted on PC-10%TiO2, using metalized polymeric reflectors commonly employed in the automotive industry as a reference. The TGA results showed that incorporating 10 wt% TiO2 into PC increased the degradation temperature from 167 °C to 495 °C. The long-wave infrared emissivity of PC-10%TiO2 (averaging 0.96) was 3% lower than that of polycarbonate. PC-10%TiO2 exhibited a thermal diffusivity of 0.20 mm2/s, which was 28.6% lower than that of PC, indicating greater thermal inertia due to the presence of nanoparticles. The lighting performance of the PC-10%TiO2 reflector was on average 4% lower than that of a commercially available metallized polycarbonate reflector. However, for automotive reflectors, this value meets the sector’s regulatory criteria. These findings suggest that PC-10%TiO2 has potential for use in the production of internal vehicle lighting reflectors, without significantly compromising light reflectivity, while offering the advantages of thermal stability and reduced heating around the reflector. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis–Processing–Structure–Property Interrelationship of Multifunctional Polymeric Materials and Natural Polymers)
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26 pages, 7857 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of High-Temperature Sterilization Processes: Their Influence on the Mechanical Integrity of Additively Manufactured Polymeric Biomaterials
by Barbara Zbyrad, Małgorzata Zaborniak, Łukasz Kochmański, Katarzyna Jasik, Janusz Kluczyński, Grzegorz Budzik and Paweł Turek
Materials 2025, 18(6), 1356; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18061356 - 19 Mar 2025
Viewed by 283
Abstract
The continuous advancement of medical technologies and the increasing demand for high-performance medical devices have driven the search for innovative solutions in biomaterials engineering. However, ensuring the sterility of polymeric biomaterials while maintaining their mechanical integrity remains a significant challenge. This research examines [...] Read more.
The continuous advancement of medical technologies and the increasing demand for high-performance medical devices have driven the search for innovative solutions in biomaterials engineering. However, ensuring the sterility of polymeric biomaterials while maintaining their mechanical integrity remains a significant challenge. This research examines how steam sterilization impacts the mechanical properties of four polymeric biomaterials frequently utilized in medical applications: MED610, PEEK, PET-G HT100, and RGD720. Samples were produced using additive manufacturing (AM), specifically Material Jetting (MJT) and Material Extrusion (MEX) processes, and exposed to steam sterilization at 121 °C and 134 °C. A comprehensive verification process was conducted to ensure the effectiveness of sterilization, including pre-sterilization cleaning, disinfection procedures, and the use of process indicators such as the Bowie–Dick test. Mechanical evaluation included bending tests and Rockwell hardness measurements to assess changes in structural integrity and mechanical strength after sterilization. The results revealed that, while some materials exhibited significant alterations in mechanical properties, others demonstrated high resistance to thermal and humidity exposure during sterilization. These findings provide critical insights into the selection and optimization of polymeric biomaterials for sterilizable medical applications, ensuring their durability and safety in clinical use. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis–Processing–Structure–Property Interrelationship of Multifunctional Polymeric Materials and Natural Polymers)
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20 pages, 8649 KiB  
Article
Modeling Key Characteristics of Rigid Polyisocyanurate Foams to Improve Sandwich Panel Production Process
by Mikelis Kirpluks, Beatrise Sture-Skela, Uldis Bariss, Iveta Audzevica, Uldis Pasters, Nikolajs Kurma and Laima Vēvere
Materials 2025, 18(4), 881; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18040881 - 17 Feb 2025
Viewed by 784
Abstract
This study explores the optimization of rigid polyisocyanurate (PIR) foam formulations, focusing on foaming kinetics that significantly influence the foam’s microstructure and thermal insulation properties. By systematically altering components such as isocyanate, polyols, catalysts, blowing agents, and additives, this research investigates their effects [...] Read more.
This study explores the optimization of rigid polyisocyanurate (PIR) foam formulations, focusing on foaming kinetics that significantly influence the foam’s microstructure and thermal insulation properties. By systematically altering components such as isocyanate, polyols, catalysts, blowing agents, and additives, this research investigates their effects on key characteristics including cell density, mechanical strength, and thermal conductivity. A statistical approach known as response surface modeling (RSM) was employed to identify relationships between formulation variables and performance metrics. The optimization aimed to enhance thermal insulation while ensuring feasibility for industrial-scale production, particularly for sandwich-type PIR panels. Two distinct formulations, with isocyanate indices of 335 and 400, were developed to assess the impact of various parameters on properties like foaming start time, gel time, and density. The results indicated that the choice of blowing agents and catalysts played a pivotal role in controlling foaming kinetics and final mechanical properties. The optimized formulations exhibited competitive thermal conductivity values (around 23.7 mW/(m·K)) and adequate compression strength (0.32 MPa), aligning closely with commercially available materials. These findings affirm the potential for enhancing production efficiency and performance consistency in the manufacturing of rigid PIR foams for insulation applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis–Processing–Structure–Property Interrelationship of Multifunctional Polymeric Materials and Natural Polymers)
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Review

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47 pages, 12688 KiB  
Review
Poly(lactide)-Based Materials Modified with Biomolecules: A Review
by Małgorzata Świerczyńska, Marcin H. Kudzin and Jerzy J. Chruściel
Materials 2024, 17(21), 5184; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17215184 - 24 Oct 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 5766
Abstract
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is characterized by unique features, e.g., it is environmentally friendly, biocompatible, has good thermomechanical properties, and is readily available and biodegradable. Due to the increasing pollution of the environment, PLA is a promising alternative that can potentially replace petroleum-derived polymers. [...] Read more.
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is characterized by unique features, e.g., it is environmentally friendly, biocompatible, has good thermomechanical properties, and is readily available and biodegradable. Due to the increasing pollution of the environment, PLA is a promising alternative that can potentially replace petroleum-derived polymers. Different biodegradable polymers have numerous biomedical applications and are used as packaging materials. Because the pure form of PLA is delicate, brittle, and is characterized by a slow degradation rate and a low thermal resistance and crystallization rate, these disadvantages limit the range of applications of this polymer. However, the properties of PLA can be improved by chemical or physical modification, e.g., with biomolecules. The subject of this review is the modification of PLA properties with three classes of biomolecules: polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids. A quite extensive description of the most promising strategies leading to improvement of the bioactivity of PLA, through modification with these biomolecules, is presented in this review. Thus, this article deals mainly with a presentation of the major developments and research results concerning PLA-based materials modified with different biomolecules (described in the world literature during the last decades), with a focus on such methods as blending, copolymerization, or composites fabrication. The biomedical and unique biological applications of PLA-based materials, especially modified with polysaccharides and proteins, are reviewed, taking into account the growing interest and great practical potential of these new biodegradable biomaterials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis–Processing–Structure–Property Interrelationship of Multifunctional Polymeric Materials and Natural Polymers)
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