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Particular Strategies to Combat the Harmful Impacts of Salinization in...
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Particular Strategies to Combat the Harmful Impacts of Salinization in Plants: Sodification and Alkalinity

A special issue of Life (ISSN 2075-1729). This special issue belongs to the section "Plant Science".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2023) | Viewed by 16584

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Mohamed F.M Ibrahim

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt.
Interests: abiotic stress; salinization; photosynthesis; phytohormones; molecular biology, plant stress physiology; signaling molecules; beneficial elements; plant anatomy and cell ultrastructure
Prof. Dr. Ahmed Abou El-Yazied

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
Interests: horticultural sciences; vegetable production under stress conditions; postharvest physiology, sustainable soil and water management; plant nutrition
Prof. Dr. Balazs Barna

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
Interests: biochemical and molecular mechanisms of plant disease resistance; plant stress; role of reactive oxygens and antioxidants; plant hormones; induced and acquired resistance

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Salinization (sodification and alkalinity) has gained global concern, especially with the steady increase of the world’s population. Recently, the salt affected soils are estimated to be about 1257 million hectares worldwide (FAO, Statistics). These lands are expected to be increased by frequent climatic changes, i.e., solar radiation, precipitation, wind speed, and directions. Furthermore, many human activities play a serious role in this problem. Accumulation of sodic neutral salts (NaCl and Na2SO4) in the soil can significantly restrict water and nutrients passage to the root zone; disrupt seedling emergence; and delaying plant development. Moreover, these salts can seriously affect a broad spectrum of physiological and molecular aspects including photosynthesis, plant water relation, respiratory metabolism, phytohormones homeostasis, organic acids metabolism, expression of salt stress responsive genes, and increasing of oxidative stress. Alkaline salts (NaHCO3 and Na2CO3) can cause more damages and severe serious effects on plants than those occur by neutral salts due to the presence of high pH beside the toxic effect of Na. Alkali stress can intensely increase the oxidative damage by generation huge amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) leading to destroy the nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. There is still an urgent need to understand how plants of different species can evolve various defense mechanisms against salinity stress.

In this Special Issue, all researchers of different backgrounds (Botany, horticulture, agronomy, biochemistry, genetics, microbiology, etc.) are invited to publish their experimental results (basic and applied research) that elucidate new lines of investigation and novel applications to enhance plant tolerance under saline and alkaline conditions.

Prof. Dr. Mohamed F.M Ibrahim
Prof. Dr. Ahmed Abou El-Yazied
Prof. Dr. Balazs Barna
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • irrigation with saline water
  • sodik alkaline stress
  • oxidative stress
  • beneficial elements
  • antioxidative systems
  • glyoxalase system
  • photosynthesis
  • ion homeostasis
  • plant water relations
  • mycorrhizal associations
  • grafting

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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17 pages, 2696 KiB  
Article
Application of Potassium Humate and Salicylic Acid to Mitigate Salinity Stress of Common Bean
by Hossam S. El-Beltagi, Hala Hazam Al-Otaibi, Aditya Parmar, Khaled M. A. Ramadan, Allan Klynger da Silva Lobato and Mohamed M. El-Mogy
Life 2023, 13(2), 448; https://doi.org/10.3390/life13020448 - 5 Feb 2023
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 2688
Abstract
In the current study, we investigated the effect of potassium humate (Kh) and salicylic acid (SA) in mitigating the salinity stress of common bean plants. Common bean seedlings were treated with 0.2 g/L SA as a foliar application and 0.3 g/L Kh as [...] Read more.
In the current study, we investigated the effect of potassium humate (Kh) and salicylic acid (SA) in mitigating the salinity stress of common bean plants. Common bean seedlings were treated with 0.2 g/L SA as a foliar application and 0.3 g/L Kh as a soil application individually or in combination. After 7 days of germination, plants were treated with 50 mM NaCl and normal water as a control. Our results indicate that salt treatment reduced the plant growth (fresh and dry shoots and roots), leaf pigments (total chlorophyll and carotenoids), ascorbic acid (AA), glutathione (GSH), and potassium (K) contents. On the contrary, proline content; sodium (Na); hydrogen peroxide (H2O2); superoxide anion (O2•−); and antioxidant enzymes, including catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), were increased by saline stress. However, applying either individual Kh and SA or their combination stimulated seedling growth under salinity stress by increasing growth parameters, leaf pigment contents, AA, GSH, proline content, K content, and antioxidant enzymes compared with the control. Additionally, Na content, H2O2, and O2•− were reduced by all applications. The application of the Kh (0.3 g/L) + SA (0.2 g/L) combination was more effective than using the individual compounds. In conclusion, applications of Kh + SA can mitigate salt stress and improve the seedling growth of common bean. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Particular Strategies to Combat the Harmful Impacts of Salinization in Plants: Sodification and Alkalinity)
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14 pages, 3029 KiB  
Article
Exogenous γ-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Application Mitigates Salinity Stress in Maize Plants
by Bandar S. Aljuaid and Hatem Ashour
Life 2022, 12(11), 1860; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12111860 - 12 Nov 2022
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2116
Abstract
The effect of γ-Aminobutyrate (GABA) on maize seedlings under saline stress conditions has not been well tested in previous literature. Maize seedlings were subjected to two saline water concentrations (50 and 100 mM NaCl), with distilled water as the control. Maize seedlings under [...] Read more.
The effect of γ-Aminobutyrate (GABA) on maize seedlings under saline stress conditions has not been well tested in previous literature. Maize seedlings were subjected to two saline water concentrations (50 and 100 mM NaCl), with distilled water as the control. Maize seedlings under saline and control conditions were sprayed with GABA at two concentrations (0.5 and 1 mM). Our results indicated that GABA application (1 mM) significantly enhanced plant growth parameters (fresh shoots and fresh roots by 80.43% and 47.13%, respectively) and leaf pigments (chlorophyll a, b, and total chlorophyll by 22.88%, 56.80%, and 36.21%, respectively) compared to untreated seedlings under the highest saline level. Additionally, under 100 mM NaCl, methylglyoxal (MG), malondialdehyde (MDA), and hydrogen peroxidase (H2O2) were reduced by 1 mM GABA application by 43.66%, 33.40%, and 35.98%, respectively. Moreover, maize seedlings that were treated with 1 mM GABA contained a lower Na content (22.04%) and a higher K content (60.06%), compared to the control under 100 mM NaCl. Peroxidase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase activities were improved (24.62%, 15.98%, 62.13%, and 70.07%, respectively) by the highest GABA rate, under the highest stress level. Seedlings treated with GABA under saline conditions showed higher levels of expression of the potassium transporter protein (ZmHKT1) gene, and lower expression of the ZmSOS1 and ZmNHX1 genes, compared to untreated seedlings. In conclusion, GABA application as a foliar treatment could be a promising strategy to mitigate salinity stress in maize plants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Particular Strategies to Combat the Harmful Impacts of Salinization in Plants: Sodification and Alkalinity)
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15 pages, 2554 KiB  
Article
Improving the Tolerance to Salinity Stress in Lettuce Plants (Lactuca sativa L.) Using Exogenous Application of Salicylic Acid, Yeast, and Zeolite
by Mahfoud Babaousmail, Mohammed S. Nili, Rania Brik, Mohammed Saadouni, Sawsan K. M. Yousif, Rihab M. Omer, Nahid A. Osman, Abdulaziz A. Alsahli, Hatem Ashour and Ahmed M. El-Taher
Life 2022, 12(10), 1538; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12101538 - 3 Oct 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2617
Abstract
Salinity is among the most limiting factors of crop production worldwide. This study aims to investigate the influence of the exogenous application of zeolite, yeast, and salicylic acid in alleviating the negative effect of salt stress under field conditions. Lettuce plants (Lactuca [...] Read more.
Salinity is among the most limiting factors of crop production worldwide. This study aims to investigate the influence of the exogenous application of zeolite, yeast, and salicylic acid in alleviating the negative effect of salt stress under field conditions. Lettuce plants (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Batavia) were tested in a split-plot arrangement replicated three times. The salt stress was applied as a whole-plot factor in the concentrations (0 mM, 50 mM, 100 mM, and 150 mM NaCl). After 28 days of sowing, the plants were sprayed twice during the foliage growth with (control, salicylic acid 0.02%, yeast extract 3%, and zeolite 0.5%) as a split-plot factor. The length of roots and shoots, the number and area of leaves, and the biomass accumulation (dry and fresh weights) were measured 50 days after sowing. The concentrations of total soluble sugars, proline, Chlorophylls a and b in leaves have also been quantified. Salt stress significantly reduced the growth and the total chlorophyll of the lettuce plants (p < 0.05) and increased their proline and sugar contents’. Zeolite application improved the growth of lettuce at 0 and 50 mM NaCl, but at the highest salinity level only the number of leaves was improved by 15%. At a mild salinity stress, the application of salicylic acid has significantly (p < 0.05) increased the root length, height of plant, chlorophyll, and proline contents. Regarding the high stress levels (100 and 150 mM NaCl), yeast application showed the best tolerance to salinity stress by improving significantly most of the growth parameters (p < 0.05) but with lower proline, sugar, and chlorophyll contents. In general, foliar spray of yeast extract may offer a good alternative source of nutrients through leaves, leading to a better tolerance of the high salt stress exerted on roots. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Particular Strategies to Combat the Harmful Impacts of Salinization in Plants: Sodification and Alkalinity)
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21 pages, 3157 KiB  
Article
Integrative Application of Foliar Yeast Extract and Gibberellic Acid Improves Morpho-Physiological Responses and Nutrient Uptake of Solidago virgaurea Plant in Alkaline Soil
by Samah M. Youssef, Ebtsam M. M. Abdella, Omar A. Al-Elwany, Khalid S. Alshallash, Khadiga Alharbi, Mariam T. S. Ibrahim, Moataz M. Tawfik, Abdelghafar M. Abu-Elsaoud and Amr Elkelish
Life 2022, 12(9), 1405; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12091405 - 9 Sep 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2529
Abstract
Alkaline soils have fertility issues due to poor physical qualities, which have a negative impact on crop growth and output. Solidago is used in flower arrangements, bouquet filler, and traditional medicine. The possible biological fertilizers’ eco-friendly and cost-effective nature favours farmers because of [...] Read more.
Alkaline soils have fertility issues due to poor physical qualities, which have a negative impact on crop growth and output. Solidago is used in flower arrangements, bouquet filler, and traditional medicine. The possible biological fertilizers’ eco-friendly and cost-effective nature favours farmers because of the vital role in soil productivity and environmental sustainability. A field experiment was performed during two successive seasons to explore the effect of applying yeast extract (YE) at (0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 g/L) and/or gibberellic acid (GA3) at (control, 100, 200, and 300 ppm) on the morpho-physiological parameters, macronutrients, and biochemical constituents of Solidago virgaurea. The results emphasize that YE (1.5 g/L) and/or GA3 (300 ppm) treatments show the highest significant increase in plant growth (i.e., plant height, no. of branches, fresh and dry weight of shoots); photosynthetic efficiency (i.e., chlorophyll (a), chlorophyll (b) and total carotenoids); macronutrient content (i.e., N, P, and K); and biochemical constituents (i.e., total soluble sugars, total phenolic, total flavonoids, and total glycosides). The study results recommend using YE and GA3 in combination at concentrations of 1.5 g/L and 300 ppm, respectively, to improve Solidago production sustainability under alkaline soil conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Particular Strategies to Combat the Harmful Impacts of Salinization in Plants: Sodification and Alkalinity)
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16 pages, 2908 KiB  
Article
Folic Acid Reinforces Maize Tolerance to Sodic-Alkaline Stress through Modulation of Growth, Biochemical and Molecular Mechanisms
by Bandar S. Aljuaid, Soumya Mukherjee, Amany N. Sayed, Yasser Abd El-Gawad El-Gabry, Mohamed M. A. Omar, Samy F. Mahmoud, Moodi Saham Alsubeie, Doaa Bahaa Eldin Darwish, Salem Mesfir Al-Qahtani, Nadi Awad Al-Harbi, Fahad Mohammed Alzuaibr, Mohammed A. Basahi and Maha M. A. Hamada
Life 2022, 12(9), 1327; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12091327 - 27 Aug 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1907
Abstract
The mechanism by which folic acid (FA) or its derivatives (folates) mediates plant tolerance to sodic-alkaline stress has not been clarified in previous literature. To apply sodic-alkaline stress, maize seedlings were irrigated with 50 mM of a combined solution (1:1) of sodic-alkaline salts [...] Read more.
The mechanism by which folic acid (FA) or its derivatives (folates) mediates plant tolerance to sodic-alkaline stress has not been clarified in previous literature. To apply sodic-alkaline stress, maize seedlings were irrigated with 50 mM of a combined solution (1:1) of sodic-alkaline salts (NaHCO3 and Na2CO3; pH 9.7). Maize seedlings under stressed and non-stressed conditions were sprayed with folic acid (FA) at 0 (distilled water as control), 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 mM. Under sodic-alkaline stress, FA applied at 0.2 mM significantly improved shoot fresh weight (95%), chlorophyll (Chl a (41%), Chl b (57%), and total Chl (42%)), and carotenoids (27%) compared to the untreated plants, while root fresh weight was not affected compared to the untreated plants. This improvement was associated with a significant enhancement in the cell-membrane stability index (CMSI), relative water content (RWC), free amino acids (FAA), proline, soluble sugars, K, and Ca. In contrast, Na, Na/K ratio, H2O2, malondialdehyde (MDA), and methylglycoxal (MG) were significantly decreased. Moreover, seedlings treated with FA demonstrated significantly higher activities of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POX), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) compared to the untreated plants. The molecular studies using RT-qPCR demonstrated that FA treatments, specifically at 0.2 mM, enhanced the K+/Na+ selectivity and the performance of photosynthesis under alkaline-stress conditions. These responses were observed through up-regulation of the expression of the high-affinity potassium-transporter protein (ZmHKT1), the major core protein of photosystem II (D2-Protein), and the activity of the first enzyme of carbon fixation cycle in C4 plants (PEP-case) by 74, 248, and 225% over the untreated plants, respectively. Conversely, there was a significant down-regulation in the expression ZmSOS1 and ZmNHX1 by 48.2 and 27.8%, respectively, compared to the untreated plants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Particular Strategies to Combat the Harmful Impacts of Salinization in Plants: Sodification and Alkalinity)
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13 pages, 1396 KiB  
Review
Manipulation of Senescence of Plants to Improve Biotic Stress Resistance
by Balázs Barna
Life 2022, 12(10), 1496; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12101496 - 26 Sep 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3849
Abstract
The physiological state, i.e., senescence or juvenility, of plants and plant organs can have strong effect on their reactions to pathogen attacks. This effect is mainly expressed as changes in the severity of disease symptoms. Generally, necrotrophic pathogens cause more severe symptoms on [...] Read more.
The physiological state, i.e., senescence or juvenility, of plants and plant organs can have strong effect on their reactions to pathogen attacks. This effect is mainly expressed as changes in the severity of disease symptoms. Generally, necrotrophic pathogens cause more severe symptoms on senescent than on juvenile plants, while biotrophs prefer juvenile tissues. Several factors of senescence have opposite effect on the two pathogen groups, such as decreased photosynthesis, decreased antioxidant capacity, remobilization of nutrients, changes in plant hormonal network, and in fluidity of cell membranes. Furthermore, senescent tissues are less tolerant to toxins and to cell-wall-degrading enzymes. On the other hand, pathogen infection itself has significant effect on the physiology of plants depending on the lifestyle of the pathogen and on the compatibility or incompatibility of the interaction with the plant. There are several possibilities to manipulate the physiological state of plants in order to improve their biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, such as removal of the terminal bud or high doses of nitrogen, external application of cytokinins or of inhibitors of ethylene action, as well as by spontaneous or directed mutation, in vitro selection, or manipulation by various transgenic approach. Even application of mycorrhiza can inhibit the senescence process of plants and improve their tolerance to stresses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Particular Strategies to Combat the Harmful Impacts of Salinization in Plants: Sodification and Alkalinity)
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