Land

21 pages, 2708 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Does Construction of High-Standard Farmland Improve Total Factor Productivity of Grain? Evidence from China, 2000–2021

by Mande Zhu, Dongdong Ge, Menghan Wang, Saffa Mohamed Massaquoi and Zhixin Wu

Land 2025, 14(5), 1078; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14051078 - 15 May 2025

This study investigates the impact of China’s construction of high-standard farmland (CHSF) initiatives on grain productivity, focusing on total factor productivity growth of grain (TFPG) from 2000 to 2021. Using a continuous Difference-in-Differences (DID) approach based on balanced panel data from 31 Chinese [...] Read more.

This study investigates the impact of China’s construction of high-standard farmland (CHSF) initiatives on grain productivity, focusing on total factor productivity growth of grain (TFPG) from 2000 to 2021. Using a continuous Difference-in-Differences (DID) approach based on balanced panel data from 31 Chinese provinces, this paper identifies significant productivity improvements, with TFPG increasing by an average of 7% post-implementation of CHSF. However, the effects are not uniform across regions—productivity gains are more pronounced in non-major grain-producing and plain areas, emphasizing the role of region-specific infrastructure and adaptive strategies. These findings provide empirical evidence on how large-scale farmland improvement enhances productivity through mechanization and better land use. However, the reliance on provincial-level data may result in localized variations in CHSF implementation being overlooked, suggesting the need for further micro-level analysis. Overall, this study highlights the importance of tailored agricultural policies to enhance their effectiveness and promote agricultural sustainability in China and other developing economies. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

45 pages, 16584 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing Fine-Scale Urban Green and Blue Infrastructure Change in Manchester, UK: A Spatiotemporal Analysis Framework to Support Environmental Land Use Management

by Fraser Baker, Graham Smith, Stuart Marsden and Gina Cavan

Land 2025, 14(5), 1077; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14051077 - 15 May 2025

Abstract

Understanding changes in urban green and blue infrastructure (UGBI) associated with land use management can inform planners on trends in environmental change that may impact urban resilience. While UGBI change resulting from land use conversion has received significant research interest, UGBI change within [...] Read more.

Understanding changes in urban green and blue infrastructure (UGBI) associated with land use management can inform planners on trends in environmental change that may impact urban resilience. While UGBI change resulting from land use conversion has received significant research interest, UGBI change within otherwise consistent land uses has received scant attention. This study developed a high-resolution spatiotemporal analysis framework to map fine-scale UGBI change across all land use classes in Manchester, UK, over a period (2000–2017) of significant population growth. The study found that UGBI declined in 17 out of 29 land use classes, with an overall city-wide UGBI loss of 11.9%, compared to UGBI gains for 6.4% of the city. Declines were most concerning in residential areas, which cover 33.6% of Manchester, as UGBI in these areas is important for delivering ecosystem services to citizens. Extrapolation of change rates indicate that two-thirds of future UGBI loss could occur in residential areas. These results provide insights into socio-economic processes which are likely to have similar implications for UGBI trends in other urban areas. Such knowledge is critical to inform land use planning and management to identify where UGBI is at risk and implement appropriate policies to reverse or minimise losses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Urban Greenspace Planning, Design and Management)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 5790 KiB

Open AccessArticle

How to Seek a Site for Forest Health Care Development—A Case Study in Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park, China

by Ziqi Zheng, Jieling Chu, Guang Fu, Hui Fu, Tao Xu and Shuling Li

Land 2025, 14(5), 1076; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14051076 - 15 May 2025

Abstract

Identifying the most suitable areas for developing forest health care in Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park (HTRNP) is of great significance to its ecological protection and development. This study selected 107 health care points in HTRNP as research objects to monitor environmental factors, [...] Read more.

Identifying the most suitable areas for developing forest health care in Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park (HTRNP) is of great significance to its ecological protection and development. This study selected 107 health care points in HTRNP as research objects to monitor environmental factors, a forest health care evaluation system was constructed based on those environmental factors, and the health care resource points were rated. Kernel density analysis and buffer zone analysis were used to analyze other factors such as roads, villages, and water inside and outside of the national park. Multi-factor superposition analysis of the first-level health care points with other impact factors was performed to obtain a map of the distribution of health care potential in different sub-areas of HTRNP. A total of 67 first-level health care points were selected through the forest health care evaluation system. Through superposition analysis, it was found that, among the seven sub-areas of HTRNP, there are 42 first-level health care points within the 5 km buffer zone for roads and waterways, including 11 in Diaoluo Mountain, 10 in Limu Mountain, 6 in Yingge Ridge, 5 in Jianfeng Ridge, 4 in Bawang Ridge, 4 in Maorui, and 2 in Wuzhi Mountain. There are nine first-level health care points located in the area with a village kernel density greater than 3000, including three in Diaoluo Mountain, two in Limu Mountain, two in Yingge Ridge, and two in Maorui. At the same time, to meet the above two conditions of the first level of health care points, there are six, including three in Diaoluo Mountain, two in Maorui, and one in Yingge Ridge. Through the results analysis, Diaoluo Mountain is considered to be the area with the greatest potential for developing forest health care in HTRNP. In addition, the comprehensive performance of Limu Mountain is second only to Diaoluo Mountain, and Limu Mountain, Maorui, and Yingge Ridge are listed as areas with great potential for developing forest health care. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 7061 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Does a Time-Lagged Effect Exist Between Landscape Pattern Changes and Giant Panda Density?

by Qingxia Zhao, Qifeng Zhu, Jiqin Huang, Yueduo Cui, Yutai Liu, Dong Chen and Xuelin Jin

Land 2025, 14(5), 1075; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14051075 - 15 May 2025

Abstract

Land use and land cover change (LULCC) can influence giant panda distributions by altering landscape structure and configuration. However, the spatial impacts and potential time lag effects of landscape pattern changes on giant pandas remain underexplored. In this study, we applied a random [...] Read more.

Land use and land cover change (LULCC) can influence giant panda distributions by altering landscape structure and configuration. However, the spatial impacts and potential time lag effects of landscape pattern changes on giant pandas remain underexplored. In this study, we applied a random forest classification method to analyze LULCC in 1990, 2000, and 2010, alongside calculating a set of landscape metrics to assess changes in landscape fragmentation, connectivity, and diversity. Random forest regression models were then used to evaluate the spatial relationships between landscape metrics and giant panda density, with the aim of identifying whether a time lag effect exists. The results revealed the following: (1) The random forest classification achieved high land use classification accuracy. Forests remained the dominant land cover, occupying approximately 97% of the study area throughout the period, with only minor fluctuations observed among other land use types. (2) Landscape metrics indicated increasing landscape fragmentation, connectivity, and diversity. While increased landscape fragmentation can negatively impact giant panda habitat, improvements in landscape connectivity and diversity could mitigate these effects by preserving movement corridors and enhancing habitat accessibility. (3) The strongest correlations between giant panda density and landscape metrics were observed when the time points aligned. Landscape metrics from 2010 showed the highest correlation with the 4th NGPS (around 2010), and landscape metrics from 2000 had the highest correlation with the 3rd NGPS (around 2000). The results revealed that giant panda density responded most strongly to contemporary landscape pattern changes, suggesting an immediate response. However, correlations with earlier landscape metrics also suggest that a relatively weak time lag effect may be present. All landscape metrics were derived from remote sensing data, enabling scalable and repeatable GIS-based analysis. These findings highlight the utility of spatial landscape indicators for monitoring species distribution patterns and underscore the importance of maintaining and enhancing habitat connectivity within giant panda conservation efforts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Landscape Fragmentation: Effects on Biodiversity and Wildlife)

30 pages, 6354 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Policy-Driven Scenarios for Sustainable Peri-Urban Land Use: Production–Living–Ecological Space in Yubei District, Chongqing

by Yilong Li, Yu-Ting Tang and Christopher D. Ives

Land 2025, 14(5), 1074; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14051074 - 15 May 2025

Abstract

Sustainable land-use planning in peri-urban areas relies on informed decision-making guided by the examination of various development strategies. This study demonstrates a policy-based multi-scenario simulation which can serve as an aid to decision-making. Using the transformation of production–living–ecological (PLE) spaces in the Yubei [...] Read more.

Sustainable land-use planning in peri-urban areas relies on informed decision-making guided by the examination of various development strategies. This study demonstrates a policy-based multi-scenario simulation which can serve as an aid to decision-making. Using the transformation of production–living–ecological (PLE) spaces in the Yubei District, a peri-urban district in Chongqing (2005 to 2020), as the baseline, the projections, simulated for 2035 under four scenarios, highlight the impacts of varying land-use policies: the reference scenario (RS), allowing unrestricted transformations, risks agricultural productivity and ecological integrity; the economic development scenario (S1) reveals the ecological costs associated with an economics-driven urban expansion; in contrast, the green development (S2) and agricultural land protection (S3) scenarios prioritize balanced growth and agricultural-land preservation so that ecological resilience and food security can be effectively maintained. Overall, significant land-use changes may occur, characterized by a substantial increase in living space, a decrease in production space, and stable ecological areas. This scenario-based analysis provides a comprehensive overview as to potential policy-driven planning outcomes. This aids in the identification of policy options that would best harmonize ecological, economic, and social objectives, offering essential insights for sustainable urbanization and land management in developing areas such as the Yubei District. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 2805 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Current Status of Acid Soils Under Different Landform Types in an Expanding Equatorial Agricultural Region

by Juan David Mahecha-Pulido, Juan Manuel Trujillo-González, Marco Aurelio Torres-Mora, Francisco J. García-Navarro and Raimundo Jiménez-Ballesta

Land 2025, 14(5), 1073; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14051073 - 15 May 2025

Abstract

This study assesses the current status of selected soil properties of an expanding equatorial agricultural region (Arauca, Colombia) across six landscapes, with the final focus being on evaluating overall soil quality. Field surveys, morphological descriptions, and laboratory analyses of 133 soil profiles were [...] Read more.

This study assesses the current status of selected soil properties of an expanding equatorial agricultural region (Arauca, Colombia) across six landscapes, with the final focus being on evaluating overall soil quality. Field surveys, morphological descriptions, and laboratory analyses of 133 soil profiles were investigated. The landscapes include mountains (25 profiles), foothills (17), hills (11), alluvial plains (43), alluvial plains with dunes (21), and alluvial valleys (16). Soils are classified into six Reference Soil Groups (WRB FAO): Gleysols, Acrisols, Arenosols, Ferralsols, Leptosols, and Cambisols. The findings indicate high acidity, low fertility, and deficient exchangeable bases. Indeed, pH ranges from extremely acid to slightly acid (3.5–6.4), and exchangeable acidity saturation percentage (%SAI) values reach 100% in some areas. Soil textures vary from clay loam to sandy loam and clay. Nutrient contents are ranked in the order Cambisols > Gleysols > Arenosols > Ferralsols > Acrisols > Leptosols. Correlation analysis reveals that clay content positively influences the exchangeable basis percentage, while organic matter (OM) negatively correlates with the nutrients phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium. This study highlights that landscape position influences soil quality, with lower landscape positions having better quality than upper ones. These results provide insights into soil fertility and nutrient availability, which helps to predict suitable plant cultivation areas when increasing areas for agricultural use versus forestry in Arauca. The inclusion or maintenance of diverse tree species is a key element in maintaining the production of organic matter and, consequently, generating better soil quality. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

33 pages, 12954 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Design of Workscapes: A Scoping Study

by Rosa de Wolf, Rob Roggema, Steffen Nijhuis and Nico Tillie

Land 2025, 14(5), 1072; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14051072 - 15 May 2025

Abstract

Population growth and urbanization are straining the limited space in the built environment. The business districts take up a great portion of this built space. These districts face climate change hazards and spatial emptiness due to their profit-driven foundation. Sustainable ambitions and strategic [...] Read more.

Population growth and urbanization are straining the limited space in the built environment. The business districts take up a great portion of this built space. These districts face climate change hazards and spatial emptiness due to their profit-driven foundation. Sustainable ambitions and strategic locations offer the potential to rethink business districts and integrate them into the living environment. Understanding business districts as potential workscapes, more socio-ecological inclusive business districts, is a new perspective. This research formulates a method to define the spatial quality of business districts through literature review and spatial analysis. A spatial analysis of forty cases in the Netherlands presents a higher spatial quality on more diverse landscapes. This indicates that diversification of the business districts’ landscape from monotone to multitone is needed to enable workscape development. Landscape-driven urbanism is needed to generate this desired level of quality. The research highlights the strategic location of edge-city business districts, situated between urban and rural areas, showing the potential to strengthen the urban-rural relationship. Further research on and by design is needed to enable workscape development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers for Urban Contexts and Urban-Rural Interactions Section: 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 11898 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Local Area Distortion Factor (LADF): Resolving Property Area and Spatial Deviations from Geodetic Transformations in the Greek Cadastre

by Dimitrios Ampatzidis, Dionysia Georgia Ch. Perperidou, Aristotelis Vartholomaios, Nikolaos Demirtzoglou and Georgios Moschopoulos

Land 2025, 14(5), 1071; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14051071 - 15 May 2025

Abstract

The Hellenic Cadastre, which is expected to be fully operational by the end of 2025, represents a major modernization step in Greece’s technical and legal documentation of property rights as the successor to the country’s land registry system. It will also constitute a [...] Read more.

The Hellenic Cadastre, which is expected to be fully operational by the end of 2025, represents a major modernization step in Greece’s technical and legal documentation of property rights as the successor to the country’s land registry system. It will also constitute a land administration system, since it will encompass not only property rights but also restrictions and regulations in the context of RRR. A significant technical but also legal challenge inherent to this system pertains to the resolution of deviations between surfaces calculated prior to 1990 based on older geodetic reference systems and recalculated today using the current Greek Geodetic Reference System, GGRS87. Deviations that arise from geodetic transformations between older and modern projected reference systems are compounded by limitations inherent in historical surveying techniques and in the geodetic infrastructure that was available at the time. To address this issue, we introduce the Local Area Distortion Factor (LADF), a novel metric factor designed to adjust and harmonize property areas across different geodetic systems. This real-world case study offers a practical illustration of the application of LADF, demonstrating its capacity to enhance the precision of cadastral records while preserving interpretability for both experts and non-experts. LADF can also be used to improve land adjustment processes during the implementation of urban plans, property valuation, taxation, and notary acts that are in different reference systems. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 1058 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of the Impact of Ownership Type on Construction Land Prices Under the Influence of Government Decision-Making Behaviors in China: Empirical Research Based on Micro-Level Land Transaction Data

by Jinlong Duan, Zizhou Ma, Fan Dong and Xiaoping Zhou

Land 2025, 14(5), 1070; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14051070 - 15 May 2025

Abstract

Under China’s dual land ownership system, the use rights of urban land (state-owned) and rural land (collective-owned) are not equal. Understanding the roles of ownership type and government decision-making behaviors in the formation of land prices is crucial for further reform to promote [...] Read more.

Under China’s dual land ownership system, the use rights of urban land (state-owned) and rural land (collective-owned) are not equal. Understanding the roles of ownership type and government decision-making behaviors in the formation of land prices is crucial for further reform to promote “equal rights and equal prices” for urban and rural land. This paper analyzed the impact of ownership type on construction land prices using micro-level land transaction data from Wujin District, Changzhou City, from 2015 to 2021 and investigated the role of government decision-making behaviors such as spatial planning and supply plan in this relationship. The results show that collective ownership has a negative impact on land prices, and the development of collective-owned construction land has a positive impact on the prices of adjacent land. In addition, the boundary of downtown areas determined by spatial planning enhances the negative impact of collective ownership on land prices, thus widening the price gap between state and collective-owned land within the downtown areas. Furthermore, the proportion of collective-owned construction land in the annual land supply determined by the land supply plan strengthens the negative impact of collective ownership on land prices, meaning that an increase in the supply of collective-owned construction land leads to further downward pressure on land prices. This study can provide insights for policy making aiming to achieve “equal rights and equal prices” for land with different ownership type in China and in other countries with a dual land ownership system. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

35 pages, 13737 KiB

Open AccessReview

Multimodal Spatio-Temporal Data Visualization Technologies for Contemporary Urban Landscape Architecture: A Review and Prospect in the Context of Smart Cities

by Xiao Han, Zhe Li, Hao Cao and Bingyu Hou

Land 2025, 14(5), 1069; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14051069 - 15 May 2025

Abstract

The development of smart cities provides a vital foundation for the intelligent advancement of landscape architecture and engineering technologies, where multimodal spatio-temporal data visualization plays a key role. This study conducts a scoping review to explore the advancements in multimodal spatio-temporal data visualization [...] Read more.

The development of smart cities provides a vital foundation for the intelligent advancement of landscape architecture and engineering technologies, where multimodal spatio-temporal data visualization plays a key role. This study conducts a scoping review to explore the advancements in multimodal spatio-temporal data visualization within landscape architecture and to assess their potential to drive urban intelligence and sustainable development. This review analyzes publication trends, data types, application scenarios, and identifies research challenges and future directions. The results indicate that the complementary integration of basic data and sensing data has established relatively mature technical pathways for clustering, correlation analysis, process simulation, and trend forecasting. Future research should prioritize real-time data presentation, efficient platform integration, intelligent processing and scientific mapping of massive information, and interdisciplinary research and practical applications. This study lays a foundation for the development of intelligent landscape architecture, highlighting promising prospects for technological advancement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Geospatial Data for Landscape Change (Second Edition))

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 2866 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Do Small Livestock Producers Adapt to Climate Variability? An Approach to the Case of the Upper Fonce River Páramo in Santander, Colombia

by Victoria-Eugenia Guáqueta-Solórzano, César Enrique Ortiz-Guerrero and Edna Castañeda Salazar

Land 2025, 14(5), 1068; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14051068 - 15 May 2025

Abstract

This article presents the changes in the climatic variables of precipitation and temperature, the perceptions of producers regarding these variables, and the strategies and social, economic, and political factors that affect adaptations of small livestock producers in the páramo ecosystem at the upper [...] Read more.

This article presents the changes in the climatic variables of precipitation and temperature, the perceptions of producers regarding these variables, and the strategies and social, economic, and political factors that affect adaptations of small livestock producers in the páramo ecosystem at the upper Rio Fonce region. Data from 33 questionnaires, 12 interviews, and two workshops with key actors and producers were analyzed. A workshop resulted in a traffic light table assessing indicators from Bergamini related to vulnerability and adaptive capacity. Survey results helped identify adaptation strategies, while public policy documents underwent deductive content analysis. The findings revealed that changes in precipitation and temperature affect livestock systems. Farms with silvopastoral systems implement more adaptation strategies than conventional farms, even when not anticipated. Additionally, the ambiguity of the concept of adaptation hinders the development of policies that would enable livestock producers to transition towards more adaptive livestock systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eco-Sensitive Areas: Ecosystem Services, Protected Lands, and Current Challenges (Second Edition))

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 2135 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on the Construction and Practice of an Urban–Rural Integration Planning Model from the Perspective of Element Flow: A Case Study of Xiuzhou District, Jiaxing City

by Sen Zhang, Keke Sun, Haoge Zhao, Hong Yao and Lei Shen

Land 2025, 14(5), 1067; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14051067 - 14 May 2025

Abstract

Ensuring the healthy movement of urban and rural factors is a key aspect in promoting urban–rural integration. Defining the mechanisms of factor movement and constructing an urban–rural integration planning model are important for the practice of urban–rural integration work. This study considers the [...] Read more.

Ensuring the healthy movement of urban and rural factors is a key aspect in promoting urban–rural integration. Defining the mechanisms of factor movement and constructing an urban–rural integration planning model are important for the practice of urban–rural integration work. This study considers the movement of urban and rural factors as its entry point and explores the resource endowments and movement paths of urban and rural factors based on the city–town–village spatial system. The urban–rural integration planning model was constructed using spatial and policy dimensions, and six integration design strategies for ecological, population, industrial, land, transportation, and public service factors were defined. Next, considering the Xiuzhou District of Jiaxing City as a case study, this study combines the current characteristics and integration directions of urban and rural factors to propose integration design goals and measures for six key factors. The movement paths of urban and rural factors were delineated, and the specific tasks of each administrative entity in urban–rural integration development were identified at each level to achieve the breakdown and transmission of the overall urban–rural integration strategy. The study integrated current status assessment, integration design, path construction, and goal breakdown, exploring the formulation of urban–rural integration strategies and work pathways. The aim was to address the current gap between urban–rural integration theory and practice, thus providing a reference and inspiration for related research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rural-Urban Interaction in Terms of the Spatial Pattern and Local Development)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 3424 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Amelioration Effects of Soil Fertility and Microbial Responses on a Sandy Loam Soil in Mining Areas Treated with Biochar and Water Jet-Loom Sludge

by Mengmeng Jiang, Xiaofang Zhu, Xunzheng Rao and Jiu Huang

Land 2025, 14(5), 1066; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14051066 - 14 May 2025

Abstract

Aiming at the remediation of soil in mining areas caused by mining activities, pot experiments were conducted using water jet-loom sludge (WJLS) and biochar as soil amendments to evaluate their potential for enhancing soil fertility and microbial communities of degraded mining soils. Six [...] Read more.

Aiming at the remediation of soil in mining areas caused by mining activities, pot experiments were conducted using water jet-loom sludge (WJLS) and biochar as soil amendments to evaluate their potential for enhancing soil fertility and microbial communities of degraded mining soils. Six treatments with varying WJLS (0%, 5%, 15%) and biochar (0%, 3%) application rates were evaluated. Results showed that WJLS can significantly improve soil organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and microbial biomass, while reducing soil pH and enhancing ryegrass biomass by 1.6–4.1 times. However, a 3% biochar addition may increase the soil sodium absorption ratio (SAR). Moreover, the role of biochar was mainly reflected in the microbiological properties. The combining of WJLS and biochar increased the soil microbial biomass and obviously improved the diversity and abundance of bacteria and fungi in the soil (p < 0.05) after the amendment, especially in the biochar addition groups. At the phylum level, the relative abundance of Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteriota accounted for 72.4%~84.2% of soil bacteria in all treatments, while the fungi were dominated by Ascomycota (58.30%~95.36%) and Fungi_unclassified (1.26%~38.97%), all of which were significantly related to enhanced soil properties especially OC, TN, TP, and cation exchange capacity (CEC). Overall, WJLS and biochar demonstrate strong potential as sustainable amendments for improving soil fertility and biological quality in the reclamation of mining-affected lands. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

26 pages, 9187 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A New Perspective on Blue–Green Infrastructure for Climate Adaptation in Urbanized Areas: A Soil-Pipe System as a Multifunctional Solution

by Henrike Walther, Christoph Bennerscheidt, Dirk Jan Boudeling, Markus Streckenbach, Felix Simon, Christoph Mudersbach, Saphira Schnaut, Mark Oelmann and Markus Quirmbach

Land 2025, 14(5), 1065; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14051065 - 14 May 2025

Abstract

The implementation of a decentralized blue–green infrastructure (BGI) is a key strategy in climate adaptation and stormwater management. However, the integration of urban trees into the multifunctional infrastructure remains insufficiently addressed, particularly regarding rooting space in dense urban environments. Addressing this gap, the [...] Read more.

The implementation of a decentralized blue–green infrastructure (BGI) is a key strategy in climate adaptation and stormwater management. However, the integration of urban trees into the multifunctional infrastructure remains insufficiently addressed, particularly regarding rooting space in dense urban environments. Addressing this gap, the BoRSiS project developed the soil-pipe system (SPS), which repurposes the existing underground pipe trenches and roadway space to provide trees with significantly larger root zones without competing for additional urban space. This enhances tree-related ecosystem services, such as cooling, air purification, and runoff reduction. The SPS serves as a stormwater retention system by capturing excess rainwater during heavy precipitation events of up to 180 min, reducing the pressure on drainage systems. System evaluations show that, on average, each SPS module (20 m trench length) can store 1028–1285 L of water, enabling a moisture supply to trees for 3.4 to 25.7 days depending on the species and site conditions. This capacity allows the system to buffer short-term drought periods, which, according to climate data, recur with frequencies of 9 (7-day) and 2 (14-day) events per year. Geotechnical and economic assessments confirm the system stability and cost-efficiency. These findings position the SPS as a scalable, multifunctional solution for urban climate adaptation, tree vitality, and a resilient infrastructure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Adaptation Planning in Urban Areas)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 10787 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of Comprehensive Transportation in Shaping Spatial Expansion Patterns: A Case Study of the Yangtze River Middle Reaches Urban Agglomeration

by Zaiyu Fan, Weiyang Luo, Chang Liu and Mengyun Xie

Land 2025, 14(5), 1064; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14051064 - 14 May 2025

Abstract

Regional comprehensive transportation infrastructures constitute the fundamental basis for the development of inland urban agglomerations. To elucidate the role of comprehensive transportation in shaping the spatial organization and expansion of urban agglomerations, this study takes the Yangtze River Middle Reaches Urban Agglomeration (YRMRUA) [...] Read more.

Regional comprehensive transportation infrastructures constitute the fundamental basis for the development of inland urban agglomerations. To elucidate the role of comprehensive transportation in shaping the spatial organization and expansion of urban agglomerations, this study takes the Yangtze River Middle Reaches Urban Agglomeration (YRMRUA) as a case example. It examines the spatial relationships between transportation network layout and spatial expansion patterns using fractal dimension based on traffic accessibility, traffic-weighted linear density, and Pearson correlation analysis. The key findings of this study are as follows: (1) The YRMRUA exhibits a partial fractal growth pattern influenced by transportation development, which indicates that the comprehensive transportation has a significant but limited impact on YRMRUA. (2) There is a moderate correlation between traffic-weighted linear density and spatial expansion intensity within YRMRUA. (3) Specific groups such as the Wuhan–Ezhou–Huanggang–Huangshi group, Changsha–Zhuzhou–Xiangtan group, and Nanchang–Yichun group have formed in areas where transportation development and spatial expansion are at the forefront. (4) Different modes of transportation, including waterway transportation, railway transportation, and road transportation, have varying effects on spatial expansion. The integration of these modes forms the fundamental framework of urban agglomerations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Territorial Space and Transportation Coordinated Development)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

27 pages, 9382 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Benefits and Trade-Offs from Land Use and Land Cover Changes Under Different Scenarios in the Coastal Delta of Vietnam

by Nguyen Thi Hong Diep, Nguyen Trong Nguyen, Phan Kieu Diem and Can Trong Nguyen

Land 2025, 14(5), 1063; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14051063 - 13 May 2025

Abstract

Land use and land cover (LULC) in coastal areas is critical in shaping the ecological systems, regional economy, and livelihood of indigenous communities. This study analyzes LULC changes (LULCC) in Soc Trang Province, Vietnam Mekong Delta, from 2010 to 2020 and simulates future [...] Read more.

Land use and land cover (LULC) in coastal areas is critical in shaping the ecological systems, regional economy, and livelihood of indigenous communities. This study analyzes LULC changes (LULCC) in Soc Trang Province, Vietnam Mekong Delta, from 2010 to 2020 and simulates future LULC for 2030 under four scenarios: natural growth (business as usual, BAU), climate change challenges, profit optimization, and adaptation strategies. Satellite-based LULC maps and geospatial datasets were integrated into a LULC simulation model based on a Markov Chain and Cellular Automata to predict LULC in 2030 under disparate scenarios. Simultaneously, this study also estimates economic values and ecosystem service values as proxies to evaluate benefits and trade-offs between the scenarios. The research findings reveal that the critical LULCC observed during 2010–2020 are transitions from triple rice crops to double rice crops, rice–shrimp to brackish aquaculture, and expansion of perennial plantations. These transitional trends will persist at a modest rate under the BAU scenario in 2030. The climate change challenge scenario will intervene up to 24.2% of the total area, with double rice crops reaching the most extensive area compared to other scenarios, about 106,047 ha. The profit optimization scenario will affect 16.03% of the total area, focusing on aquaculture expansion to the maximum shared proportion of 34% (approximately 57,000 ha). Adaptive solutions will emphasize reducing triple rice crops while expanding double rice crops and reviving rice–shrimp to different extents depending on development pathways. Economic evaluations show a growth trend across scenarios, with maximum returns under profit optimization. Yet, ecosystem service values notably highlight ecological trade-offs, raising concerns about balancing economic benefits and ecological trade-offs in land use planning. The research findings recommend a comprehensive and multitarget approach to land use planning that integrates ecosystem services into initial assessments to balance benefits and trade-offs in coastal areas commonly affected by LULCC. By adopting well-informed and strategic land use plans that minimize ecological and social impacts, local sustainability and resilience to climate change can be significantly enhanced. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Harnessing the Power of Land Mapping Data for Effective Land Policy Development)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

25 pages, 27763 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Three-Dimensional Digital Geospatial Documentation for Cultural Heritage Preservation and Sustainable Management of Tourism Through a Web Platform: The Case Study of the Archaeological Park of Dion, Greece

by Athanasios Iliodromitis, Elisavet Tsilimantou, Panagoula Kopelou, Dimitrios Anastasiou, Sophia Koulidou, Christos Spanodimos, Georgios Chrysostomou, Vasileios Dimou and Vasileios Pagounis

Land 2025, 14(5), 1062; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14051062 - 13 May 2025

Abstract

The sustainable management of heritage tourism sites requires an integrated approach that balances cultural preservation with socio-economic development. Modern methods of documentation include laser scanning, LiDAR sensors, and aerial photogrammetry. This study explores the application of advanced geospatial and digital technologies to the [...] Read more.

The sustainable management of heritage tourism sites requires an integrated approach that balances cultural preservation with socio-economic development. Modern methods of documentation include laser scanning, LiDAR sensors, and aerial photogrammetry. This study explores the application of advanced geospatial and digital technologies to the archaeological park of Dion, located in the Olympus region of Pieria, Greece—a site characterized by monuments from various historical periods. Using high-precision methods and high-end software, we produced detailed 3D models and developed a comprehensive digital platform incorporating Web-GIS applications. These outputs extend beyond conventional documentation, offering tools for education, community engagement, and participatory decision making. The originality of this work lies in its interdisciplinary synthesis of digital heritage technologies and land-use planning, contributing to both academic discourse and practical strategies for sustainable tourism development. The platform not only safeguards cultural assets but also promotes inclusive innovation, job creation, and long-term planning models aligned with the sustainable development goals (SDGs). This case study contributes not only to the safeguarding of cultural heritage for future generations but also to reshaping tourism models that prioritize long-term sustainability over rapid economic gain. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Resilience and Heritage Management)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 6169 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Automated Global Method to Detect Rapid and Future Urban Areas

by Heather S. Sussman and Sarah J. Becker

Land 2025, 14(5), 1061; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14051061 - 13 May 2025

Abstract

As many areas of the world continue to grow, it is important to detect areas that are urbanizing at paces above the norm and predict future urban areas, so that optimal city planning can occur. However, methods to detect rapid urbanization are currently [...] Read more.

As many areas of the world continue to grow, it is important to detect areas that are urbanizing at paces above the norm and predict future urban areas, so that optimal city planning can occur. However, methods to detect rapid urbanization are currently absent. Additionally, methods that predict future urban areas often rely on deep learning algorithms, which can be computationally expensive and require a large data volume. Furthermore, prediction methods are typically developed in a single location and are not evaluated across diverse geographies. In this study, rapid and future urbanization algorithms are developed, which are based on methods that use an ensemble of built-up spectral indices and a random forest classifier to detect built-up land cover in Sentinel-2 imagery, across ten sites that vary in their climate and population. Results show that the rapid urbanization algorithm can highlight anomalous urban growth. The future urbanization algorithm had an average overall accuracy of 0.66 (±0.11) and an average F1-score of 0.46 (±0.23). However, the method performed well in areas without seasonal vegetation changes and bare ground surroundings with overall accuracy values and F1-scores near or over 0.80. Overall, these methods provide an automated global approach to identifying rapid and future urban areas with minimal data and computational resources needed, which can enable urban planners to obtain information quickly so that decision making for city planning can be completed faster. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Land Use and Land Cover Mapping (Second Edition))

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 5964 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Spatial and Temporal Evolution of Carbon Stock in East Coastal Area of Zhejiang Based on InVEST and GIS Modeling

by Chen Fang and Zhiyu Wang

Land 2025, 14(5), 1060; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14051060 - 13 May 2025

Abstract

Global climate change, driven by increasing carbon emissions, poses a significant challenge to sustainable development, yet regional studies on carbon stock dynamics in rapidly urbanizing coastal areas remain limited. Utilizing the InVEST model and GIS spatial analysis methods, this research examines the spatiotemporal [...] Read more.

Global climate change, driven by increasing carbon emissions, poses a significant challenge to sustainable development, yet regional studies on carbon stock dynamics in rapidly urbanizing coastal areas remain limited. Utilizing the InVEST model and GIS spatial analysis methods, this research examines the spatiotemporal dynamics of carbon stock in the eastern coastal regions of Zhejiang from 2000 to 2020. The primary findings are outlined as follows: (1) Between 2000 and 2020, various land use categories experienced notable shifts, with the plow land area decreasing by 18.12%, the building site area expanding by 143.52%, the woodland area reducing by 0.08%, and the total land transfer area growing by 10.96% over the 20-year timespan. (2) Carbon stocks for the years 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2020 were 55.996 × 10⁶ t, 55.550 × 10⁶ t, 55.223 × 10⁶ t, 55.399 × 10⁶ t, and 55.656 × 10⁶ t, respectively, displaying a pattern of initial decline followed by a recovery, with a net reduction of 0.34 × 10⁶ t. The shifts in carbon stock were mainly driven by conversions between land use types, with woodlands serving as the predominant carbon reservoir. (3) Global spatial correlation analysis reveals that carbon stocks across the five periods exhibit a distinct spatial convergence and clustering pattern; local spatial correlation analysis indicates that high-high agglomeration zones account for 4.48% of the study area, predominantly located in the mountainous regions of western Taizhou City, while low-low agglomeration zones range from 12.91% to 11.54% of the total study area, primarily situated in the urban centers of Jiaxing City and Ningbo City, areas characterized by dense populations and extensive building sites. This study provides a solid empirical basis for implementing China’s dual-carbon strategy, supporting the systematic assessment of existing carbon reserves and sink capacities, and promoting the expedited realization of carbon peaking and neutrality goals. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Description

Latest Articles

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Highly Accessed Articles

Latest Books

E-Mail Alert

News

Topics

Conferences

Special Issues

Topical Collections

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI