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Editor’s Choice Articles

Editor’s Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly interesting to readers, or important in the respective research area. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal.

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17 pages, 3896 KB  
Article
Biodegradable Mg-Sc-Sr Alloy Improves Osteogenesis and Angiogenesis to Accelerate Bone Defect Restoration
by Nadia Aboutalebianaraki, Craig J. Neal, Sudipta Seal and Mehdi Razavi
J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 261; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040261 - 22 Nov 2022
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 3084
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg) and its alloys are considered to be biodegradable metallic biomaterials for potential orthopedic implants. While the osteogenic properties of Mg alloys have been widely studied, few reports focused on developing a bifunctional Mg implant with osteogenic and angiogenic properties. Herein, a [...] Read more.
Magnesium (Mg) and its alloys are considered to be biodegradable metallic biomaterials for potential orthopedic implants. While the osteogenic properties of Mg alloys have been widely studied, few reports focused on developing a bifunctional Mg implant with osteogenic and angiogenic properties. Herein, a Mg-Sc-Sr alloy was developed, and this alloy’s angiogenesis and osteogenesis effects were evaluated in vitro for the first time. X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and metallography images were used to evaluate the microstructure of the developed Mg-Sc-Sr alloy. Human umbilical vein/vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) were used to evaluate the angiogenic character of the prepared Mg-Sc-Sr alloy. A mix of human bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (hBM-MSCs) and HUVEC cell cultures were used to assess the osteogenesis-stimulating effect of Mg-Sc-Sr alloy through alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and Von Kossa staining. Higher ALP activity and the number of calcified nodules (27% increase) were obtained for the Mg-Sc-Sr-treated groups compared to Mg-treated groups. In addition, higher VEGF expression (45.5% increase), tube length (80.8% increase), and number of meshes (37.9% increase) were observed. The Mg-Sc-Sr alloy showed significantly higher angiogenesis and osteogenic differentiation than pure Mg and the control group, suggesting such a composition as a promising candidate in bone implants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Bone Biomaterials)
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12 pages, 5924 KB  
Article
Mechanical Properties of Ti-Nb-Cu Alloys for Dental Machining Applications
by Masatoshi Takahashi, Kotaro Sato, Genichi Togawa and Yukyo Takada
J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 263; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040263 - 22 Nov 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2636
Abstract
Titanium has excellent biocompatibility and good corrosion resistance and is extensively used in dental implants and denture bases. However, pure titanium lacks the strength for use in dental prostheses that require relatively high strength. We developed 15 different types of Ti-Nb-Cu alloys and [...] Read more.
Titanium has excellent biocompatibility and good corrosion resistance and is extensively used in dental implants and denture bases. However, pure titanium lacks the strength for use in dental prostheses that require relatively high strength. We developed 15 different types of Ti-Nb-Cu alloys and investigated their alloy phases and mechanical properties, including tensile and yield strength, elongation after fracture, and Vickers hardness. The alloy phases of Ti-8%Nb-2%Cu and Ti-13%Nb-2%Cu were α + β, while those of Ti-5%Nb-5%Cu and Ti-10%Nb-5%Cu were α + Ti2Cu. The tensile strength and hardness of these alloys were significantly higher than those of titanium; however, their elongation was less. In particular, the yield strength of these alloys was more than twice that of titanium. These differences in mechanical properties are attributable to solid–solution strengthening and precipitation strengthening. Other compositions with an alloy phase of α + β + Ti2Cu or β + Ti2Cu had high hardness but not high strength. These results suggest that the Ti-8%Nb-2%Cu, Ti-5%Nb-5%Cu, Ti-13%Nb-2%Cu, and Ti-10%Nb-5%Cu alloys can be applied to dental prostheses, which are subject to very high forces from accessories such as long-span bridges, clasps, implant-retained superstructures, and narrow-diameter implants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State of the Art in Dental Materials)
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21 pages, 10732 KB  
Article
Effect of Cooling and Annealing Conditions on the Microstructure, Mechanical and Superelastic Behavior of a Rotary Forged Ti–18Zr–15Nb (at. %) Bar Stock for Spinal Implants
by Konstantin Lukashevich, Vadim Sheremetyev, Alexander Komissarov, Vladimir Cheverikin, Vladimir Andreev, Sergey Prokoshkin and Vladimir Brailovski
J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 259; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040259 - 21 Nov 2022
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2468
Abstract
In this work, the microstructure, phase state, texture, superelastic and mechanical properties of a Ti–18Zr–15Nb (at. %) shape memory alloy subjected to a combined thermomechanical treatment, including hot rotary forging with either air cooling or water quenching and post-deformation annealing are studied. It [...] Read more.
In this work, the microstructure, phase state, texture, superelastic and mechanical properties of a Ti–18Zr–15Nb (at. %) shape memory alloy subjected to a combined thermomechanical treatment, including hot rotary forging with either air cooling or water quenching and post-deformation annealing are studied. It was revealed that the main structural component of the deformed and annealed alloy is BCC β-phase. With an increase in the forging temperature from 600 to 700 °C, the average grain size increases from 5.4 to 17.8 µm for the air-cooled specimens and from 3.4 to 14.7 µm for the water-quenched specimens. Annealing at 525 °C after forging at 700 °C with water quenching leads to the formation of a mixed statically and dynamically polygonized substructure of β-phase. In this state, the alloy demonstrates the best combination of functional properties in this study: a Young’s modulus of ~33 GPa, an ultimate tensile strength of ~600 MPa and a superelastic recovery strain of ~3.4%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metallic Biomaterials for Medical Applications)
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29 pages, 17471 KB  
Article
Multifunctional Medical Grade Resin with Enhanced Mechanical and Antibacterial Properties: The Effect of Copper Nano-Inclusions in Vat Polymerization (VPP) Additive Manufacturing
by Nectarios Vidakis, Markos Petousis, Vassilis M. Papadakis and Nikolaos Mountakis
J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 258; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040258 - 21 Nov 2022
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3085
Abstract
Vat photopolymerization (VPP) is an additive manufacturing process commonly used in medical applications. This work aims, for the first time in the literature, to extend and enhance the performance of a commercial medical-grade resin for the VPP process, with the development of nanocomposites, [...] Read more.
Vat photopolymerization (VPP) is an additive manufacturing process commonly used in medical applications. This work aims, for the first time in the literature, to extend and enhance the performance of a commercial medical-grade resin for the VPP process, with the development of nanocomposites, using Copper (Cu) nanoparticles as the additive at two different concentrations. The addition of the Cu nanoparticles was expected to enhance the mechanical properties of the resin and to enable biocidal properties on the nanocomposites since Cu is known for its antibacterial performance. The effect of the Cu concentration was investigated. The nanocomposites were prepared with high-shear stirring. Specimens were 3D printed following international standards for mechanical testing. Their thermal and spectroscopic response was also investigated. The morphological characteristics were examined. The antibacterial performance was evaluated with an agar well diffusion screening process. The experimental results were analyzed with statistical modeling tools with two control parameters (three levels each) and eleven response parameters. Cu enhanced the mechanical properties in all cases studied. 0.5 wt.% Cu nanocomposite showed the highest improvement (approximately 11% in tensile and 10% in flexural strength). The antibacterial performance was sufficient against S. aureus and marginal against E. coli. Full article
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27 pages, 1435 KB  
Review
Green Synthesis of Platinum Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications
by Ekaterina O. Mikhailova
J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 260; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040260 - 21 Nov 2022
Cited by 30 | Viewed by 6697
Abstract
The diverse biological properties of platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) make them ideal for use in the development of new tools in therapy, diagnostics, and other biomedical purposes. “Green” PtNPs synthesis is of great interest as it is eco-friendly, less energy-consuming and minimizes the amount [...] Read more.
The diverse biological properties of platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) make them ideal for use in the development of new tools in therapy, diagnostics, and other biomedical purposes. “Green” PtNPs synthesis is of great interest as it is eco-friendly, less energy-consuming and minimizes the amount of toxic by-products. This review is devoted to the biosynthesis properties of platinum nanoparticles based on living organisms (bacteria, fungi, algae, and plants) use. The participation of various biological compounds in PtNPs synthesis is highlighted. The biological activities of “green” platinum nanoparticles (antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant, etc.), the proposed mechanisms of influence on target cells and the potential for their further biomedical application are discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Biosynthesis of Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications)
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20 pages, 2564 KB  
Article
Comparison of In Vitro Approaches to Assess the Antibacterial Effects of Nanomaterials
by Abdulkader Masri, David M. Brown, David G. E. Smith, Vicki Stone and Helinor J. Johnston
J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 255; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040255 - 19 Nov 2022
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 5411
Abstract
The antibacterial properties of nanomaterials (NMs) can be exploited in a range of consumer products (e.g., wound dressings, food packaging, textiles, medicines). There is also interest in the exploitation of NMs as treatments for infectious diseases to help combat antibiotic resistance. Whilst the [...] Read more.
The antibacterial properties of nanomaterials (NMs) can be exploited in a range of consumer products (e.g., wound dressings, food packaging, textiles, medicines). There is also interest in the exploitation of NMs as treatments for infectious diseases to help combat antibiotic resistance. Whilst the antibacterial activity of NMs has been assessed in vitro and in vivo in numerous studies, the methodology used is very varied. Indeed, while numerous approaches are available to assess the antibacterial effect of NMs in vitro, they have not yet been systematically assessed for their suitability and sensitivity for testing NMs. It is therefore timely to consider what assays should be prioritised to screen the antibacterial properties of NMs. The majority of existing in vitro studies have focused on investigating the antibacterial effects exhibited by silver (Ag) NMs and have employed a limited range of assays. We therefore compared the antibacterial effects of copper oxide (CuO) NMs to Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis at various concentrations (12.5–200 µg/mL) using a battery of tests (well and disc diffusion, plate counts—time-kill method, optical density measurement—OD, Alamar Blue and live/dead viability assays, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction). CuO NMs were most toxic to B. subtilis and E. coli, while P. aeruginosa was the least sensitive strain. All assays employed detected the antibacterial activity of CuO NMs; however, they varied in their sensitivity, time, cost, technical difficulty and requirement for specialized equipment. In the future, we suggest that a combination of approaches is used to provide a robust assessment of the antibacterial activity of NMs. In particular, we recommend that the time-kill and OD assays are prioritised due to their greater sensitivity. We also suggest that standard operating protocols are developed so that the antibacterial activity of NMs can be assessed using a harmonised approach. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibacterial, Antifungal Properties and Toxicity from Metallic Nanomaterials)
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10 pages, 2926 KB  
Article
Sinus Mucosal Damage Triggered by Synthetic or Xenogeneic Bone Substitutes: A Histological Analysis in Rabbits
by Yuki Omori, Daniele Botticelli, Stefano Migani, Vitor Ferreira Balan, Eduardo Pires Godoy and Samuel Porfirio Xavier
J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 257; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040257 - 19 Nov 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2431
Abstract
Background: It has been shown in rabbit models that the sinus mucosa in contact with graft particles might experience a progressive thinning and perforations. The phenomenon depends on the graft used. Hence, the aim of the present study was to compare the damaging [...] Read more.
Background: It has been shown in rabbit models that the sinus mucosa in contact with graft particles might experience a progressive thinning and perforations. The phenomenon depends on the graft used. Hence, the aim of the present study was to compare the damaging effects of a synthetic of a xenogeneic graft. Methods: Forty New Zealand rabbits received a bilateral sinus elevation. Both sinuses of twenty rabbits were grafted with a biphasic 60% hydroxyapatite and 40% β-tricalcium phosphate while the other twenty received a deproteinized bovine bone mineral graft. Thinned sites (<40 µm) and perforations on the mucosa in contact with graft particles were evaluated after 2 and 10 weeks (ten animals each period). The width of the pseudostratified epithelium was also measured as control. Results: After 2 weeks of healing, 61 thinned sites were detected in the Synthetic group and 49 in the Xenogeneic group. After 10 weeks, the number of thinned mucosae increased to 79 sites in the Synthetic group (p = 0.222 between periods), and to 114 sites in the Xenogeneic group (p = 0.030 between groups; p = 0.001 between periods). Perforations were few in the 2-week period, two in two sinuses out of 20 in the Synthetic group, and four in two sinuses out of 20 in the Xenogeneic group (p = 0.721). In the 10-week period, the perforations increased to eight in the Synthetic group, distributed in six sinuses out of 20, and to sixteen in the Xenogeneic group, distributed in 11 sinuses out of 20 (p = 0.082). The pseudostratified epithelium presented a reduced width at the thinned sites. Conclusions: The contact with synthetic or xenogeneic grafts will induce thinning and possible perforations of the sinus mucosa. This effect will increase over time, and it is stronger at the xenogeneic than the synthetic graft. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bone Regeneration and Repair Materials)
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22 pages, 6627 KB  
Article
Strontium Carbonate and Strontium-Substituted Calcium Carbonate Nanoparticles Form Protective Deposits on Dentin Surface and Enhance Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Mineralization
by Tatiane Cristina Dotta, Larwsk Hayann, Leonardo de Padua Andrade Almeida, Lucas Fabrício B. Nogueira, Mayara M. Arnez, Raisa Castelo, Ana Flávia B. Cassiano, Gisele Faria, Milena Martelli-Tosi, Massimo Bottini, Pietro Ciancaglini, Alma B. C. E. B. Catirse and Ana Paula Ramos
J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 250; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040250 - 17 Nov 2022
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4057
Abstract
Strontium acetate is applied for dental hypersensitivity treatment; however, the use of strontium carbonates for this purpose has not been described. The use of Sr-carbonate nanoparticles takes advantage of both the benefits of strontium on dentin mineralization and the abrasive properties of carbonates. [...] Read more.
Strontium acetate is applied for dental hypersensitivity treatment; however, the use of strontium carbonates for this purpose has not been described. The use of Sr-carbonate nanoparticles takes advantage of both the benefits of strontium on dentin mineralization and the abrasive properties of carbonates. Here in, we aimed to synthesize strontium carbonate and strontium-substituted calcium carbonate nanoparticles and test them as potential compounds in active dentifrices for treating dental hypersensitivity. For this, SrCO3, Sr0.5Ca0.5CO3, and CaCO3 nanoparticles were precipitated using Na2CO3, SrCl2, and/or CaCl2 as precursors. Their morphology and crystallinity were evaluated by electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction, respectively. The nanoparticles were added to a poly (vinyl alcohol) gel and used to brush dentin surfaces isolated from human third molars. Dentin chemical composition before and after brushing was investigated by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray dispersive energy spectroscopy. Dentin tubule morphology, obliteration, and resistance of the coatings to acid attack were investigated by SEM and EDS. The cytotoxicity and ability of the particles to trigger the mineralization of hDPSCs in vitro were studied. Dentin brushed with the nanoparticles was coated by a mineral layer that was also able to penetrate the tubules, while CaCO3 remained as individual particles on the surface. FTIR bands related to carbonate groups were intensified after brushing with either SrCO3 or Sr0.5Ca0.5CO3. The shift of the phosphate-related FTIR band to a lower wavenumber indicated that strontium replaced calcium on the dentin structure after treatment. The coating promoted by SrCO3 or Sr0.5Ca0.5CO3 resisted the acid attack, while calcium and phosphorus were removed from the top of the dentin surface. The nanoparticles were not toxic to hDPSCs and elicited mineralization of the cells, as revealed by increased mineral nodule formation and enhanced expression of COL1, ALP, and RUNX2. Adding Sr0.5Ca0.5CO3 as an active ingredient in dentifrices formulations may be commercially advantageous since this compound combines the well-known abrasive properties of calcium carbonate with the mineralization ability of strontium, while the final cost remains between the cost of CaCO3 and SrCO3. The novel Sr0.5Ca0.5CO3 nanoparticles might emerge as an alternative for the treatment of dental hypersensitivity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bone Regeneration and Repair Materials)
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41 pages, 10287 KB  
Review
Review on Biocompatibility and Prospect Biomedical Applications of Novel Functional Metallic Glasses
by Michał Biały, Mariusz Hasiak and Amadeusz Łaszcz
J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 245; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040245 - 16 Nov 2022
Cited by 29 | Viewed by 5227
Abstract
The continuous development of novel materials for biomedical applications is resulting in an increasingly better prognosis for patients. The application of more advanced materials relates to fewer complications and a desirable higher percentage of successful treatments. New, innovative materials being considered for biomedical [...] Read more.
The continuous development of novel materials for biomedical applications is resulting in an increasingly better prognosis for patients. The application of more advanced materials relates to fewer complications and a desirable higher percentage of successful treatments. New, innovative materials being considered for biomedical applications are metallic alloys with an amorphous internal structure called metallic glasses. They are currently in a dynamic phase of development both in terms of formulating new chemical compositions and testing their properties in terms of intended biocompatibility. This review article intends to synthesize the latest research results in the field of biocompatible metallic glasses to create a more coherent picture of these materials. It summarizes and discusses the most recent findings in the areas of mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, in vitro cellular studies, antibacterial properties, and in vivo animal studies. Results are collected mainly for the most popular metallic glasses manufactured as thin films, coatings, and in bulk form. Considered materials include alloys based on zirconium and titanium, as well as new promising ones based on magnesium, tantalum, and palladium. From the properties of the examined metallic glasses, possible areas of application and further research directions to fill existing gaps are proposed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biocompatibility of Functional Biomaterials)
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11 pages, 2590 KB  
Article
Inhibition of Demineralization of Dentin by Fluoride-Containing Hydrogel Desensitizers: An In Vitro Study
by Yasuhiro Matsuda, Bayarchimeg Altankhishig, Katsushi Okuyama, Hiroko Yamamoto, Katsuaki Naito, Mikako Hayashi, Hidehiko Sano, Sharanbir K. Sidhu and Takashi Saito
J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 246; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040246 - 16 Nov 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3030
Abstract
Several desensitizers routinely used clinically for dentin hypersensitivity are expected to inhibit demineralization. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of sealing materials in inhibiting demineralization and increasing fluorine (F) uptake by acid-treated root surfaces. Five noncarious extracted human teeth were used to [...] Read more.
Several desensitizers routinely used clinically for dentin hypersensitivity are expected to inhibit demineralization. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of sealing materials in inhibiting demineralization and increasing fluorine (F) uptake by acid-treated root surfaces. Five noncarious extracted human teeth were used to produce specimens. Three different fluoride-containing materials, namely “MS Coat F” (MS), “MS Coat Hys Block Gel” (HS), and CTX2 Varnish (FV), were used herein. Each material was applied to the demineralized root surface. Single sections were obtained from each specimen. All surfaces of each specimen, except the polished surface, were covered with wax and immersed in an automatic pH cycling system for 2 weeks. Fluorine and calcium distributions in the carious lesions of each specimen were evaluated using proton-induced gamma emission (PIGE) and X-ray (PIXE) techniques, respectively. Dentin demineralization was analyzed using transverse microradiography (TMR) before and after pH cycling. µPIXE/PIGE analysis demonstrated that all sample groups showed increased fluoride uptake on the root surface. TMR analysis revealed that both HS and FV showed significantly lower integrated mineral loss values than the control group. All three samples demonstrated a tendency towards increased fluoride uptake from fluoride-containing hypersensitivity desensitizers and a demineralization inhibition effect on root dentin. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State of the Art in Dental Materials)
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12 pages, 4468 KB  
Article
Effect of Silicon Carbide Coating on Osteoblast Mineralization of Anodized Titanium Surfaces
by Patricia dos Santos Calderon, Fernanda Regina Godoy Rocha, Xinyi Xia, Samira Esteves Afonso Camargo, Ana Luisa de Barros Pascoal, Chan-Wen Chiu, Fan Ren, Steve Ghivizzani and Josephine F. Esquivel-Upshaw
J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 247; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040247 - 16 Nov 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2417
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of the titanium nanotube diameter and the effect of silicon carbide (SiC) coating on the proliferation and mineralization of pre-osteoblasts on titanium nanostructured surfaces. Anodized titanium sheets with nanotube diameters of 50 and [...] Read more.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of the titanium nanotube diameter and the effect of silicon carbide (SiC) coating on the proliferation and mineralization of pre-osteoblasts on titanium nanostructured surfaces. Anodized titanium sheets with nanotube diameters of 50 and 100 nm were used. The following four groups were tested in the study: (1) non-coated 50 nm nanotubes; (2) SiC-coated 50 nm titanium nanotubes; (3) non-coated 100 nm nanotubes and (4) SiC-coated 100 nm nanotubes. The biocompatibility and cytotoxicity of pre-osteoblasts were evaluated using a CellTiter-BlueCell Viability assay after 1, 2, and 3 days. After 3 days, cells attached to the surface were observed by SEM. Pre-osteoblast mineralization was determined using Alizarin-Red staining solution after 21 days of cultivation. Data were analyzed by a Kruskal–Wallis test at a p-value of 0.05. The results evidenced biocompatibility and non-cytotoxicity of both 50 and 100 nm diameter coated and non-coated surfaces after 1, 2 and 3 days. The statistical analysis indicates a statistically significant higher cell growth at 3 days (p < 0.05). SEM images after 3 days demonstrated flattened-shaped cells without any noticeable difference in the phenotypes between different diameters or surface treatments. After 21 days of induced osteogenic differentiation, the statistical analysis indicates significantly higher osteoblast calcification on coated groups of both diameters when compared with non-coated groups (p < 0.05). Based on these results, we can conclude that the titanium nanotube diameter did not play any role on cell viability or mineralization of pre-osteoblasts on SiC-coated or non-coated titanium nanotube sheets. The SiC coating demonstrated biocompatibility and non-cytotoxicity and contributed to an increase in osteoblast mineralization on titanium nanostructured surfaces when compared to non-coated groups. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Nanoarchitectonics with Molecular and Materials Science: Functional Materials for Energy, Environment, Bio and Others)
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21 pages, 1610 KB  
Review
Current Development in Biomaterials—Hydroxyapatite and Bioglass for Applications in Biomedical Field: A Review
by Diana Georgiana Filip, Vasile-Adrian Surdu, Andrei Viorel Paduraru and Ecaterina Andronescu
J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 248; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040248 - 16 Nov 2022
Cited by 79 | Viewed by 9177
Abstract
Inorganic biomaterials, including different types of metals and ceramics are widely used in various fields due to their biocompatibility, bioactivity, and bioresorbable capacity. In recent years, biomaterials have been used in biomedical and biological applications. Calcium phosphate (CaPs) compounds are gaining [...] Read more.
Inorganic biomaterials, including different types of metals and ceramics are widely used in various fields due to their biocompatibility, bioactivity, and bioresorbable capacity. In recent years, biomaterials have been used in biomedical and biological applications. Calcium phosphate (CaPs) compounds are gaining importance in the field of biomaterials used as a standalone material or in more complex structures, especially for bone substitutes and drug delivery systems. The use of multiple dopants into the structure of CaPs compounds can significantly improve their in vivo and in vitro activity. Among the general information included in the Introduction section, in the first section of this review paper, the authors provided a background on the development of hydroxyapatite, methods of synthesis, and its applications. The advantages of using different ions and co-ions for substitution into the hydroxyapatite lattice and their influence on physicochemical, antibacterial, and biological properties of hydroxyapatite are also presented in this section of the review paper. Larry Hench’s 45S5 Bioglass®, commercially named 45S5, was the first bioactive glass that revealed a chemical bond with bone, highlighting the potential of this biomaterial to be widely used in biomedicine for bone regeneration. The second section of this article is focused on the development and current products based on 45S5 Bioglass®, covering the historical evolution, importance of the sintering method, hybrid bioglass composites, and applications. To overcome the limitations of the original biomaterials, studies were performed to combine hydroxyapatite and 45S5 Bioglass® into new composites used for their high bioactivity and improved properties. This particular type of combined hydroxyapatite/bioglass biomaterial is discussed in the last section of this review paper. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biocompatibility of Functional Biomaterials)
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18 pages, 1291 KB  
Review
Collagen as a Biomaterial for Skin and Corneal Wound Healing
by Renáta Sklenářová, Naoufal Akla, Meagan Jade Latorre, Jitka Ulrichová and Jana Franková
J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 249; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040249 - 16 Nov 2022
Cited by 48 | Viewed by 9769
Abstract
The cornea and the skin are two organs that form the outer barrier of the human body. When either is injured (e.g., from surgery, physical trauma, or chemical burns), wound healing is initiated to restore integrity. Many cells are activated during wound healing. [...] Read more.
The cornea and the skin are two organs that form the outer barrier of the human body. When either is injured (e.g., from surgery, physical trauma, or chemical burns), wound healing is initiated to restore integrity. Many cells are activated during wound healing. In particular, fibroblasts that are stimulated often transition into repair fibroblasts or myofibroblasts that synthesize extracellular matrix (ECM) components into the wound area. Control of wound ECM deposition is critical, as a disorganized ECM can block restoration of function. One of the most abundant structural proteins in the mammalian ECM is collagen. Collagen type I is the main component in connective tissues. It can be readily obtained and purified, and short analogs have also been developed for tissue engineering applications, including modulating the wound healing response. This review discusses the effect of several current collagen implants on the stimulation of corneal and skin wound healing. These range from collagen sponges and hydrogels to films and membranes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine)
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20 pages, 8276 KB  
Review
Regulating Macrophages through Immunomodulatory Biomaterials Is a Promising Strategy for Promoting Tendon-Bone Healing
by Haihan Gao, Liren Wang, Haocheng Jin, Zhiqi Lin, Ziyun Li, Yuhao Kang, Yangbao Lyu, Wenqian Dong, Yefeng Liu, Dingyi Shi, Jia Jiang and Jinzhong Zhao
J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 243; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040243 - 15 Nov 2022
Cited by 28 | Viewed by 3880
Abstract
The tendon-to-bone interface is a special structure connecting the tendon and bone and is crucial for mechanical load transfer between dissimilar tissues. After an injury, fibrous scar tissues replace the native tendon-to-bone interface, creating a weak spot that needs to endure extra loading, [...] Read more.
The tendon-to-bone interface is a special structure connecting the tendon and bone and is crucial for mechanical load transfer between dissimilar tissues. After an injury, fibrous scar tissues replace the native tendon-to-bone interface, creating a weak spot that needs to endure extra loading, significantly decreasing the mechanical properties of the motor system. Macrophages play a critical role in tendon-bone healing and can be divided into various phenotypes, according to their inducing stimuli and function. During the early stages of tendon-bone healing, M1 macrophages are predominant, while during the later stages, M2 macrophages replace the M1 macrophages. The two macrophage phenotypes play a significant, yet distinct, role in tendon-bone healing. Growing evidence shows that regulating the macrophage phenotypes is able to promote tendon-bone healing. This review aims to summarize the impact of different macrophages on tendon-bone healing and the current immunomodulatory biomaterials for regulating macrophages, which are used to promote tendon-bone healing. Although macrophages are a promising target for tendon-bone healing, the challenges and limitations of macrophages in tendon-bone healing research are discussed, along with directions for further research. Full article
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10 pages, 2368 KB  
Article
Fracture and Fatigue of Dental Implants Fixtures and Abutments with a Novel Internal Connection Design: An In Vitro Pilot Study Comparing Three Different Dental Implant Systems
by Sung-Woon On, Sang-Min Yi, In-Young Park, Soo-Hwan Byun and Byoung-Eun Yang
J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 239; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040239 - 14 Nov 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3427
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the mechanical behaviors of three dental implant fixtures with different abutment connection designs. Three implant systems were studied: the control (BLX implant), test group 1 (TORX++ implant), and test group 2 (IU implant). Three samples [...] Read more.
The aim of this study was to compare the mechanical behaviors of three dental implant fixtures with different abutment connection designs. Three implant systems were studied: the control (BLX implant), test group 1 (TORX++ implant), and test group 2 (IU implant). Three samples from each group were subjected to static compression to fracture tests to determine the maximum fracture load, and twelve samples were exposed to fatigue tests that measured how many cycles the implants could endure before deformation or fracture. Detailed images of the implant–abutment assemblies were obtained using micro-computed tomography imaging, and fractured or deformed areas were observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The mean maximum breaking loads of 578.45 ± 42.46 N, 793.26 ± 57.43 N, and 862.30 ± 74.25 N were obtained for the BLX, TORX++, and IU implants, respectively. All samples in the three groups withstood 5 × 106 cycles at 50% of the nominal peak value, and different fracture points were observed. All abutment connection designs showed suitable mechanical properties for intraoral use. Microscopic differences in the fracture patterns may be due to the differences in the fixture design or abutment connection, and mechanical complications could be prevented by lowering the overload reaching the implant or preventing peri-implantitis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functionalized Dental Materials for Synergy in Mechanical, Aesthetic, and Microbiological Behavior)
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54 pages, 2086 KB  
Review
Preparation and Use of Decellularized Extracellular Matrix for Tissue Engineering
by Adam D. McInnes, Michael A. J. Moser and Xiongbiao Chen
J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 240; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040240 - 14 Nov 2022
Cited by 87 | Viewed by 13204
Abstract
The multidisciplinary fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine have the potential to revolutionize the practise of medicine through the abilities to repair, regenerate, or replace tissues and organs with functional engineered constructs. To this end, tissue engineering combines scaffolding materials with cells [...] Read more.
The multidisciplinary fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine have the potential to revolutionize the practise of medicine through the abilities to repair, regenerate, or replace tissues and organs with functional engineered constructs. To this end, tissue engineering combines scaffolding materials with cells and biologically active molecules into constructs with the appropriate structures and properties for tissue/organ regeneration, where scaffolding materials and biomolecules are the keys to mimic the native extracellular matrix (ECM). For this, one emerging way is to decellularize the native ECM into the materials suitable for, directly or in combination with other materials, creating functional constructs. Over the past decade, decellularized ECM (or dECM) has greatly facilitated the advance of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, while being challenged in many ways. This article reviews the recent development of dECM for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, with a focus on the preparation of dECM along with its influence on cell culture, the modification of dECM for use as a scaffolding material, and the novel techniques and emerging trends in processing dECM into functional constructs. We highlight the success of dECM and constructs in the in vitro, in vivo, and clinical applications and further identify the key issues and challenges involved, along with a discussion of future research directions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine)
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14 pages, 2892 KB  
Article
Hydrothermal Synthesis of Fluorapatite Coatings over Titanium Implants for Enhanced Osseointegration—An In Vivo Study in the Rabbit
by Eduardo Santiago, Victor Martin, Bruno Colaço, Maria Helena Fernandes, Catarina Santos and Pedro S. Gomes
J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 241; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040241 - 14 Nov 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2713
Abstract
This work aims at the development and characterization of fluorapatite coatings, innovatively prepared by the hydrothermal method, aiming for enhanced osseointegration of titanium implants. Fluoride-containing coatings were prepared and characterized by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy—attenuated total reflectance, and X-ray [...] Read more.
This work aims at the development and characterization of fluorapatite coatings, innovatively prepared by the hydrothermal method, aiming for enhanced osseointegration of titanium implants. Fluoride-containing coatings were prepared and characterized by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy—attenuated total reflectance, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The biological response was characterized by microtomographic evaluation and histomorphometric analysis upon orthotopic implantation in a translational rabbit experimental model. Physic-chemical analysis revealed the inclusion of fluoride in the apatite lattice with fluorapatite formation, associated with the presence of citrate species. The in vivo biological assessment of coated implants revealed an enhanced bone formation process—with increased bone-to-implant contact and bone volume. The attained enhancement of the osteogenic process may be attributable to the conjoined modulatory activity of selected fluoride and citrate levels within the produced coatings. In this regard, the production of fluorapatite coatings with citrate, through the hydrothermal method, entails a promising approach for enhanced osseointegration in implant dentistry and orthopedic applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bone Regeneration and Repair Materials)
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15 pages, 2898 KB  
Article
Morphology of Biomaterials Affect O-Glycosylation of HUVECs
by Xingyou Hu, Jiaoyue Sheng, Guoping Guan, Tongzhong Ju, David F. Smith and Lu Wang
J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 235; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040235 - 11 Nov 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2042
Abstract
Biomaterials have been widely used as substitutes for diseased tissue in surgery and have gained great success and attention. At present, the biocompatibility of biomaterials such as PET woven fabrics is often evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. However, the current experimental [...] Read more.
Biomaterials have been widely used as substitutes for diseased tissue in surgery and have gained great success and attention. At present, the biocompatibility of biomaterials such as PET woven fabrics is often evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. However, the current experimental methods cannot reveal the relationship between material surfaces and cell adhesion, and few research works have focused on the mechanisms of how the surface morphology of biomaterials affects cell adhesion and proliferation. Thus, it is meaningful to find out how the altered surfaces could affect cell adhesion and growth. In this study, we employed Ar low-temperature plasma treatment technology to create nano-grooves on the warp yarn of PET woven fabrics and seeded human umbellar vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) on these fabrics. We then assessed the O-glycan and N-glycan profiles of the cells grown on different structures of the polyester woven fabrics. The result showed that the surface morphology of polyester woven fabrics could affect the O-glycan profile but not the N-glycan profile of cultured HUVEC. Taken together, the study describes the effects of the surface morphology of biomaterial on the biosynthesis of cellular glycans and may provide new insights into the design and manufacture of biomaterials used as blood vessels based on the expression profiles of O-glycans on cultured cells. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrospun Fibers and Materials for Tissue Repair, Replacement, and Regeneration)
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27 pages, 3718 KB  
Article
Escherichia coli Biofilm Formation, Motion and Protein Patterns on Hyaluronic Acid and Polydimethylsiloxane Depend on Surface Stiffness
by Annabelle Vigué, Dominique Vautier, Amad Kaytoue, Bernard Senger, Youri Arntz, Vincent Ball, Amine Ben Mlouka, Varvara Gribova, Samar Hajjar-Garreau, Julie Hardouin, Thierry Jouenne, Philippe Lavalle and Lydie Ploux
J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 237; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040237 - 11 Nov 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3355
Abstract
The surface stiffness of the microenvironment is a mechanical signal regulating biofilm growth without the risks associated with the use of bioactive agents. However, the mechanisms determining the expansion or prevention of biofilm growth on soft and stiff substrates are largely unknown. To [...] Read more.
The surface stiffness of the microenvironment is a mechanical signal regulating biofilm growth without the risks associated with the use of bioactive agents. However, the mechanisms determining the expansion or prevention of biofilm growth on soft and stiff substrates are largely unknown. To answer this question, we used PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane, 9–574 kPa) and HA (hyaluronic acid gels, 44 Pa–2 kPa) differing in their hydration. We showed that the softest HA inhibited Escherichia coli biofilm growth, while the stiffest PDMS activated it. The bacterial mechanical environment significantly regulated the MscS mechanosensitive channel in higher abundance on the least colonized HA-44Pa, while Type-1 pili (FimA) showed regulation in higher abundance on the most colonized PDMS-9kPa. Type-1 pili regulated the free motion (the capacity of bacteria to move far from their initial position) necessary for biofilm growth independent of the substrate surface stiffness. In contrast, the total length travelled by the bacteria (diffusion coefficient) varied positively with the surface stiffness but not with the biofilm growth. The softest, hydrated HA, the least colonized surface, revealed the least diffusive and the least free-moving bacteria. Finally, this shows that customizing the surface elasticity and hydration, together, is an efficient means of affecting the bacteria’s mobility and attachment to the surface and thus designing biomedical surfaces to prevent biofilm growth. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Biomaterials and Biomaterial Composites with Antimicrobial Properties)
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18 pages, 4501 KB  
Article
The Mineralization of Various 3D-Printed PCL Composites
by Artem Egorov, Bianca Riedel, Johannes Vinke, Hagen Schmal, Ralf Thomann, Yi Thomann and Michael Seidenstuecker
J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 238; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040238 - 11 Nov 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2469
Abstract
In this project, different calcification methods for collagen and collagen coatings were compared in terms of their applicability for 3D printing and production of collagen-coated scaffolds. For this purpose, scaffolds were printed from polycaprolactone PCL using the EnvisionTec 3D Bioplotter and then coated [...] Read more.
In this project, different calcification methods for collagen and collagen coatings were compared in terms of their applicability for 3D printing and production of collagen-coated scaffolds. For this purpose, scaffolds were printed from polycaprolactone PCL using the EnvisionTec 3D Bioplotter and then coated with collagen. Four different coating methods were then applied: hydroxyapatite (HA) powder directly in the collagen coating, incubation in 10× SBF, coating with alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and coating with poly-L-aspartic acid. The results were compared by ESEM, µCT, TEM, and EDX. HA directly in the collagen solution resulted in a pH change and thus an increase in viscosity, leading to clumping on the scaffolds. As a function of incubation time in 10× SBF as well as in ALP, HA layer thickness increased, while no coating on the collagen layer was apparently observed with poly-L-aspartic acid. Only ultrathin sections and TEM with SuperEDX detected nano crystalline HA in the collagen layer. Exclusively the incubation in poly-L-aspartic acid led to HA crystals within the collagen coating compared to all other methods where the HA layers formed in different forms only at the collagen layer. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biodegradable Polymers and Textiles)
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19 pages, 51046 KB  
Article
TEGDMA-Functionalized Dicalcium Phosphate Dihydrate Resin-Based Composites Prevent Secondary Caries in an In Vitro Biofilm Model
by Andrei Cristian Ionescu, Sebastian Hahnel, Marina D. S. Chiari, Andreas König, Paolo Delvecchio, Roberto Ruggiero Braga, Vanessa Zambelli and Eugenio Brambilla
J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 232; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040232 - 9 Nov 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2239
Abstract
This study evaluated the efficacy of experimental TEGDMA-functionalized dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (T-DCPD) filler-based resin-based composites (RBC) in preventing caries lesions around the restoration margins (secondary caries, SC). Standardized Class-II cavities were made in sound molars with the cervical margin in dentin. Cavities were [...] Read more.
This study evaluated the efficacy of experimental TEGDMA-functionalized dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (T-DCPD) filler-based resin-based composites (RBC) in preventing caries lesions around the restoration margins (secondary caries, SC). Standardized Class-II cavities were made in sound molars with the cervical margin in dentin. Cavities were filled with a commercial resin-modified glass-ionomer cement (RMGIC) or experimental RBCs containing a bisGMA-TEGDMA resin blend and one of the following inorganic fractions: 60 wt.% Ba glass (RBC-0); 40 wt.% Ba glass and 20 wt.% T-DCPD (RBC-20); or 20 wt.% Ba glass and 40 wt.% T-DCPD (RBC-40). An open-system bioreactor produced Streptococcus mutans biofilm-driven SC. Specimens were scanned using micro-CT to evaluate demineralization depths. Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy characterized the specimen surfaces, and antimicrobial activity, buffering effect, and ion uptake by the biofilms were also evaluated. ANOVA and Tukey’s tests were applied at p < 0.05. RBC-0 and RBC-20 showed SC development in dentin, while RBC-40 and RMGIC significantly reduced the lesion depth at the restoration margin (p < 0.0001). Initial enamel demineralization could be observed only around the RBC-0 and RBC-20 restorations. Direct antibiofilm activity can explain SC reduction by RMGIC, whereas a buffering effect on the acidogenicity of biofilm can explain the behavior of RBC-40. Experimental RBC with CaP-releasing functionalized T-DCPD filler could prevent SC with the same efficacy as F-releasing materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Dental Biomaterials)
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16 pages, 2121 KB  
Article
Long-Term Antimicrobial Performance of Textiles Coated with ZnO and TiO2 Nanoparticles in a Tropical Climate
by Varvara O. Veselova, Vladimir A. Plyuta, Andrei N. Kostrov, Darya N. Vtyurina, Vladimir O. Abramov, Anna V. Abramova, Yury I. Voitov, Darya A. Padiy, Vo Thi Hoai Thu, Le Thi Hue, Dinh Thi Thu Trang, Alexander E. Baranchikov, Inessa A. Khmel, Victor A. Nadtochenko and Vladimir K. Ivanov
J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 233; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040233 - 9 Nov 2022
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3747
Abstract
This paper reports the results of the large-scale field testing of composite materials with antibacterial properties in a tropical climate. The composite materials, based on a cotton fabric with a coating of metal oxide nanoparticles (TiO2 and/or ZnO), were produced using high-power [...] Read more.
This paper reports the results of the large-scale field testing of composite materials with antibacterial properties in a tropical climate. The composite materials, based on a cotton fabric with a coating of metal oxide nanoparticles (TiO2 and/or ZnO), were produced using high-power ultrasonic treatment. The antibacterial properties of the materials were studied in laboratory tests on solid and liquid nutrient media using bacteria of different taxonomic groups (Escherichia coli, Chromobacterium violaceum, Pseudomonas chlororaphis). On solid media, the coatings were able to achieve a >50% decrease in the number of bacteria. The field tests were carried out in a tropical climate, at the Climate test station “Hoa Lac” (Hanoi city, Vietnam). The composite materials demonstrated long-term antibacterial activity in the tropical climate: the number of microorganisms remained within the range of 1–3% in comparison with the control sample for the duration of the experiment (3 months). Ten of the microorganisms that most frequently occurred on the surface of the coated textiles were identified. The bacteria were harmless, while the fungi were pathogenic and contributed to fabric deterioration. Tensile strength deterioration was also studied, with the fabrics coated with metal oxides demonstrating a better preservation of their mechanical characteristics over time, (there was a 42% tensile strength decrease for the reference non-coated sample and a 21% decrease for the sample with a ZnO + CTAB coating). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Biomaterials and Biomaterial Composites with Antimicrobial Properties)
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19 pages, 4391 KB  
Article
3D-Braided Poly-ε-Caprolactone-Based Scaffolds for Ligament Tissue Engineering
by Caroline Emonts, David Wienen, Benedict Bauer, Akram Idrissi and Thomas Gries
J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 230; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040230 - 8 Nov 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2904
Abstract
The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is the most commonly injured intra-articular ligament of the knee. Due to its limited intrinsical healing potential and vascularization, injuries of the ACL do not heal satisfactorily, and surgical intervention is usually required. The limitations of existing reconstructive [...] Read more.
The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is the most commonly injured intra-articular ligament of the knee. Due to its limited intrinsical healing potential and vascularization, injuries of the ACL do not heal satisfactorily, and surgical intervention is usually required. The limitations of existing reconstructive grafts and autologous transplants have prompted interest in tissue-engineered solutions. A tissue engineering scaffold for ACL reconstruction must be able to mimic the mechanical properties of the native ligament, provide sufficient porosity to promote cell growth of the neoligament tissue, and be biodegradable. This study investigates long-term biodegradable poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL)-based scaffolds for ACL replacement using the 3D hexagonal braiding technique. The scaffolds were characterized mechanically as well as morphologically. All scaffolds, regardless of their braid geometry, achieved the maximum tensile load of the native ACL. The diameter of all scaffolds was lower than that of the native ligament, making the scaffolds implantable with established surgical methods. The 3D hexagonal braiding technique offers a high degree of geometrical freedom and, thus, the possibility to develop novel scaffold architectures. Based on the findings of this study, the 3D-braided PCL-based scaffolds studied were found to be a promising construct for tissue engineering of the anterior cruciate ligament. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomimetic Biomaterials-Based Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering)
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16 pages, 4620 KB  
Article
Shape Fidelity Evaluation of Alginate-Based Hydrogels through Extrusion-Based Bioprinting
by Mikail Temirel, Sajjad Rahmani Dabbagh and Savas Tasoglu
J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 225; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040225 - 7 Nov 2022
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 4878
Abstract
Extrusion-based 3D bioprinting is a promising technique for fabricating multi-layered, complex biostructures, as it enables multi-material dispersion of bioinks with a straightforward procedure (particularly for users with limited additive manufacturing skills). Nonetheless, this method faces challenges in retaining the shape fidelity of the [...] Read more.
Extrusion-based 3D bioprinting is a promising technique for fabricating multi-layered, complex biostructures, as it enables multi-material dispersion of bioinks with a straightforward procedure (particularly for users with limited additive manufacturing skills). Nonetheless, this method faces challenges in retaining the shape fidelity of the 3D-bioprinted structure, i.e., the collapse of filament (bioink) due to gravity and/or spreading of the bioink owing to the low viscosity, ultimately complicating the fabrication of multi-layered designs that can maintain the desired pore structure. While low viscosity is required to ensure a continuous flow of material (without clogging), a bioink should be viscous enough to retain its shape post-printing, highlighting the importance of bioink properties optimization. Here, two quantitative analyses are performed to evaluate shape fidelity. First, the filament collapse deformation is evaluated by printing different concentrations of alginate and its crosslinker (calcium chloride) by a co-axial nozzle over a platform to observe the overhanging deformation over time at two different ambient temperatures. In addition, a mathematical model is developed to estimate Young’s modulus and filament collapse over time. Second, the printability of alginate is improved by optimizing gelatin concentrations and analyzing the pore size area. In addition, the biocompatibility of proposed bioinks is evaluated with a cell viability test. The proposed bioink (3% w/v gelatin in 4% alginate) yielded a 98% normalized pore number (high shape fidelity) while maintaining >90% cell viability five days after being bioprinted. Integration of quantitative analysis/simulations and 3D printing facilitate the determination of the optimum composition and concentration of different elements of a bioink to prevent filament collapse or bioink spreading (post-printing), ultimately resulting in high shape fidelity (i.e., retaining the shape) and printing quality. Full article
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32 pages, 1874 KB  
Review
State-of-the-Art on the Sulfate Radical-Advanced Oxidation Coupled with Nanomaterials: Biological and Environmental Applications
by Sijia Li, Manlin Qi, Qijing Yang, Fangyu Shi, Chengyu Liu, Juanrui Du, Yue Sun, Chunyan Li and Biao Dong
J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 227; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040227 - 7 Nov 2022
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3560
Abstract
Sulfate radicals (SO4−·) play important biological roles in biomedical and environmental engineering, such as antimicrobial, antitumor, and disinfection. Compared with other common free radicals, it has the advantages of a longer half-life and higher oxidation potential, which could bring unexpected [...] Read more.
Sulfate radicals (SO4−·) play important biological roles in biomedical and environmental engineering, such as antimicrobial, antitumor, and disinfection. Compared with other common free radicals, it has the advantages of a longer half-life and higher oxidation potential, which could bring unexpected effects. These properties have prompted researchers to make great contributions to biology and environmental engineering by exploiting their properties. Peroxymonosulfate (PMS) and peroxydisulfate (PDS) are the main raw materials for SO4−· formation. Due to the remarkable progress in nanotechnology, a large number of nanomaterials have been explored that can efficiently activate PMS/PDS, which have been used to generate SO4−· for biological applications. Based on the superior properties and application potential of SO4−·, it is of great significance to review its chemical mechanism, biological effect, and application field. Therefore, in this review, we summarize the latest design of nanomaterials that can effectually activate PMS/PDS to create SO4−·, including metal-based nanomaterials, metal-free nanomaterials, and nanocomposites. Furthermore, we discuss the underlying mechanism of the activation of PMS/PDS using these nanomaterials and the application of SO4−· in the fields of environmental remediation and biomedicine, liberating the application potential of SO4−·. Finally, this review provides the existing problems and prospects of nanomaterials being used to generate SO4−· in the future, providing new ideas and possibilities for the development of biomedicine and environmental remediation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Biomaterials and Biomaterial Composites with Antimicrobial Properties)
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12 pages, 2492 KB  
Article
Effect on Cellular Vitality In Vitro of Novel APRF-Chlorhexidine Treated Membranes
by Tasho Gavrailov, Ivan Chenchev, Maria Gevezova, Milena Draganova and Victoria Sarafian
J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 226; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040226 - 7 Nov 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2056
Abstract
Introduction: Chlorhexidine (CHX) has been used for some time in clinical practice as a local antiseptic agent with excellent efficacy. The combination of CHX with APRF (Advanced-platelet rich fibrin) membrane has the potential to stimulate tissue regeneration and to provide a bactericidal effect. [...] Read more.
Introduction: Chlorhexidine (CHX) has been used for some time in clinical practice as a local antiseptic agent with excellent efficacy. The combination of CHX with APRF (Advanced-platelet rich fibrin) membrane has the potential to stimulate tissue regeneration and to provide a bactericidal effect. We hypothesize that this may reduce the rate of infections development and protect cell viability. Aim: The aim of this study was two-fold—to create a stable APRF membrane treated with different concentrations of CHX (0.01% and 0.02%) and to monitor its effect on the viability of PDL cells in vitro. This benefits the introduction of a new protocol for APRF membrane production -CHX-PRF and enriches the available evidence on the effect of this antiseptic agent on PDL (Periodontal ligament) cells. Materials and methods: APRF membranes were prepared by the addition of two concentrations (0.01% and 0.02%) of CHX. Membranes without the antiseptic were also prepared and used as control samples. PDL cells were cultivated on the membranes for 72 h. Cell number and vitality were examined by fluorescent cell viability assays. Results: Our results demonstrated that a concentration of 0.01% CHX allowed the production of a stable APRF membrane. This concentration slightly reduced the viability of PDL cells to 96.7%, but significantly decreased the average number of cells attached to the membrane—149 ± 16.5 cells/field compared to controls −336 ± 26.9 cells/field. APRF-CHX 0.02% membranes were unstable, indicating a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect of CHX. Conclusions: The introduced novel protocol leads to the production of a new type of APRF membrane—CHX-PRF. The incorporation of an antiseptic into the APRF membrane can improve its bactericidal activity and might serve as an important step for the prevention of postoperative infections. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine)
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19 pages, 3222 KB  
Article
Biomass-Derived Plant Extracts in Macromolecular Chitosan Matrices as a Green Coating for PLA Films
by Lidija Fras Zemljič, Tjaša Kraševac Glaser, Olivija Plohl, Ivan Anžel, Vida Šimat, Martina Čagalj, Eva Mežnar, Valentina Malin, Meta Sterniša and Sonja Smole Možina
J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 228; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040228 - 7 Nov 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3054
Abstract
Due to the growing problem of food and packaging waste, environmental awareness, and customer requirements for food safety, there is a great need for the development of innovative and functional packaging. Among these developments, the concept of active packaging is at the forefront. [...] Read more.
Due to the growing problem of food and packaging waste, environmental awareness, and customer requirements for food safety, there is a great need for the development of innovative and functional packaging. Among these developments, the concept of active packaging is at the forefront. The shortcoming in this area is that there is still a lack of multifunctional concepts, as well as green approaches. Therefore, this work focuses on the development of active chemical substances of natural origin applied as a coating on polylactic acid (PLA) films. Biopolymer chitosan and plant extracts rich in phenolic compounds (blackberry leaves—Rubus fruticosus, needles of prickly juniper—Juniperus oxycedrus) obtained from plant biomass from Southeastern Europe were selected in this work. In order to increase the effectiveness of individual substances and to introduce multifunctionality, they were combined in the form of different colloidal structural formulations. The plant extracts were embedded in chitosan biopolymer particles and dispersed in a macromolecular chitosan solution. In addition, a two-layer coating, the first of a macromolecular chitosan solution, and the second of a dispersion of the embedded extracts in chitosan particles, was applied to the PLA films as a novel approach. The success of the coatings was monitored by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and the wettability was evaluated by contact angle measurements. Scanning electron microscopy SEM tracked the morphology and homogeneity of the coating. Antioxidation was studied by DPPH and ABTS spectrophotometric tests, and microbiological analysis of the films was performed according to the ISO 22196 Standard. Desorption of the coating from the PLA was monitored by reducing the elemental composition of the films themselves. The successful functionalization of PLA was demonstrated, while the XPS and ATR-FTIR analyses clearly showed the peaks of elemental composition of the extracts and chitosan on the PLA surface. Moreover, in all cases, the contact angle of the bilayer coatings decreased by more than 35–60% and contributed to the anti-fogging properties. The desorption experiments, due to decrease in the concentration of the specific typical element (nitrogen), indicated some migration of substances from the PLA’s surface. The newly developed films also exhibited antioxidant properties, with antioxidant ABTS efficiencies ranging from 83.5 to 100% and a quite high inhibition of Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, averaging over 95%. The current functionalization of PLA simultaneously confers antifogging, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties and drives the development of a biodegradable and environmentally friendly composite material using green chemistry principles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Renewable Polysaccharides for Bioactive Functional Materials and Applications)
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14 pages, 4627 KB  
Article
The Effect of Amino Sugars on the Composition and Metabolism of a Microcosm Biofilm and the Cariogenic Potential against Teeth and Dental Materials
by Lin Zeng, Alejandro Riveros Walker, Patricia dos Santos Calderon, Xinyi Xia, Fan Ren and Josephine F. Esquivel-Upshaw
J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 223; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040223 - 6 Nov 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2402
Abstract
Amino sugars N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and glucosamine (GlcN) are abundant sources of carbon and nitrogen in the oral cavity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of GlcNAc metabolism on the genomics and biochemistry of a saliva-derived microbial community, and on [...] Read more.
Amino sugars N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and glucosamine (GlcN) are abundant sources of carbon and nitrogen in the oral cavity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of GlcNAc metabolism on the genomics and biochemistry of a saliva-derived microbial community, and on the surface integrity of human teeth and restorative surfaces. Pooled cell-containing saliva (CCS) was used to establish a microcosm biofilm in vitro in a biofilm medium (BM) containing 5 different carbohydrates. The microbial composition of each biofilm was analyzed by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, and the concentrations of eight organic acids were determined for selected sugars by targeted metabolomics. Meanwhile, extracted human teeth and polished titanium and ceramic disks were submerged in BM supplemented with 1% of glucose or GlcNAc, inoculated with CCS and Streptococcus mutans UA159, and incubated for 30 days. To mimic the effects of other microbial byproducts, the specimens were immersed in 10 mM hydrogen peroxide and 10 mM ammonium hydroxide for 30 days. The surface of each specimen was evaluated by profilometry for roughness (Ra) and imaged by scanning electron microscopy. The pH of the biofilm supernatant was significantly higher for the medium containing GlcNAc (p < 0.0001), and was higher in samples containing teeth than the two restorative disks for media containing the same sugar. For both teeth and titanium specimens, the samples treated with glucose-biofilm presented higher roughness values (Ra) than those with GlcNAc-biofilm and every other group. SEM images of the teeth and titanium disks largely supported the profilometry results, with glucose-biofilm samples demonstrating the largest deviation from the reference. For ceramic disks, slightly higher Ra values were obtained for the ammonia group. These findings provide the first direct evidence to support the ability of amino sugars to significantly reduce the cariogenic potential of oral biofilms by altering their biochemistry and bacterial composition. Additionally, amino sugar metabolism appears to be less detrimental to teeth and restorative surfaces than glucose metabolism. Full article
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16 pages, 16099 KB  
Article
AMPK/mTOR Pathway Is Involved in Autophagy Induced by Magnesium-Incorporated TiO2 Surface to Promote BMSC Osteogenic Differentiation
by Guifang Wang, Jiaxin Luo, Yuqin Qiao, Dongdong Zhang, Yulan Liu, Wenjie Zhang, Xuanyong Liu and Xinquan Jiang
J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 221; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040221 - 5 Nov 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2980
Abstract
Magnesium has been extensively utilized to modify titanium implant surfaces based on its important function in promoting osteogenic differentiation. Autophagy has been proven to play a vital role in bone metabolism. Whether there is an association between autophagy and magnesium in promoting osteogenic [...] Read more.
Magnesium has been extensively utilized to modify titanium implant surfaces based on its important function in promoting osteogenic differentiation. Autophagy has been proven to play a vital role in bone metabolism. Whether there is an association between autophagy and magnesium in promoting osteogenic differentiation remains unclear. In the present study, we focused on investigating the role of magnesium ions in early osteogenic activity and the underlying mechanism related to autophagy. Different concentrations of magnesium were embedded in micro-structured titanium surface layers using the micro-arc oxidation (MAO) technique. The incorporation of magnesium benefited cell adhesion, spreading, and viability; attenuated intracellular ATP concentrations and p-mTOR levels; and upregulated p-AMPK levels. This indicates the vital role of the ATP-related AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway in the autophagy process associated with osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) induced by magnesium modification on titanium surfaces. The enhanced osteogenic differentiation and improved cellular autophagy activity of BMSCs in their extraction medium further confirmed the function of magnesium ions. The results of the present study advance our understanding of the mechanism by which magnesium regulates BMSC osteogenic differentiation through autophagy regulation. Moreover, endowing implants with the ability to activate autophagy may be a promising strategy for enhancing osseointegration in the translational medicine field in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Functional Biomaterials in China)
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19 pages, 6854 KB  
Article
A Novel Hybrid Membrane for Urinary Conduit Substitutes Based on Small Intestinal Submucosa Coupled with Two Synthetic Polymers
by Martina Casarin, Martina Todesco, Deborah Sandrin, Filippo Romanato, Andrea Bagno, Alessandro Morlacco and Fabrizio Dal Moro
J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 222; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040222 - 5 Nov 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3171
Abstract
Among the urinary tract’s malignancies, bladder cancer is the most frequent one: it is at the tenth position of most common cancers worldwide. Currently, the gold standard therapy consists of radical cystectomy, which results in the need to create a urinary diversion using [...] Read more.
Among the urinary tract’s malignancies, bladder cancer is the most frequent one: it is at the tenth position of most common cancers worldwide. Currently, the gold standard therapy consists of radical cystectomy, which results in the need to create a urinary diversion using a bowel segment from the patient. Nevertheless, due to several complications associated with bowel resection and anastomosis, which significantly affect patient quality of life, it is becoming extremely important to find an alternative solution. In our recent work, we proposed the decellularized porcine small intestinal submucosa (SIS) as a candidate material for urinary conduit substitution. In the present study, we create SIS-based hybrid membranes that are obtained by coupling decellularized SIS with two commercially available polycarbonate urethanes (Chronoflex AR and Chronoflex AR-LT) to improve SIS mechanical resistance and impermeability. We evaluated the hybrid membranes by means of immunofluorescence, two-photon microscopy, FTIR analysis, and mechanical and cytocompatibility tests. The realization of hybrid membranes did not deteriorate SIS composition, but the presence of polymers ameliorates the mechanical behavior of the hybrid constructs. Moreover, the cytocompatibility tests demonstrated a significant increase in cell growth compared to decellularized SIS alone. In light of the present results, the hybrid membrane-based urinary conduit can be a suitable candidate to realize a urinary diversion in place of an autologous intestinal segment. Further efforts will be performed in order to create a cylindrical-shaped hybrid membrane and to study its hydraulic behavior. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biocompatibility of Functional Biomaterials)
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15 pages, 2814 KB  
Article
Carbon Nanoparticles Extracted from Date Palm Fronds for Fluorescence Bioimaging: In Vitro Study
by Shaik Muhammad U. G. Mohiuddin, Abdu Saeed, Ahmed Alshahrie, Adnan Memić, Fadwa Aljoud, Shittu Abdullahi, Hussam A. Organji and Numan Salah
J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 218; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040218 - 4 Nov 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2729
Abstract
Numerous studies have been reported on single- and multicolored highly fluorescent carbon nanoparticles (FCNPs) originating from various sources and their potential applications in bioimaging. Herein, multicolored biocompatible carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) unsheathed from date palm fronds were studied. The extracted CNPs were characterized via [...] Read more.
Numerous studies have been reported on single- and multicolored highly fluorescent carbon nanoparticles (FCNPs) originating from various sources and their potential applications in bioimaging. Herein, multicolored biocompatible carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) unsheathed from date palm fronds were studied. The extracted CNPs were characterized via several microscopic and spectroscopic techniques. The results revealed that the CNPs were crystalline graphitic and hydrophilic in nature with sizes ranging from 4 to 20 nm. The unsheathed CNPs showed exemplary photoluminescent (PL) properties. They also emitted bright blue colors when exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light. Furthermore, in vitro cellular uptake and cell viability in the presence of CNPs were also investigated. The cell viability of human colon cancer (HCT-116) and breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) cell lines with aqueous CNPs at different concentrations was assessed by a cell metabolic activity assay (MTT) for 24 and 48 h incubations. The results were combined to generate dose-response curves for the CNPs and evaluate the severity of their toxicity. The CNPs showed adequate fluorescence with high cell viability for in vitro cell imaging. Under the laser-scanning confocal microscope, the CNPs with HCT-116 and MCF-7 cell lines showed multicolor fluorescence emissions, including blue, green, and red colors when excited at 405, 458, and 561 nm, respectively. These results prove that unsheathed CNPs from date palm fronds can be used in diverse biomedical applications because of their low cytotoxicity, adequate fluorescence, eco-friendly nature, and cheap production. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Biosynthesis of Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications)
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33 pages, 6028 KB  
Review
MOFs and MOF-Derived Materials for Antibacterial Application
by Xin Zhang, Feng Peng and Donghui Wang
J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 215; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040215 - 3 Nov 2022
Cited by 90 | Viewed by 9182
Abstract
Bacterial infections pose a serious threat to people’s health. Efforts are being made to develop antibacterial agents that can inhibit bacterial growth, prevent biofilm formation, and kill bacteria. In recent years, materials based on metal organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted significant attention for [...] Read more.
Bacterial infections pose a serious threat to people’s health. Efforts are being made to develop antibacterial agents that can inhibit bacterial growth, prevent biofilm formation, and kill bacteria. In recent years, materials based on metal organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted significant attention for various antibacterial applications due to their high specific surface area, high enzyme-like activity, and continuous release of metal ions. This paper reviews the recent progress of MOFs as antibacterial agents, focusing on preparation methods, fundamental antibacterial mechanisms, and strategies to enhance their antibacterial effects. Finally, several prospects related to MOFs for antibacterial application are proposed, aiming to provide possible research directions in this field. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Functional Biomaterials in China)
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18 pages, 3813 KB  
Article
Polyzwitterionic Coating of Porous Adsorbents for Therapeutic Apheresis
by Vladislav Semak, Tanja Eichhorn, René Weiss and Viktoria Weber
J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 216; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040216 - 3 Nov 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3109
Abstract
Adsorbents for whole blood apheresis need to be highly blood compatible to minimize the activation of blood cells on the biomaterial surface. Here, we developed blood-compatible matrices by surface modification with polyzwitterionic polysulfobetainic and polycarboxybetainic coatings. Photoreactive zwitterionic terpolymers were synthesized by free-radical [...] Read more.
Adsorbents for whole blood apheresis need to be highly blood compatible to minimize the activation of blood cells on the biomaterial surface. Here, we developed blood-compatible matrices by surface modification with polyzwitterionic polysulfobetainic and polycarboxybetainic coatings. Photoreactive zwitterionic terpolymers were synthesized by free-radical polymerization of zwitterionic, photoreactive, and fluorescent monomers. Upon UV irradiation, the terpolymers were photodeposited and mutually crosslinked on the surface of hydrophobic polystyrene-co-divinylbenzene and hydrophilic polyacrylamide-co-polyacrylate (DALI) beads. Fluorescent microscopy revealed coatings with an average thickness of 5 µm, which were limited to the bead surface. Blood compatibility was assessed based on polymer-induced hemolysis, coagulation parameters, and in vitro tests. The maintenance of the adsorption capacity after coating was studied in human whole blood with cytokines for polystyrene beads (remained capacity 25–67%) and with low-density lipoprotein (remained capacity 80%) for polyacrylate beads. Coating enhanced the blood compatibility of hydrophobic, but not of hydrophilic adsorbents. The most prominent effect was observed on coagulation parameters (e.g., PT, aPTT, TT, and protein C) and neutrophil count. Polycarboxybetaine with a charge spacer of five carbons was the most promising polyzwitterion for the coating of adsorbents for whole blood apheresis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biocompatibility of Functional Biomaterials)
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11 pages, 3076 KB  
Article
Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing of Zinc as a Degradable Metallic Biomaterial
by Rishabh Soni, Suyog Jhavar, Suhela Tyeb, Saurabh Kumar Gupta, Satyam Suwas and Kaushik Chatterjee
J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 212; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040212 - 1 Nov 2022
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4083
Abstract
Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) offers a high rate of material deposition among various additive manufacturing techniques with wire as feedstock material but has not been established for zinc alloys. Zn alloys can be used as degradable biomaterials, in contrast to conventional permanent [...] Read more.
Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) offers a high rate of material deposition among various additive manufacturing techniques with wire as feedstock material but has not been established for zinc alloys. Zn alloys can be used as degradable biomaterials, in contrast to conventional permanent metallic biomaterials. In this work, commercially pure Zn was processed by WAAM to obtain near-dense parts, and the properties obtained through WAAM-processed Zn were compared with wrought (WR) Zn samples. The microstructure and hardness values of the WAAM (41 ± 1 HV0.3) components were found to be similar to those of the WR (35 ± 2 HV0.3) components. Bulk X-ray diffraction texture measurements suggested that WAAM builds exhibit a heavily textured microstructure compared to the WR counterparts, with peak intensities around <3 3–6 2> or <0 0 0 2> in the directions parallel to the build direction (BD). The corrosion rates in simulated body fluid (SBF) were similar for WAAM (0.45 mmpy) and WR (0.3 mmpy) samples. The weight loss measurements in SBF were found to be marginally higher in the WAAM samples compared to the WR counterparts for a duration of up to 21 days. MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts were found to be healthy and proliferating in the culture medium containing the degradation products from WAAM-Zn in a manner similar to WR-Zn. This work establishes the feasibility of processing Zn by WAAM for use in bioresorbable metallic implants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Frontiers in Biodegradable Materials and Their Processing)
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13 pages, 2656 KB  
Review
Growing Global Research Interest in Antimicrobial Peptides for Caries Management: A Bibliometric Analysis
by Olivia Lili Zhang, John Yun Niu, Iris Xiaoxue Yin, Ollie Yiru Yu, May Lei Mei and Chun Hung Chu
J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 210; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040210 - 29 Oct 2022
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2357
Abstract
Objective: Researchers are studying the use of antimicrobial peptides as functional biomaterials to prevent and treat dental caries. This study aims to investigate the global research interest in antimicrobial peptides for caries management. Methods: Two independent investigators systematically searched with keywords (‘Caries’ OR [...] Read more.
Objective: Researchers are studying the use of antimicrobial peptides as functional biomaterials to prevent and treat dental caries. This study aims to investigate the global research interest in antimicrobial peptides for caries management. Methods: Two independent investigators systematically searched with keywords (‘Caries’ OR ‘Dental caries’) AND (‘Antimicrobial peptide’ OR ‘AMP’ OR ‘Statherin’ OR ‘Histatin’ OR ‘Defensin’ OR ‘Cathelicidin’) on Web of Science, PubMed and Scopus. They removed duplicate publications and screened the titles and abstracts to identify relevant publications. The included publications were summarized and classified as laboratory studies, clinical trials or reviews. The citation count and citation density of the three publication types were compared using a one-way analysis of variance. The publications’ bibliometric data were analyzed using the Bibliometrix program. Results: This study included 163 publications with 115 laboratory studies (71%), 29 clinical trials (18%) and 19 reviews (11%). The number of publications per year have increased steadily since 2002. The citation densities (mean ± SD) of laboratory study publications (3.67 ± 2.73) and clinical trial publications (2.63 ± 1.85) were less than that of review articles (5.79 ± 1.27) (p = 0.002). The three publication types had no significant difference in citation count (p = 0.54). Most publications (79%, 129/163) reported the development of a novel antimicrobial peptide. China (52/163, 32%) and the US (29/163, 18%) contributed to 50% (81/163) of the publications. Conclusion: This bibliometric analysis identified an increasing trend in global interest in antimicrobial peptides for caries management since 2002. The main research topic was the development of novel antimicrobial peptides. Most publications were laboratory studies, as were the three publications with the highest citation counts. Laboratory studies had high citation counts, whereas reviews had high citation density. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Biomaterials and Biomaterial Composites with Antimicrobial Properties)
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13 pages, 3002 KB  
Article
Effect of Different Cavity Disinfectants on Adhesion to Dentin of Permanent Teeth
by Ana Coelho, Luís Vilhena, Maria Antunes, Inês Amaro, Anabela Paula, Carlos Miguel Marto, José Saraiva, Manuel Marques Ferreira, Eunice Carrilho and Amílcar Ramalho
J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 209; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040209 - 28 Oct 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3975
Abstract
After the elimination of dental caries lesions, some microorganisms may remain viable in the tooth structure. Thus, cavity disinfection is an important procedure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of cavity disinfectants on the adhesion to dentin of permanent [...] Read more.
After the elimination of dental caries lesions, some microorganisms may remain viable in the tooth structure. Thus, cavity disinfection is an important procedure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of cavity disinfectants on the adhesion to dentin of permanent teeth. Sixty molars were ground flat and randomly assigned to six groups: control; chlorhexidine; Aloe vera; glutaraldehyde; EDTA; ethanol. Cavity disinfectants were applied, rinsed, and air-dried. The restorations were performed with the aid of polyethylene tubes. Shear bond strength, work to detachment, and shear modulus were evaluated. All data were statistically analyzed and the level of significance was set at 5%. The control group showed the lowest shear bond strength (8.34 ± 2.68 MPa). Aloe vera showed the lowest work to debonding (2284 J/m2) while chlorhexidine showed the highest (9347 J/m2). Regarding the shear modulus, ethanol, chlorhexidine, and EDTA presented similar values to the control group (216.11 kPa), and glutaraldehyde and Aloe vera presented values twice as high. The use of chlorhexidine, ethanol, EDTA, glutaraldehyde, and Aloe vera did not impair the adhesion established between the dentin of permanent teeth and composite resin. Even though there is a need for clinical studies to support these findings, all disinfectants seem to be good choices as pretreatment agents. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Dental Biomaterials)
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20 pages, 4792 KB  
Article
Assessing the Efficacy of Whole-Body Titanium Dental Implant Surface Modifications in Inducing Adhesion, Proliferation, and Osteogenesis in Human Adipose Tissue Stem Cells
by Federico Ferro, Federico Azzolin, Renza Spelat, Lorenzo Bevilacqua and Michele Maglione
J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 206; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040206 - 27 Oct 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2422
Abstract
Background: Although the influence of titanium implants’ micro-surface properties on titanium discs has been extensively investigated, the research has not taken into consideration their whole-body effect, which may be considered possible using a combinatorial approach. Methods: Five titanium dental implants with a similar [...] Read more.
Background: Although the influence of titanium implants’ micro-surface properties on titanium discs has been extensively investigated, the research has not taken into consideration their whole-body effect, which may be considered possible using a combinatorial approach. Methods: Five titanium dental implants with a similar moderate roughness and different surface textures were thoroughly characterized. The cell adhesion and proliferation were assessed after adipose-tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs) were seeded on whole-body implants. The implants’ inductive properties were assessed by evaluating the osteoblastic gene expression. Results: The surface micro-topography was analyzed, showing that hydroxyapatite (HA)-blasted and bland acid etching implants had the highest roughness and a lower number of surface particles. Cell adhesion was observed after 24 h on all the implants, with the highest score registered for the HA-blasted and bland acid etching implants. Cell proliferation was observed only on the laser-treated and double-acid-etched surfaces. The ADSCs expressed collagen type I, osteonectin, and alkaline phosphatase on all the implant surfaces, with high levels on the HA-treated surfaces, which also triggered osteocalcin expression on day seven. Conclusions: The findings of this study show that the morphology and treatment of whole titanium dental implants, primarily HA-treated and bland acid etching implants, impact the adherence and activity of ADSCs in osteogenic differentiation in the absence of specific osteo-inductive signals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Materials in Implant Applications and Regenerative Medicine)
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13 pages, 1660 KB  
Article
In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of a Nano-Tool Appended Oilmix (Clove and Tea Tree Oil) Thermosensitive Gel for Vaginal Candidiasis
by Abdulrab Ahmed M. Alkhanjaf, Md Tanwir Athar, Zabih Ullah, Ahmad Umar and Ibrahim Ahmed Shaikh
J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 203; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040203 - 26 Oct 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4418
Abstract
The main objective of the proposed work was the development of a thermosensitive gel (containing clove and tea tree oil) for the management of vaginal candidiasis. Both oils have been recommended to be used separately in a topical formulation for vaginal candidiasis. Incorporating [...] Read more.
The main objective of the proposed work was the development of a thermosensitive gel (containing clove and tea tree oil) for the management of vaginal candidiasis. Both oils have been recommended to be used separately in a topical formulation for vaginal candidiasis. Incorporating two natural ingredients (clove and tea tree oil) into a product give it a broad antimicrobial spectrum and analgesic properties. The two oils were mixed together at a 3:1 ratio and converted into o/w nanoemulsion using the aqueous titration method and plotting pseudo ternary phase diagrams. Further transformations resulted in a gel with thermosensitive properties. To determine the final formulation’s potential for further clinical investigation, in vitro analyses (viscosity measurement, MTT assay, mucoadhesion, ex vivo permeation) and in vivo studies (fungal clearance kinetics in an animal model) were conducted. The current effort leveraged the potential of tea tree and clove oils as formulation ingredients and natural therapeutic agents for vaginal infections. Its synergy generated a stable and effective thermosensitive gel that can be utilized for recurrent candidiasis and other infections. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials and Their Biomedical Applications)
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24 pages, 1847 KB  
Review
Two-Dimensional Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C3N4) Nanosheets and Their Derivatives for Diagnosis and Detection Applications
by Mehrab Pourmadadi, Maryam Rajabzadeh-Khosroshahi, Fatemeh Saeidi Tabar, Narges Ajalli, Amirmasoud Samadi, Mahsa Yazdani, Fatemeh Yazdian, Abbas Rahdar and Ana M. Díez-Pascual
J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 204; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040204 - 26 Oct 2022
Cited by 40 | Viewed by 8345
Abstract
The early diagnosis of certain fatal diseases is vital for preventing severe consequences and contributes to a more effective treatment. Despite numerous conventional methods to realize this goal, employing nanobiosensors is a novel approach that provides a fast and precise detection. Recently, nanomaterials [...] Read more.
The early diagnosis of certain fatal diseases is vital for preventing severe consequences and contributes to a more effective treatment. Despite numerous conventional methods to realize this goal, employing nanobiosensors is a novel approach that provides a fast and precise detection. Recently, nanomaterials have been widely applied as biosensors with distinctive features. Graphite phase carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is a two-dimensional (2D) carbon-based nanostructure that has received attention in biosensing. Biocompatibility, biodegradability, semiconductivity, high photoluminescence yield, low-cost synthesis, easy production process, antimicrobial activity, and high stability are prominent properties that have rendered g-C3N4 a promising candidate to be used in electrochemical, optical, and other kinds of biosensors. This review presents the g-C3N4 unique features, synthesis methods, and g-C3N4-based nanomaterials. In addition, recent relevant studies on using g-C3N4 in biosensors in regard to improving treatment pathways are reviewed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials and Devices for Healthcare Applications)
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12 pages, 4166 KB  
Article
Raman Analyses of Laser Irradiation-Induced Microstructural Variations in Synthetic Hydroxyapatite and Human Teeth
by Hayata Imamura, Wenliang Zhu, Tetsuya Adachi, Noriko Hiraishi, Elia Marin, Nao Miyamoto, Toshiro Yamamoto, Narisato Kanamura and Giuseppe Pezzotti
J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 200; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040200 - 25 Oct 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2340
Abstract
The microstructural and molecular-scale variations induced by laser irradiation treatment on human teeth enamel in comparison with synthetic hydroxyapatite (HAp) were examined through Raman microprobe spectroscopy as a function of irradiation power. The results demonstrated that laser irradiation could modify stoichiometry, microstructure, and [...] Read more.
The microstructural and molecular-scale variations induced by laser irradiation treatment on human teeth enamel in comparison with synthetic hydroxyapatite (HAp) were examined through Raman microprobe spectroscopy as a function of irradiation power. The results demonstrated that laser irradiation could modify stoichiometry, microstructure, and the population of crystallographic defects, as well as the hardness of the materials. These modifications showed strong dependences on both laser power and initial nonstoichiometric structure (defective content of HPO4), because of the occurrence of distinct reactions and structural reconstruction. The reported observations can redirect future trends in tooth whitening by laser treatment and the production of HAp coatings because of the important role of stoichiometric defects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Materials for Dental Restorations)
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12 pages, 2040 KB  
Article
Oxidized Alginate Dopamine Conjugate: A Study to Gain Insight into Cell/Particle Interactions
by Adriana Trapani, Filomena Corbo, Erika Stefàno, Loredana Capobianco, Antonella Muscella, Santo Marsigliante, Antonio Cricenti, Marco Luce, David Becerril and Stefano Bellucci
J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 201; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040201 - 25 Oct 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1991
Abstract
Background: We had previously synthetized a macromolecular prodrug consisting of oxidized Alginate and dopamine (AlgOx-Da) for a potential application in Parkinson disease (PD). Methods: In the present work, we aimed at gaining an insight into the interactions occurring between AlgOx-Da and [...] Read more.
Background: We had previously synthetized a macromolecular prodrug consisting of oxidized Alginate and dopamine (AlgOx-Da) for a potential application in Parkinson disease (PD). Methods: In the present work, we aimed at gaining an insight into the interactions occurring between AlgOx-Da and SH-SY5Y neuronal cell lines in view of further studies oriented towards PD treatment. With the scope of ascertaining changes in the external and internal structure of the cells, multiple methodologies were adopted. Firstly, fluorescently labeled AlgOx-Da conjugate was synthetized in the presence of fluorescein 5(6)-isothiocyanate (FITC), providing FITC-AlgOx-Da, which did not alter SH-SY5Y cell viability according to the sulforhodamine B test. Furthermore, the uptake of FITC-AlgOx-Da by the SH-SY5Y cells was studied using scanning near-field optical microscopy and assessments of cell morphology over time were carried out using atomic force microscopy. Results: Notably, the AFM methodology confirmed that no relevant damage occurred to the neuronal cells. Regarding the effects of DA on the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, AlgOx-Da reduced them in comparison to free DA, while AlgOx did almost not influence ROS production. Conclusions: these findings seem promising for designing in vivo studies aiming at administering Oxidized Alginate Dopamine Conjugate for PD treatment. Full article
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11 pages, 2014 KB  
Article
Surface Free Energy and Composition Changes and Ob Cellular Response to CHX-, PVPI-, and ClO2-Treated Titanium Implant Materials
by Roland Masa, István Pelsőczi-Kovács, Zoltán Aigner, Albert Oszkó, Kinga Turzó and Krisztina Ungvári
J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 202; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040202 - 25 Oct 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2267
Abstract
The study evaluated the interaction of a titanium dental implant surface with three different antibacterial solutions: chlorhexidine, povidone-iodine, and chlorine dioxide. Implant surface decontamination is greatly challenging modern implant dentistry. Alongside mechanical cleaning, different antibacterial agents are widely used, though these could alter [...] Read more.
The study evaluated the interaction of a titanium dental implant surface with three different antibacterial solutions: chlorhexidine, povidone-iodine, and chlorine dioxide. Implant surface decontamination is greatly challenging modern implant dentistry. Alongside mechanical cleaning, different antibacterial agents are widely used, though these could alter implant surface properties. Commercially pure (CP) grade 4 titanium (Ti) discs were treated with three different chemical agents (chlorhexidine 0.2% (CHX), povidone-iodine 10% (PVPI), chlorine dioxide 0.12% (ClO2)) for 5 min. Contact angle measurements, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis, and cell culture studies were performed. Attachment and proliferation of primary human osteoblast cells were investigated via MTT (dimethylthiazol–diphenyl tetrazolium bromide), alamarBlue, LDH (lactate dehydrogenase), and fluorescent assays. Contact angle measurements showed that PVPI-treated samples (Θ = 24.9 ± 4.1) gave no difference compared with controls (Θ = 24.6 ± 5.4), while CHX (Θ = 47.2 ± 4.1) and ClO2 (Θ = 39.2 ± 9.8) treatments presented significantly higher Θ values. All samples remained in the hydrophilic region. XPS analysis revealed typical surface elements of CP grade 4 titanium (Ti, O, and C). Both MTT and alamarBlue cell viability assays showed similarity between treated and untreated control groups. The LDH test revealed no significant difference, and fluorescent staining confirmed these results. Although there was a difference in surface wettability, a high proliferation rate was observed in all treated groups. The in vitro study proved that CHX, PVPI, and ClO2 are proper candidates as dental implant decontamination agents. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Dental Biomaterials)
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19 pages, 4860 KB  
Article
Influence of Ceramic Particles Size and Ratio on Surface—Volume Features of the Naturally Derived HA-Reinforced Filaments for Biomedical Applications
by Aura-Cătălina Mocanu, Florin Miculescu, Cătălina-Andreea Dascălu, Ștefan Ioan Voicu, Mădălina-Andreea Pandele, Robert-Cătălin Ciocoiu, Dan Batalu, Sorina Dondea, Valentina Mitran and Lucian-Toma Ciocan
J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 199; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040199 - 21 Oct 2022
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3076
Abstract
The intersection of the bone tissue reconstruction and additive manufacturing fields promoted the advancement to a prerequisite and new feedstock resource for high-performance bone-like-scaffolds manufacturing. In this paper, the proposed strategy was directed toward the use of bovine-bone-derived hydroxyapatite (HA) for surface properties [...] Read more.
The intersection of the bone tissue reconstruction and additive manufacturing fields promoted the advancement to a prerequisite and new feedstock resource for high-performance bone-like-scaffolds manufacturing. In this paper, the proposed strategy was directed toward the use of bovine-bone-derived hydroxyapatite (HA) for surface properties enhancement and mechanical features reinforcement of the poly(lactic acid) matrix for composite filaments extrusion. The involvement of completely naturally derived materials in the technological process was based on factors such as sustainability, low cost, and a facile and green synthesis route. After the HA isolation and extraction from bovine bones by thermal processing, milling, and sorting, two dependent parameters—the HA particles size (<40 μm, <100 μm, and >125 μm) and ratio (0–50% with increments of 10%)—were simultaneously modulated for the first time during the incorporation into the polymeric matrix. The resulting melt mixtures were divided for cast pellets and extruded filaments development. Based on the obtained samples, the study was further designed to examine several key features by complementary surface–volume characterization techniques. Hence, the scanning electron microscopy and micro-CT results for all specimens revealed a uniform and homogenous dispersion of HA particles and an adequate adhesion at the ceramic/polymer interface, without outline pores, sustained by the shape and surface features of the synthesized ceramic particles. Moreover, an enhanced wettability (contact angle in the ~70−21° range) and gradual mechanical takeover were indicated once the HA ratio increased, independent of the particles size, which confirmed the benefits and feasibility of evenly blending the natural ceramic/polymeric components. The results correlation led to the selection of optimal technological parameters for the synthesis of adequate composite filaments destined for future additive manufacturing and biomedical applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioceramics and Bioactive Glass-Based Materials)
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11 pages, 1767 KB  
Review
Overview of Physicochemical Properties of Nanoparticles as Drug Carriers for Targeted Cancer Therapy
by Vugar Yagublu, Aynura Karimova, Javahir Hajibabazadeh, Christoph Reissfelder, Mustafa Muradov, Stefano Bellucci and Adil Allahverdiyev
J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 196; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040196 - 20 Oct 2022
Cited by 55 | Viewed by 7753
Abstract
The advent of nanotechnology has brought about revolutionary innovations in biological research techniques and medical practice. In recent years, various “smart” nanocarriers have been introduced to deliver therapeutic agents specifically to the tumor tissue in a controlled manner, thereby minimizing their side effects [...] Read more.
The advent of nanotechnology has brought about revolutionary innovations in biological research techniques and medical practice. In recent years, various “smart” nanocarriers have been introduced to deliver therapeutic agents specifically to the tumor tissue in a controlled manner, thereby minimizing their side effects and reducing both dosage and dosage frequency. A large number of nanoparticles have demonstrated initial success in preclinical evaluation but modest therapeutic benefits in the clinical setting, partly due to insufficient delivery to the tumor site and penetration in tumor tissue. Therefore, a precise understanding of the relationships betweenthe physicochemical properties of nanoparticles and their interaction with the surrounding microenvironment in the body is extremely important for achieving higher concentrations and better functionality in tumor tissues. This knowledge would help to effectively combine multiple advantageous functions in one nanoparticle. The main focus of the discussion in this review, therefore, will relate to the main physicochemical properties of nanoparticles while interacting within the body and their tuning potential for increased performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biocompatibility of Functional Biomaterials)
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9 pages, 2353 KB  
Article
Evaluation of Effects of Various Irrigating Solutions on Chemical Structure of Root Canal Dentin Using FTIR, SEM, and EDS: An In Vitro Study
by Indu Padmakumar, Dharam Hinduja, Abdul Mujeeb, Raghu Kachenahalli Narasimhaiah, Ashwini Kumar Saraswathi, Mubashir Baig Mirza, Ali Robaian, Syed Nahid Basheer, Mohmed Isaqali Karobari and Giuseppe Alessandro Scardina
J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 197; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040197 - 20 Oct 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2713
Abstract
Background: Sequential chemical application for irrigating a root canal during chemomechanical debridement can affect the dentin microstructure. Understanding the effects of various irrigants on chemical properties of dentin can elucidate their effects on physical properties and thereby explain the higher incidence of structural [...] Read more.
Background: Sequential chemical application for irrigating a root canal during chemomechanical debridement can affect the dentin microstructure. Understanding the effects of various irrigants on chemical properties of dentin can elucidate their effects on physical properties and thereby explain the higher incidence of structural failure in endodontically treated teeth. This in vitro research aimed to compare and evaluate the effects of three different irrigating solutions on the chemical structure of root canal dentin in extracted human teeth. Methods: Forty-eight extracted single-rooted mandibular premolar teeth were sectioned at the cemento–enamel junction by a diamond disc and were then randomly assigned to four groups of twelve samples each. The groups were irrigated using 5.25% NaOCl, ozonated olive oil, silver citrate, or distilled water. Dentin sections measuring 1.5 mm were obtained from the root portion and each section and were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and electron-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). FTIR and EDS values are reported as means ± standard deviations. Data were analyzed using an ANOVA and a post hoc Bonferroni test (p < 0.05). Results: A comparison of the FTIR and EDS values among the groups using ANOVA revealed statistically significant differences in the organic and inorganic peak values among the groups. An intergroup comparison between NaOCl with silver citrate and ozonated olive oil revealed significant reductions in the carbonate and phosphate peak values in the NaOCl group (p < 0.05). The EDS values tabulated for the carbon, oxygen, phosphorous, and calcium peak levels showed significant differences between the groups using an ANOVA. An SEM analysis was conducted under 1500× magnification, which revealed smear layer removal in the silver citrate group. Conclusions: The silver citrate solution and the ozonated olive oil caused less changes in the organic and mineral contents of dentin than sodium hypochlorite. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Clinical Endodontic Applications)
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13 pages, 6744 KB  
Article
Application of the Composite Fibers Based on Chitosan and Chitin Nanofibrils in Cosmetology
by Vera V. Kodolova-Chukhontseva, Elena N. Dresvyanina, Yulia A. Nashchekina, Irina P. Dobrovol’skaya, Sergei G. Bystrov, Elena M. Ivan’kova, Vladimir E. Yudin and Pierfrancesco Morganti
J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 198; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040198 - 20 Oct 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2389
Abstract
Chitosan and composite fibers containing chitin nanofibrils have been developed for use in cosmetology. The tensile strength of the chitosan multifilaments is 160.6 ± 19.0 MPa, and of the composite multifilaments containing chitin, nanofibrils are 198.0 ± 18.4 MPa. Chitin nanofibrils introduced into [...] Read more.
Chitosan and composite fibers containing chitin nanofibrils have been developed for use in cosmetology. The tensile strength of the chitosan multifilaments is 160.6 ± 19.0 MPa, and of the composite multifilaments containing chitin, nanofibrils are 198.0 ± 18.4 MPa. Chitin nanofibrils introduced into the chitosan solution contribute to the creation of a new spatial arrangement of chitosan chains and their denser packing. The studies carried out by optical, scanning electron, and atomic force microscopy has shown that the serum, consisting of a mixture of lactic acid and sodium lactate, contains extended oriented structures—“liquid filaments”. It has been also shown that a mixture of serum and composite fibers based on chitosan and chitin nanofibrils has mucoadhesive, film-forming properties. The introduction of composite fibers containing chitin nanofibrils into the serum promotes the reinforcing effect of liquid filaments, the lifting effect of the film. The obtained composition can be used in cosmetology as a skin care product. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bionanotechnology in Skin Nutritional Cosmetics for a Beauty from Within)
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17 pages, 9933 KB  
Article
Remote Eradication of Bacteria on Orthopedic Implants via Delayed Delivery of Polycaprolactone Stabilized Polyvinylpyrrolidone Iodine
by Yikai Wang, Wangsiyuan Teng, Zengjie Zhang, Siyuan Ma, Zhihui Jin, Xingzhi Zhou, Yuxiao Ye, Chongda Zhang, Zhongru Gou, Xiaohua Yu, Zhaoming Ye and Yijun Ren
J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 195; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040195 - 19 Oct 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2524
Abstract
Bacteria-associated late infection of the orthopedic devices would further lead to the failure of the implantation. However, present ordinary antimicrobial strategies usually deal with early infection but fail to combat the late infection of the implants due to the burst release of the [...] Read more.
Bacteria-associated late infection of the orthopedic devices would further lead to the failure of the implantation. However, present ordinary antimicrobial strategies usually deal with early infection but fail to combat the late infection of the implants due to the burst release of the antibiotics. Thus, to fabricate long-term antimicrobial (early antibacterial, late antibacterial) orthopedic implants is essential to address this issue. Herein, we developed a sophisticated MAO-I2-PCLx coating system incorporating an underlying iodine layer and an upper layer of polycaprolactone (PCL)-controlled coating, which could effectively eradicate the late bacterial infection throughout the implantation. Firstly, micro-arc oxidation was used to form a microarray tubular structure on the surface of the implants, laying the foundation for iodine loading and PCL bonding. Secondly, electrophoresis was applied to load iodine in the tubular structure as an efficient bactericidal agent. Finally, the surface-bonded PCL coating acts as a controller to regulate the release of iodine. The hybrid coatings displayed great stability and control release capacity. Excellent antibacterial ability was validated at 30 days post-implantation via in vitro experiments and in vivo rat osteomyelitis model. Expectedly, it can become a promising bench-to-bedside strategy for current infection challenges in the orthopedic field. Full article
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17 pages, 871 KB  
Review
Antimicrobial Biomaterials for the Healing of Infected Bone Tissue: A Systematic Review of Microtomographic Data on Experimental Animal Models
by Lorena Castro Mariano, Maria Helena Raposo Fernandes and Pedro Sousa Gomes
J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 193; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040193 - 18 Oct 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2501
Abstract
Bone tissue infection is a major clinical challenge with high morbidity and a significant healthcare burden. Therapeutic approaches are usually based on systemic antibacterial therapies, despite the potential adverse effects associated with antibiotic resistance, persistent and opportunistic infections, hypersensitivity, and toxicity issues. Most [...] Read more.
Bone tissue infection is a major clinical challenge with high morbidity and a significant healthcare burden. Therapeutic approaches are usually based on systemic antibacterial therapies, despite the potential adverse effects associated with antibiotic resistance, persistent and opportunistic infections, hypersensitivity, and toxicity issues. Most recently, tissue engineering strategies, embracing local delivery systems and antibacterial biomaterials, have emerged as a promising alternative to systemic treatments. Despite the reported efficacy in managing bacterial infection, little is known regarding the outcomes of these devices on the bone healing process. Accordingly, this systematic review aims, for the first time, to characterize the efficacy of antibacterial biomaterials/tissue engineering constructs on the healing process of the infected bone within experimental animal models and upon microtomographic characterization. Briefly, a systematic evaluation of pre-clinical studies was performed according to the PRISMA guidelines, further complemented with bias analysis and methodological quality assessments. Data reported a significant improvement in the healing of the infected bone when an antibacterial construct was implanted, compared with the control—construct devoid of antibacterial activity, particularly at longer time points. Furthermore, considering the assessment of bias, most included studies revealed an inadequate reporting methodology, which may lead to an unclear or high risk of bias and directly hinder future studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Biomaterials and Biomaterial Composites with Antimicrobial Properties)
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14 pages, 4579 KB  
Article
Benzyldimethyldodecyl Ammonium Chloride Doped Dental Adhesive: Impact on Core’s Properties, Biosafety, and Antibacterial/Bonding Performance after Aging
by Lamia Sami Mokeem, Abdulrahman A. Balhaddad, Isadora Martini Garcia, Fabrício Mezzomo Collares and Mary Anne S. Melo
J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 190; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040190 - 17 Oct 2022
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2765
Abstract
Current dental adhesives lack antibacterial properties. This study aimed to explore the effect of incorporating benzyldimethyldodecyl ammonium chloride (BDMDAC) on the degree of conversion, contact angle, ultimate tensile strength (UTS), microtensile bond strength (µTBS), cytotoxicity, antibacterial and bonding performance after artificial aging. A [...] Read more.
Current dental adhesives lack antibacterial properties. This study aimed to explore the effect of incorporating benzyldimethyldodecyl ammonium chloride (BDMDAC) on the degree of conversion, contact angle, ultimate tensile strength (UTS), microtensile bond strength (µTBS), cytotoxicity, antibacterial and bonding performance after artificial aging. A dental adhesive was doped with BDMDAC in the concentration range of 1–5 wt.%. For antibacterial assays, the BDMDAC compound was subject to planktonic cells of Streptococcus mutans. Then, after incorporation into the dental adhesive, an S. mutans biofilm model was used to grow 48 h-mature biofilms. The biofilms grown over the formulated materials were assessed by colony-forming unit (CFU) counting assay and fluorescence microscopy staining. In addition, the cytotoxicity was evaluated. Samples were subjected to 10,000 thermal cycles for aging and evaluated by UTS, µTBS, and CFU. Incorporating BDMDAC did not increase the cytotoxicity or change the physical properties when the mass fraction of the BDMDAC was 1–5 wt.%. The UTS of BDMDAC-doped adhesives was not impaired immediately or over time. A significant bacterial reduction was obtained for the mass fraction of the BDMDAC greater than 3 wt.%. However, the BDMDAC-doped adhesives did not offer an antibacterial effect after artificial aging. The overall results indicate that the BDMDAC strategy has the potential to control of microbial growth of cariogenic planktonic cells and biofilms. However, other new technological approaches are needed to overcome the deleterious effect of BDMDAC release over time such as those based on the principle of drug delivery systems whereby the BDMDAC is transported on microparticles or core shells, providing tangible benefits to oral health over time. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Biomaterials for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategies of Pathogenic Biofilms)
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22 pages, 6245 KB  
Review
Precise Design Strategies of Nanotechnologies for Controlled Drug Delivery
by Shiyi Huang and Xianting Ding
J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 188; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040188 - 14 Oct 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3177
Abstract
Rapid advances in nanotechnologies are driving the revolution in controlled drug delivery. However, heterogeneous barriers, such as blood circulation and cellular barriers, prevent the drug from reaching the cellular target in complex physiologic environments. In this review, we discuss the precise design of [...] Read more.
Rapid advances in nanotechnologies are driving the revolution in controlled drug delivery. However, heterogeneous barriers, such as blood circulation and cellular barriers, prevent the drug from reaching the cellular target in complex physiologic environments. In this review, we discuss the precise design of nanotechnologies to enhance the efficacy, quality, and durability of drug delivery. For drug delivery in vivo, drugs loaded in nanoplatforms target particular sites in a spatial- and temporal-dependent manner. Advances in stimuli-responsive nanoparticles and carbon-based drug delivery platforms are summarized. For transdermal drug delivery systems, specific strategies including microneedles and hydrogel lead to a sustained release efficacy. Moreover, we highlight the current limitations of clinical translation and an incentive for the future development of nanotechnology-based drug delivery. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanotechnology and Drug Delivery)
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