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Cerebral Palsy: Clinical Rehabilitation and Treatment
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Cerebral Palsy: Clinical Rehabilitation and Treatment

A special issue of Journal of Clinical Medicine (ISSN 2077-0383). This special issue belongs to the section "Clinical Neurology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 June 2025 | Viewed by 2347

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Joav Merrick

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jarusalem, Israel
2. Children’s Hospital, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
3. School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
Interests: child health; pediatrics; human development; disability; public health
Prof. Dr. Dilipkumar R. Patel

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA
Interests: pediatric sports medicine; neurodevelopmental pediatrics; adolescent; pediatric; cerebral palsy
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Cerebral palsy is a tonal, postural, and movement disorder associated with various degrees of associated conditions. Its overall prevalence ranges from 1.5 to 3 in every 3000 live births, with a much higher prevalence in low-to-middle income countries. Although the classic clinical description of children with cerebral palsy first described in detail in 1843 by William John Little stills holds true, we have made substantial progress in our understanding of the risk factors, early diagnosis, and management of children and adults with this conditions. Most children with cerebral palsy grow up to be adults and, with the appropriate supports, live a productive and highly functional life. At the same time, wide disparities and inequities in access to care remain major challenges for children in socioeconomically disadvantaged regions of the world. In addition to well-established interventions which are quite effectively applied in the management of children and adults with cerebral palsy, numerous emerging treatment modalities show promise. In this Special Issue, we invite reviews and research papers on a broad range of management and rehabilitation interventions for cerebral palsy in children and adults.

Prof. Dr. Joav Merrick
Prof. Dr. Dilipkumar R. Patel
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Clinical Medicine is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • cerebral palsy
  • physiotherapy
  • occupational therapy
  • orthopedic management
  • medical management
  • rehabilitation approaches

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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9 pages, 1694 KiB  
Article
Longitudinal Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination (HINE) Trajectories in Children with Cerebral Palsy Identified in High-Risk Follow-Up
by Vera Joanna Burton, Sujatha Kannan, Srishti Jayakumar, Gwendolyn Gerner, Salome West, Gayane Yenokyan and Andrea F. Duncan
J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(5), 1572; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14051572 - 26 Feb 2025
Viewed by 633
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination (HINE) is a standardized neurologic exam for infants between 2 and 24 months. Scores can be compared to optimality cutoffs as one component to support an early diagnosis of cerebral palsy (CP). Some prognosis is also [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: The Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination (HINE) is a standardized neurologic exam for infants between 2 and 24 months. Scores can be compared to optimality cutoffs as one component to support an early diagnosis of cerebral palsy (CP). Some prognosis is also possible for infants diagnosed with CP. We aimed to understand the longitudinal trajectories of HINE scores in infants who were ultimately diagnosed with CP. Methods: Clinical records were reviewed for children who were diagnosed with CP in two high-risk infant follow-up clinics with HINE scores from at least two visits between the corrected ages of 3 months and 2 years. Trajectories were calculated individually and by group for infants in four categories—term neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), term perinatal arterial ischemic stroke (PAIS), premature infants with brain injury, and “Other” (term infants with congenital malformations and/or congenital hydrocephalus). The changes in HINE scores between clinic visits were compared using linear mixed-effect models with a random intercept, pulling data by diagnostic group across visits and accounting for within-child correlations of scores over the follow-up time. Results: The changes in HINE scores for sixty children (twenty-five with prematurity, eighteen with HIE, seven with PAIS, and ten in the other category) were assessed. The linear mixed-effect models indicated that the infants with PAIS had an estimated 10.8-point increase in total HINE scores after 9 months of age compared to earlier assessments (95% CI [2.5, 19.2]. There was no statistically significant improvement in the scores among the infants in the other brain injury groups. The infants with PAIS had an estimated 2.9-point increase in HINE asymmetry scores after 9 months of age compared to prior visits (95% CI [0.7, 5.1]). None of the other diagnostic categories had statistically significant increases in asymmetry scores over time. Conclusions: The children with PAIS with resultant hemiplegia showed increasing HINE scores throughout the first two years of life. In contrast, the HINE scores remained stable for those children with term HIE, prematurity-associated brain injury, and congenital malformations and/or congenital hydrocephalus diagnosed with CP. Tracking individual changes (or stability) in HINE scores can aid diagnosis, inform prognosis, and guide the design of clinical trials targeting neurologic injury. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cerebral Palsy: Clinical Rehabilitation and Treatment)
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16 pages, 1016 KiB  
Systematic Review
Effects of Hippotherapy and Horse-Riding Simulators on Gross Motor Function in Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Systematic Review
by Antonio Ortega-Cruz, Víctor Sánchez-Silverio, Víctor Riquelme-Aguado, Jose Luis Alonso-Perez, Vanesa Abuín-Porras and Jorge Hugo Villafañe
J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(1), 283; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14010283 - 6 Jan 2025
Viewed by 1380
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Cerebral palsy (CP) can have a negative impact on gross motor function. Conventional hippotherapy and horse-riding simulators (HRS) have shown promising results on gross motor function in populations with neurological disorders. This review aims to update the knowledge on the effectiveness [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Cerebral palsy (CP) can have a negative impact on gross motor function. Conventional hippotherapy and horse-riding simulators (HRS) have shown promising results on gross motor function in populations with neurological disorders. This review aims to update the knowledge on the effectiveness of hippotherapy on gross motor function in children with CP. Methods: A search was conducted in Academic Search Ultimate, CINAHL, Medline complete, and PEDro covering publications between 2012 and 2022. Two authors identified studies that met the inclusion criteria; a third author resolved discrepancies. Studies were included if they analyzed the effects of hippotherapy on the gross motor function of children with CP. The quality of the methodology was assessed according to the PEDro scale. Results: Of the 150 studies initially identified, 9 were included in this review. The studies showed fair (N = 3) and good (N = 6) methodological quality on the PEDro scale. The majority used conventional hippotherapy (N = 7), while a minority used HRS (N = 2). The most commonly used protocol for conventional hippotherapy was 1–2 sessions of 30–45 min per week for 8 weeks (N = 4), whereas for HRS, these protocols were varied. Seven studies on conventional hippotherapy and one study on HRS showed improvements in gross motor function. However, the hippotherapy protocols were not very standardized and the samples were neither homogeneous nor representative. Conclusions: Conventional hippotherapy and HRS appear to have evidence to support their benefits on gross motor function in children with CP. However, more clinical trials with standardized protocols and more representative samples are needed to confirm these effects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cerebral Palsy: Clinical Rehabilitation and Treatment)
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