Eosinophils: Function and Related Disorders

Dear Colleagues,

Eosinophils are polymorphonuclear cells derived from hematopoietic progenitors and serve as essential mediators in several diseases. Their development is chiefly governed by interleukin IL-3, IL-5, and granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), which facilitate their differentiation, survival, and activation. The collective effects of eosinophil-derived mediators can lead to harmful outcomes, such as leukocyte mobilization, chronic inflammation, thrombosis, and fibrosis.

These cells contain cytoplasmic granules rich in cytotoxic proteins, including major basic protein, eosinophil peroxidase, and eosinophil cationic protein, which enhance their pathogen-eliminating ability. Eosinophils release cytokines and chemokines, influencing both innate and adaptive immunity. In addition to host defense, eosinophils are involved in tissue remodeling and repair.

The dysregulation of eosinophil activity is fundamental to various clinical diseases. Hypereosinophilia, defined by increased eosinophil levels, can cause tissue damage, particularly in hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES), affecting the heart, lungs, and nervous system. Eosinophilic disorders include eosinophilic esophagitis, which is characterized by allergen-induced eosinophil infiltration and persistent inflammation. Eosinophilia also contributes to the development of asthma, as eosinophilic airway inflammation intensifies bronchial hyperreactivity. Understanding eosinophil functions and their dysregulation supports the development of targeted therapeutics for allergy, viral infections, and autoimmune diseases in which eosinophils play critical pathogenic roles.

Dr. Giulia Costanzo
Guest Editor

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