Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
7.8
5.6
Journals
IJMS
Special Issues
Photodynamic Therapy and Photodetection
ijms-logo
Submit to IJMS Review for IJMS Propose a Special Issue

Journal Menu

► Journal Menu

Journal Browser

► Journal Browser
share announcement

Photodynamic Therapy and Photodetection

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Pathology, Diagnostics, and Therapeutics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 January 2023) | Viewed by 33124

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Qian Peng

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Ullernchausseen 70, 0379 Oslo, Norway
Interests: apoptosis; photodynamic therapy; photobiology; photodetection

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues, 

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a combination of light with a lesion-localising photosensitiser and oxygen present in the lesion leading to photochemical and photobiological reactions that result in irreversible photodamage to the lesion. Photodetection (PD) is based on fluorescence spectroscopic and imaging techniques to demarcate a lesion from surrounding healthy tissues. The specific fluorescence in the lesion is induced by a light source with a suitable wavelength(s), in most cases with prior administration of a photosensitiser or its precursor. Although the phenomena of PDT and PD were discovered more than 100 years ago, the results from preclinical and clinical studies conducted worldwide during the past >45 years have established the modern PDT and PD as clinical modalities for a number of malignant and non-malignant disorders. Photochemical internalization, a PDT-based new technology, is for the efficient delivery of endosome-trapped molecules into the cytosol of cells. Targeted PDT and nanotechnology have recently been contributing to the development of PDT and PD. As yet no universal mechanism of action by which PDT works has been described, it may have different mechanisms depending on the type of a lesion treated, photosensitiser used and/or light dose applied. This Special Issue is aimed at updating the current status of PDT and PD with an emphasis on a mechanism of molecular action involved. 

Dr. Qian Peng
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. International Journal of Molecular Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. There is an Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal. For details about the APC please see here. Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • photodynamic therapy (PDT)
  • photodetection (PD)
  • photosensitiser
  • photochemical Internalization
  • targeted PDT
  • nanotechnology

Published Papers (16 papers)

Download All Papers
Order results
Result details
Show export options expand_more Show export options expand_less
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:

Research

Jump to: Review

20 pages, 4994 KiB  
Article
Photodynamic Effects with 5-Aminolevulinic Acid on Cytokines and Exosomes in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells from Patients with Crohn’s Disease
by Kristian Espeland, Andrius Kleinauskas, Petras Juzenas, Sagar Darvekar, Vlada Vasovic, Trond Warloe, Eidi Christensen, Jørgen Jahnsen and Qian Peng
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(5), 4554; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24054554 - 25 Feb 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1938
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) using 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) which is the precursor of the photosensitizer protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) is an available treatment for several diseases. ALA-PDT induces the apoptosis and necrosis of target lesions. We have recently reported the effects of ALA-PDT on cytokines [...] Read more.
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) using 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) which is the precursor of the photosensitizer protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) is an available treatment for several diseases. ALA-PDT induces the apoptosis and necrosis of target lesions. We have recently reported the effects of ALA-PDT on cytokines and exosomes of human healthy peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). This study has investigated the ALA-PDT-mediated effects on PBMC subsets from patients with active Crohn’s disease (CD). No effects on lymphocyte survival after ALA-PDT were observed, although the survival of CD3−/CD19+ B-cells seemed slightly reduced in some samples. Interestingly, ALA-PDT clearly killed monocytes. The subcellular levels of cytokines and exosomes associated with inflammation were widely downregulated, which is consistent with our previous findings in PBMCs from healthy human subjects. These results suggest that ALA-PDT may be a potential treatment candidate for CD and other immune-mediated diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photodynamic Therapy and Photodetection)
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

20 pages, 12014 KiB  
Article
Optimizing Axial and Peripheral Substitutions in Si-Centered Naphthalocyanine Dyes for Enhancing Aqueous Solubility and Photoacoustic Signal Intensity
by Mohammad Ahsan Saad, Robert Pawle, Scott Selfridge, Leslie Contreras, Marvin Xavierselvan, Christopher D. Nguyen, Srivalleesha Mallidi and Tayyaba Hasan
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(3), 2241; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24032241 - 23 Jan 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1584
Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging using external contrast agents is emerging as a powerful modality for real-time molecular imaging of deep-seated tumors. There are several chromophores, such as indocyanine green and IRDye800, that can potentially be used for photoacoustic imaging; however, their use is limited due [...] Read more.
Photoacoustic imaging using external contrast agents is emerging as a powerful modality for real-time molecular imaging of deep-seated tumors. There are several chromophores, such as indocyanine green and IRDye800, that can potentially be used for photoacoustic imaging; however, their use is limited due to several drawbacks, particularly photostability. There is, therefore, an urgent need to design agents to enhance contrast in photoacoustic imaging. Naphthalocyanine dyes have been demonstrated for their use as photoacoustic contrast agents; however, their low solubility in aqueous solvents and high aggregation propensity limit their application. In this study, we report the synthesis and characterization of silicon-centered naphthalocyanine dyes with high aqueous solubility and near infra-red (NIR) absorption in the range of 850–920 nm which make them ideal candidates for photoacoustic imaging. A series of Silicon-centered naphthalocyanine dyes were developed with varying axial and peripheral substitutions, all in an attempt to enhance their aqueous solubility and improve photophysical properties. We demonstrate that axial incorporation of charged ammonium mesylate group enhances water solubility. Moreover, the incorporation of peripheral 2-methoxyethoxy groups at the α-position modulates the electronic properties by altering the π-electron delocalization and enhancing photoacoustic signal amplitude. In addition, all the dyes were synthesized to incorporate an N-hydroxysuccinimidyl group to enable further bioconjugation. In summary, we report the synthesis of water-soluble silicon-centered naphthalocyanine dyes with a high photoacoustic signal amplitude that can potentially be used as contrast agents for molecular photoacoustic imaging. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photodynamic Therapy and Photodetection)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 4023 KiB  
Article
Application of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy for Inactivation of Acinetobacter baumannii Biofilms
by Irina Buchovec, Enrika Vyčaitė, Kazimieras Badokas, Edita Sužiedelienė and Saulius Bagdonas
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(1), 722; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24010722 - 31 Dec 2022
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 1864
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii is a dangerous hospital pathogen primarily due to its ability to form biofilms on different abiotic and biotic surfaces. The present study investigated the effect of riboflavin- and chlorophyllin-based antimicrobial photodynamic therapy, performed with near-ultraviolet or blue light on the viability [...] Read more.
Acinetobacter baumannii is a dangerous hospital pathogen primarily due to its ability to form biofilms on different abiotic and biotic surfaces. The present study investigated the effect of riboflavin- and chlorophyllin-based antimicrobial photodynamic therapy, performed with near-ultraviolet or blue light on the viability of bacterial cells in biofilms and their structural stability, also determining the extent of photoinduced generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species as well as the ability of A. baumannii to form biofilms after the treatment. The efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy was compared with that of light alone and the role of the photosensitizer type on the photosensitization mechanism was demonstrated. We found that the antibacterial effect of riboflavin-based antimicrobial photodynamic therapy depends on the ability of photoactivated riboflavin to generate intracellular reactive oxygen species but does not depend on the concentration of riboflavin and pre-incubation time before irradiation. Moreover, our results suggest a clear interconnection between the inactivation efficiency of chlorophyllin-based antimicrobial photodynamic therapy and the sensitivity of A. baumannii biofilms to used light. In summary, all the analyzed results suggest that riboflavin-based antimicrobial photodynamic therapy and chlorophyllin-based antimicrobial photodynamic therapy have the potential to be applied as an antibacterial treatment against A. baumannii biofilms or as a preventive measure against biofilm formation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photodynamic Therapy and Photodetection)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 2813 KiB  
Article
Study on the Optimal Treatment Condition Control of Photothermal Therapy under Various Cooling Time Ratios of Lasers
by Donghyuk Kim and Hyunjung Kim
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(22), 14266; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232214266 - 17 Nov 2022
Viewed by 1079
Abstract
Photothermal therapy is a treatment technique that has attracted attention as an alternative to conventional surgical techniques. It is based on the photothermal effect, wherein light energy is converted into thermal energy, and facilitates rapid recovery after treatment. This study employed various laser [...] Read more.
Photothermal therapy is a treatment technique that has attracted attention as an alternative to conventional surgical techniques. It is based on the photothermal effect, wherein light energy is converted into thermal energy, and facilitates rapid recovery after treatment. This study employed various laser irradiation conditions and presented conditions with the optimal treatment effects through a numerical analysis based on heat transfer. A skin layer comprising four stages containing squamous cell carcinoma was targeted, and the treatment effect was confirmed by varying the heating conditions of the laser and volume fraction of gold nanoparticles. The therapeutic effect was confirmed through both the apoptosis retention ratio, which quantitatively estimated the degree of maintenance of the apoptosis temperature range within the tumor, and the thermal hazard retention value, which quantitatively calculates the amount of thermal damage to the surrounding normal tissues. Finally, the optimal treatment conditions were determined based on the laser intensity, cooling time ratio, and volume fraction of injected gold nanoparticles through numerical analysis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photodynamic Therapy and Photodetection)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 3560 KiB  
Article
Phenethyl Isothiocyanate-Conjugated Chitosan Oligosaccharide Nanophotosensitizers for Photodynamic Treatment of Human Cancer Cells
by Inho Bae, Taeyu Grace Kim, Taeyeon Kim, Dohoon Kim, Doug-Hoon Kim, Jaewon Jo, Young-Ju Lee and Young-Il Jeong
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(22), 13802; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232213802 - 09 Nov 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1288
Abstract
The aim of this study is to synthesize phenethyl-conjugated chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) (abbreviated as ChitoPEITC) conjugates and then fabricate chlorin E6 (Ce6)-incorporated nanophotosensitizers for photodynamic therapy (PDT) of HCT-116 colon carcinoma cells. PEITC was conjugated with the amine group of COS. Ce6-incorporated nanophotosensitizers [...] Read more.
The aim of this study is to synthesize phenethyl-conjugated chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) (abbreviated as ChitoPEITC) conjugates and then fabricate chlorin E6 (Ce6)-incorporated nanophotosensitizers for photodynamic therapy (PDT) of HCT-116 colon carcinoma cells. PEITC was conjugated with the amine group of COS. Ce6-incorporated nanophotosensitizers using ChitoPEITC (ChitoPEITC nanophotosensitizers) were fabricated by dialysis method. 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra showed that specific peaks of COS and PEITC were observed at ChitoPEITC conjugates. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) confirmed that ChitoPEITC nanophotosensitizers have spherical shapes with small hydrodynamic diameters less than 200 nm. The higher PEITC contents in the ChitoPEITC copolymer resulted in a slower release rate of Ce6 from nanophotosensitizers. Furthermore, the higher Ce6 contents resulted in a slower release rate of Ce6. In cell culture study, ChitoPEITC nanophotosensitizers showed low toxicity against normal CCD986Sk human skin fibroblast cells and HCT-116 human colon carcinoma cells in the absence of light irradiation. ChitoPEITC nanophotosensitizers showed a significantly higher Ce6 uptake ratio than that of free Ce6. Under light irradiation, cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production of nanophotosensitizers was significantly higher than that of free Ce6. Especially, PEITC and/or ChitoPEITC themselves contributed to the production of cellular ROS regardless of light irradiation. ChitoPEITC nanophotosensitizers showed significantly higher PDT efficacy against HCT-116 cells than that of free Ce6. These results indicate that ChitoPEITC nanophotosensitizers have superior potential in Ce6 uptake, ROS production and PDT efficacy. In the HCT-116 cell-bearing mice tumor-xenograft model, ChitoPEITC nanophotosensitizers efficiently inhibited growth of tumor volume rather than free Ce6. In the animal imaging study, ChitoPEITC nanophotosensitizers were concentrated in the tumor tissue, i.e., fluorescence intensity in the tumor tissue was stronger than that of other tissues. We suggest that ChitoPEITC nanophotosensitizers are a promising candidate for the treatment of human colon cancer cells. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photodynamic Therapy and Photodetection)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 2476 KiB  
Article
Early Detection of Cervical Cancer by Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy Combined with Unsupervised Machine Learning
by Mingmei Ji, Jiahui Zhong, Runzhe Xue, Wenhua Su, Yawei Kong, Yiyan Fei, Jiong Ma, Yulan Wang and Lan Mi
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(19), 11476; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911476 - 29 Sep 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2131
Abstract
Cervical cancer has high morbidity and mortality rates, affecting hundreds of thousands of women worldwide and requiring more accurate screening for early intervention and follow-up treatment. Cytology is the current dominant clinical screening approach, and though it has been used for decades, it [...] Read more.
Cervical cancer has high morbidity and mortality rates, affecting hundreds of thousands of women worldwide and requiring more accurate screening for early intervention and follow-up treatment. Cytology is the current dominant clinical screening approach, and though it has been used for decades, it has unsatisfactory sensitivity and specificity. In this work, fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) was used for the imaging of exfoliated cervical cells in which an endogenous coenzyme involved in metabolism, namely, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) [NAD(P)H], was detected to evaluate the metabolic status of cells. FLIM images from 71 participants were analyzed by the unsupervised machine learning method to build a prediction model for cervical cancer risk. The FLIM method combined with unsupervised machine learning (FLIM-ML) had a sensitivity and specificity of 90.9% and 100%, respectively, significantly higher than those of the cytology approach. One cancer recurrence case was predicted as high-risk several months earlier using this method as compared to using current clinical methods, implying that FLIM-ML may be very helpful for follow-up cancer care. This study illustrates the clinical applicability of FLIM-ML as a detection method for cervical cancer screening and a convenient tool for follow-up cancer care. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photodynamic Therapy and Photodetection)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 2506 KiB  
Article
Antimicrobial Photodynamic Effect of Cross-Kingdom Microorganisms with Toluidine Blue O and Potassium Iodide
by Yijun Li, Jingyun Du, Shan Huang, Shaofeng Wang, Yanhuang Wang, Lishan Lei, Chengfei Zhang and Xiaojing Huang
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(19), 11373; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911373 - 27 Sep 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1745
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and Candida albicans (C. albicans) are prominent microbes associated with rapid and aggressive caries. In the present study, we investigated the antimicrobial efficacy, cytotoxicity, and mechanism of toluidine blue O (TBO)-mediated antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) [...] Read more.
Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and Candida albicans (C. albicans) are prominent microbes associated with rapid and aggressive caries. In the present study, we investigated the antimicrobial efficacy, cytotoxicity, and mechanism of toluidine blue O (TBO)-mediated antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) and potassium iodide (KI). The dependence of KI concentration, TBO concentration and light dose on the antimicrobial effect of aPDT plus KI was determined. The cytotoxicity of TBO-mediated aPDT plus KI was analyzed by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. A singlet oxygen (1O2) probe test, time-resolved 1O2 detection, and a 1O2 quencher experiment were performed to evaluate the role of 1O2 during aPDT plus KI. The generation of iodine and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were analyzed by an iodine starch test and Amplex red assay. The anti-biofilm effect of TBO-mediated aPDT plus KI was also evaluated by counting forming unit (CFU) assay. KI could potentiate TBO-mediated aPDT against S. mutans and C. albicans in planktonic and biofilm states, which was safe for human dental pulp cells. 1O2 measurement showed that KI could quench 1O2 signals, implicating that 1O2 may act as a principal mediator to oxidize excess iodide ions to form iodine and H2O2. KI could highly potentiate TBO-mediated aPDT in eradicating S. mutans and C. albicans due to the synergistic effect of molecular iodine and H2O2. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photodynamic Therapy and Photodetection)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 4583 KiB  
Article
Tumor Cell-Specific Retention and Photodynamic Action of Erlotinib-Pyropheophorbide Conjugates
by Erin C. Tracy, Ravindra R. Cheruku, Ravindra K. Pandey and Heinz Baumann
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(19), 11081; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911081 - 21 Sep 2022
Viewed by 1226
Abstract
To enhance uptake of photosensitizers by epithelial tumor cells by targeting these to EGFR, pyropheophorbide derivatives were synthesized that had erlotinib attached to different positions on the macrocycle. Although the addition of erlotinib reduced cellular uptake, several compounds showed prolonged cellular retention and [...] Read more.
To enhance uptake of photosensitizers by epithelial tumor cells by targeting these to EGFR, pyropheophorbide derivatives were synthesized that had erlotinib attached to different positions on the macrocycle. Although the addition of erlotinib reduced cellular uptake, several compounds showed prolonged cellular retention and maintained photodynamic efficacy. The aim of this study was to identify whether erlotinib moiety assists in tumor targeting through interaction with EGFR and whether this interaction inhibits EGFR kinase activity. The activity of the conjugates was analyzed in primary cultures of human head and neck tumor cells with high-level expression of EGFR, and in human carcinomas grown as xenografts in mice. Uptake of erlotinib conjugates did not correlate with cellular expression of EGFR and none of the compounds exerted EGFR-inhibitory activity. One derivative with erlotinib at position 3, PS-10, displayed enhanced tumor cell-specific retention in mitochondria/ER and improved PDT efficacy in a subset of tumor cases. Moreover, upon treatment of the conjugates with therapeutic light, EGFR-inhibitory activity was recovered that attenuated EGFR signal-dependent tumor cell proliferation. This finding suggests that tumor cell-specific deposition of erlotinib-pyropheophorbides, followed by light triggered release of EGFR-inhibitory activity, may improve photodynamic therapy by attenuating tumor growth that is dependent on EGFR-derived signals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photodynamic Therapy and Photodetection)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 2318 KiB  
Article
Development of a Polymeric Film Entrapping Rose Bengal and Iodide Anion for the Light-Induced Generation and Release of Bactericidal Hydrogen Peroxide
by Ana M. López-Fernández, Evelina E. Moisescu, Rosa de Llanos and Francisco Galindo
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(17), 10162; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231710162 - 05 Sep 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1689
Abstract
A series of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) thin films entrapping photosensitizer Rose Bengal (RB) and tetrabutylammonium iodide (TBAI) have been synthetized. The materials have been characterized by means of Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and UV-vis Absorption spectroscopy. [...] Read more.
A series of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) thin films entrapping photosensitizer Rose Bengal (RB) and tetrabutylammonium iodide (TBAI) have been synthetized. The materials have been characterized by means of Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and UV-vis Absorption spectroscopy. Irradiation of the materials with white light led to the generation of several bactericidal species, including singlet oxygen (1O2), triiodide anion (I3−) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). 1O2 production was demonstrated spectroscopically by reaction with the chemical trap 2,2′-(anthracene-9,10-diylbis(methylene))dimalonic acid (ABDA). In addition, the reaction of iodide anion with 1O2 yielded I3− inside the polymeric matrix. This reaction is accompanied by the formation of H2O2, which diffuses out the polymeric matrix. Generation of both I3− and H2O2 was demonstrated spectroscopically (directly in the case of triiodide by the absorption at 360 nm and indirectly for H2O2 using the xylenol orange test). A series of photodynamic inactivation assays were conducted with the synthesized polymers against Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Complete eradication (7 log10 CFU/mL) of both bacteria occurred after only 5 min of white light irradiation (400–700 nm; total energy dose 24 J/cm2) of the polymer containing both RB and TBAI. The control polymer without embedded iodide (only RB) showed only marginal reductions of ca. 0.5 log10 CFU/mL. The main novelty of the present investigation is the generation of three bactericidal species (1O2, I3− and H2O2) at the same time using a single polymeric material containing all the elements needed to produce such a bactericidal cocktail, although the most relevant antimicrobial activity is shown by H2O2. This experimental approach avoids multistep protocols involving a final step of addition of I−, as described previously for other assays in solution. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photodynamic Therapy and Photodetection)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 3570 KiB  
Article
Novel Short PEG Chain-Substituted Porphyrins: Synthesis, Photochemistry, and In Vitro Photodynamic Activity against Cancer Cells
by Dawid Lazewski, Malgorzata Kucinska, Edward Potapskiy, Joanna Kuzminska, Artur Tezyk, Lukasz Popenda, Stefan Jurga, Anna Teubert, Zofia Gdaniec, Jacek Kujawski, Katarzyna Grzyb, Tomasz Pedzinski, Marek Murias and Marcin Wierzchowski
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(17), 10029; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231710029 - 02 Sep 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2456
Abstract
This work presents the synthesis and characterization of metal-free, zinc (II), and cobalt (II) porphyrins substituted with short PEG chains. The synthesized compounds were characterized by UV-Vis, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The origin of the absorption [...] Read more.
This work presents the synthesis and characterization of metal-free, zinc (II), and cobalt (II) porphyrins substituted with short PEG chains. The synthesized compounds were characterized by UV-Vis, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The origin of the absorption bands for tested compounds in the UV-Vis range was determined using a computational model based on the electron density functional theory (DFT) and its time-dependent variant (TD-DFT). The photosensitizing activity was evaluated by measuring the ability to generate singlet oxygen (ΦΔ), which reached values up to 0.54. The photodynamic activity was tested using bladder (5637), prostate (LNCaP), and melanoma (A375) cancer cell lines. In vitro experiments clearly showed the structure–activity relationship regarding types of substituents, their positions in the phenyl ring, and the variety of central metal ions on the porphyrin core. Notably, the metal-free derivative 3 and its zinc derivative 6 exerted strong cytotoxic activity toward 5637 cells, with IC50 values of 8 and 15 nM, respectively. None of the tested compounds induced a cytotoxic effect without irradiation. In conclusion, these results highlight the potential value of the tested compounds for PDT application. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photodynamic Therapy and Photodetection)
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

14 pages, 7988 KiB  
Article
Optimization of Photothermal Therapy Treatment Effect under Various Laser Irradiation Conditions
by Donghyuk Kim and Hyunjung Kim
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(11), 5928; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23115928 - 25 May 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2233
Abstract
The photothermal effect refers to a phenomenon in which light energy is converted into heat energy, and in the medical field, therapeutics based on this phenomenon are used for anticancer treatment. A new treatment technique called photothermal therapy kills tumor tissue through a [...] Read more.
The photothermal effect refers to a phenomenon in which light energy is converted into heat energy, and in the medical field, therapeutics based on this phenomenon are used for anticancer treatment. A new treatment technique called photothermal therapy kills tumor tissue through a temperature increase and has the advantages of no bleeding and fast recovery. In this study, the results of photothermal therapy for squamous cell carcinoma in the skin layer were analyzed numerically for different laser profiles, intensities, and radii and various concentrations of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). According to the heat-transfer theory, the temperature distribution in the tissue was calculated for the conditions under which photothermal therapy was performed, and the therapeutic effect was quantitatively confirmed through three apoptotic variables. In addition, the laser intensity and the volume fraction of AuNPs were optimized, and the results provide useful criteria for optimizing the treatment effects in photothermal therapy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photodynamic Therapy and Photodetection)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

Review

Jump to: Research

26 pages, 2702 KiB  
Review
Combinations of Photodynamic Therapy with Other Minimally Invasive Therapeutic Technologies against Cancer and Microbial Infections
by Sandile Phinda Songca
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(13), 10875; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241310875 - 29 Jun 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1988
Abstract
The rapid rise in research and development following the discovery of photodynamic therapy to establish novel photosensitizers and overcome the limitations of the technology soon after its clinical translation has given rise to a few significant milestones. These include several novel generations of [...] Read more.
The rapid rise in research and development following the discovery of photodynamic therapy to establish novel photosensitizers and overcome the limitations of the technology soon after its clinical translation has given rise to a few significant milestones. These include several novel generations of photosensitizers, the widening of the scope of applications, leveraging of the offerings of nanotechnology for greater efficacy, selectivity for the disease over host tissue and cells, the advent of combination therapies with other similarly minimally invasive therapeutic technologies, the use of stimulus-responsive delivery and disease targeting, and greater penetration depth of the activation energy. Brought together, all these milestones have contributed to the significant enhancement of what is still arguably a novel technology. Yet the major applications of photodynamic therapy still remain firmly located in neoplasms, from where most of the new innovations appear to launch to other areas, such as microbial, fungal, viral, acne, wet age-related macular degeneration, atherosclerosis, psoriasis, environmental sanitization, pest control, and dermatology. Three main value propositions of combinations of photodynamic therapy include the synergistic and additive enhancement of efficacy, the relatively low emergence of resistance and its rapid development as a targeted and high-precision therapy. Combinations with established methods such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy and demonstrated applications in mop-up surgery promise to enhance these top three clinical tools. From published in vitro and preclinical studies, clinical trials and applications, and postclinical case studies, seven combinations with photodynamic therapy have become prominent research interests because they are potentially easily applied, showing enhanced efficacy, and are rapidly translating to the clinic. These include combinations with chemotherapy, photothermal therapy, magnetic hyperthermia, cold plasma therapy, sonodynamic therapy, immunotherapy, and radiotherapy. Photochemical internalization is a critical mechanism for some combinations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photodynamic Therapy and Photodetection)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 2304 KiB  
Review
Chemiluminescence in Combination with Organic Photosensitizers: Beyond the Light Penetration Depth Limit of Photodynamic Therapy
by Jie Gao, Zhengjun Chen, Xinmin Li, Mingyan Yang, Jiajia Lv, Hongyu Li and Zeli Yuan
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(20), 12556; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232012556 - 19 Oct 2022
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2735
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising noninvasive medical technology that has been approved for the treatment of a variety of diseases, including bacterial and fungal infections, skin diseases, and several types of cancer. In recent decades, many photosensitizers have been developed and applied [...] Read more.
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising noninvasive medical technology that has been approved for the treatment of a variety of diseases, including bacterial and fungal infections, skin diseases, and several types of cancer. In recent decades, many photosensitizers have been developed and applied in PDT. However, PDT is still limited by light penetration depth, although many near-infrared photosensitizers have emerged. The chemiluminescence-mediated PDT (CL-PDT) system has recently received attention because it does not require an external light source to achieve targeted PDT. This review focuses on the rational design of organic CL-PDT systems. Specifically, PDT types, light wavelength, the chemiluminescence concept and principle, and the design of CL-PDT systems are introduced. Furthermore, chemiluminescent fraction examples, strategies for combining chemiluminescence with PDT, and current cellular and animal applications are highlighted. Finally, the current challenges and possible solutions to CL-PDT systems are discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photodynamic Therapy and Photodetection)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 503 KiB  
Review
Radiovaccination Strategy for Cancer Treatment Integrating Photodynamic Therapy-Generated Vaccines with Radiotherapy
by Mladen Korbelik
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(20), 12263; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232012263 - 14 Oct 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1397
Abstract
Therapeutic cancer vaccines have become firmly established as a reliable and proficient form of tumor immunotherapy. They represent a promising approach for substantial advancements in the successful treatment of malignant diseases. One attractive vaccine strategy is using, as the vaccine material, the whole [...] Read more.
Therapeutic cancer vaccines have become firmly established as a reliable and proficient form of tumor immunotherapy. They represent a promising approach for substantial advancements in the successful treatment of malignant diseases. One attractive vaccine strategy is using, as the vaccine material, the whole tumor cells treated ex vivo by rapid tumor ablation therapies that instigate stress signaling responses culminating in immunogenic cell death (ICD). One such treatment is photodynamic therapy (PDT). The underlying mechanisms and critical elements responsible for the potency of these vaccines are discussed in this review. Radiotherapy has emerged as a suitable component for the combined therapy protocols with the vaccines. Arguments and prospects for optimizing tumor control using a radiovaccination strategy involving X-ray irradiation plus PDT vaccines are presented, together with the findings supporting its validity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photodynamic Therapy and Photodetection)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 1469 KiB  
Review
A Recap of Heme Metabolism towards Understanding Protoporphyrin IX Selectivity in Cancer Cells
by Martin Kiening and Norbert Lange
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(14), 7974; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23147974 - 19 Jul 2022
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4690
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential organelles of mammalian cells, often emphasized for their function in energy production, iron metabolism and apoptosis as well as heme synthesis. The heme is an iron-loaded porphyrin behaving as a prosthetic group by its interactions with a wide variety of [...] Read more.
Mitochondria are essential organelles of mammalian cells, often emphasized for their function in energy production, iron metabolism and apoptosis as well as heme synthesis. The heme is an iron-loaded porphyrin behaving as a prosthetic group by its interactions with a wide variety of proteins. These complexes are termed hemoproteins and are usually vital to the whole cell comportment, such as the proteins hemoglobin, myoglobin or cytochromes, but also enzymes such as catalase and peroxidases. The building block of porphyrins is the 5-aminolevulinic acid, whose exogenous administration is able to stimulate the entire heme biosynthesis route. In neoplastic cells, this methodology repeatedly demonstrated an accumulation of the ultimate heme precursor, the fluorescent protoporphyrin IX photosensitizer, rather than in healthy tissues. While manifold players have been proposed, numerous discrepancies between research studies still dispute the mechanisms underlying this selective phenomenon that yet requires intensive investigations. In particular, we wonder what are the respective involvements of enzymes and transporters in protoporphyrin IX accretion. Is this mainly due to a boost in protoporphyrin IX anabolism along with a drop of its catabolism, or are its transporters deregulated? Additionally, can we truly expect to find a universal model to explain this selectivity? In this report, we aim to provide our peers with an overview of the currently known mitochondrial heme metabolism and approaches that could explain, at least partly, the mechanism of protoporphyrin IX selectivity towards cancer cells. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photodynamic Therapy and Photodetection)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

8 pages, 931 KiB  
Review
Critical PDT Theory III: Events at the Molecular and Cellular Level
by David Kessel
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(11), 6195; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23116195 - 31 May 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1683
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is capable of eradicating neoplastic cells that are accessible to sufficient light and oxygen. There is adequate information now available for assessing conditions where PDT might be the therapy of choice, but limited access to clinical facilities and impediments to [...] Read more.
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is capable of eradicating neoplastic cells that are accessible to sufficient light and oxygen. There is adequate information now available for assessing conditions where PDT might be the therapy of choice, but limited access to clinical facilities and impediments to regulatory approval of new agents have limited clinical usage. Early reports mainly involved clinical data with few thoughts towards finding death pathways. In 2022, there is a clear understanding of the determinants of successful tumor eradication. While PDT may be the optimal method for many clinical indications, support for this approach has lagged. This report provides a commentary on some elements of recent progress in PDT at the molecular and cellular levels, along with a discussion of some of the limitations in current research efforts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photodynamic Therapy and Photodetection)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

Show export options expand_more Show export options expand_less
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:
 
Displaying articles 1-16
Back to TopTop