ijms-logo

Journal Browser

Journal Browser

Protease and Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors, II

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Pathology, Diagnostics, and Therapeutics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 May 2020) | Viewed by 46295

Special Issue Editors

Neurofarba Department, Section of Farmaceutical and Neutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy
Interests: drug design; metalloenzymes; carbonic anhydrases; anticancer agents; antiinfectives; sulfonamides; coumarins
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, 50019 Florence, Italy
Interests: drug design; organic chemistry; molecular modelling; enzymology; metalloenzymes; carbonic anhydrases; GPCR; enzyme modulators; anticancer; antiinfectives; anti-inflammatory; anti-Alzheimer; multi-target directed ligands; spectroscopic studies; structure-based design; molecular dynamics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Proteases and carbonic anhydrases are among the most widespread enzymes in organisms all over the phylogenetic tree, in which they play crucial physiological roles. Dysregulation of their activity is connected with many diseases, such as tumors, viral infections, blood coagulation disorders, digestive diseases, etc. Protease inhibitors targeting all classes of such known enzymes are widely used as antivirals (against HIV and hepatitis C infections), antithromodotics (targeting serine proteases involved in the blood coagulation cascade), whereas inhibitors of other proteases, such as matrix metalloproteinases, have found fewer applications due to their toxicity problems. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, on the other hand, are used as antiglaucoma, antiepileptic, antiobesity, and as diuretic drugs, whereas newer applications target metastatic tumors, both for treatment and imaging, with one small molecule and one antibody in advanced clinical trials. Antiinfectives, based on inhibition of carbonic anhydrases from pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and protozoa, have also begun to be investigated.

The present Special Issue of the International Journal of Molecular Sciences welcomes contributions dealing with all aspects connected to the chemistry, biochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of this important class of enzyme inhibitors.

You may wish to check the previous volume.

Prof. Dr. Claudiu T. Supuran
Dr. Alessio Nocentini
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. International Journal of Molecular Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. There is an Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal. For details about the APC please see here. Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • carbonic anhydrase
  • protease
  • inhibitor
  • antiviral drug
  • antitumor drug
  • drug design
  • serine protease
  • metalloprotease
  • aspartic protease

Published Papers (12 papers)

Order results
Result details
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:

Research

Jump to: Review

14 pages, 3361 KiB  
Article
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor Acetazolamide Enhances CHOP Treatment Response and Stimulates Effector T-Cell Infiltration in A20/BalbC Murine B-Cell Lymphoma
by Gábor Méhes, Orsolya Matolay, Lívia Beke, Marianna Czenke, Róbert Pórszász, Edit Mikó, Péter Bai, Ervin Berényi and György Trencsényi
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(14), 5001; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21145001 - 15 Jul 2020
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2386
Abstract
The inhibition of cancer-related carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity is a promising way to intensify anti-tumor responses. In vitro data suggest improved efficacy of cytotoxic drugs in combination with CA-inhibitors in several cancer types. Despite accumulating data on CA-expression, experimental or clinical studies towards [...] Read more.
The inhibition of cancer-related carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity is a promising way to intensify anti-tumor responses. In vitro data suggest improved efficacy of cytotoxic drugs in combination with CA-inhibitors in several cancer types. Despite accumulating data on CA-expression, experimental or clinical studies towards B-cell lymphoma therapy are missing. We therefore decided to test the effect of the CA-inhibitor acetazolamide (AA) on the conventional CHOP treatment regimen using the A20/BalbC in vivo syngeneic mouse lymphoma model. Tumor growth characteristics, 18F-MISO-PET activity, histomorphology, cell proliferation, and T-cell immune infiltrate were determined following single or multiple dose combinations. All results point to a significant increase in the anti-tumor effect of CHOP+AA combinations compared with the untreated controls or with the single CHOP or AA treatments. CD3+ and CD8+ T-cell immune infiltrate increased 3–4 times following CHOP+AA combination compared with the classical CHOP protocol. In conclusion, CA-inhibitor AA seems to act synergistically with the anti-tumor treatment CHOP in aggressive lymphoma. Further to a cytotoxic effect, AA and other more selective blockers potentially support tumor-associated immune responses through the modification of the microenvironment. Therefore, CA-inhibitors are promising candidates as adjuvants in support of specific immunotherapies in lymphoma and other malignancies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protease and Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors, II)
Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 3981 KiB  
Article
A Novel Sulfonamide, 4-FS, Reduces Ethanol Drinking and Physical Withdrawal Associated With Ethanol Dependence
by Muhammad Sona Khan, Wulfran Trenet, Nancy Xing, Britta Sibley, Muzaffar Abbas, Mariya al-Rashida, Khalid Rauf and Chitra D. Mandyam
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(12), 4411; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21124411 - 21 Jun 2020
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2464
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase (CA) is abundant in glial cells in the brain and CA type II isoform (CA II) activity in the hippocampus plays an important role in buffering extracellular pH transients produced by neural activity. Chronic ethanol exposure results in respiratory and metabolic [...] Read more.
Carbonic anhydrase (CA) is abundant in glial cells in the brain and CA type II isoform (CA II) activity in the hippocampus plays an important role in buffering extracellular pH transients produced by neural activity. Chronic ethanol exposure results in respiratory and metabolic acidosis, producing shifts in extracellular pH in the brain and body. These neurophysiological changes by ethanol are hypothesized to contribute to the continued drinking behavior and physical withdrawal behavior in subjects consuming ethanol chronically. We explored whether chronic ethanol self-administration (ethanol drinking, 10% v/v; ED) without or under the influence of chronic intermittent ethanol vapor (CIE-ED) experience alters the expression of CA II in the hippocampus. Postmortem hippocampal tissue analyses demonstrated that CA II levels were enhanced in the hilus region of the hippocampus in ED and CIE-ED rats. We used a novel molecule—4-fluoro-N-(4-sulfamoylphenyl) benzenesulfonamide (4-FS)—a selective CA II inhibitor, to determine whether CA II plays a role in ethanol self-administration in ED and CIE-ED rats and physical withdrawal behavior in CIE-ED rats. 4-FS (20 mg/kg, i.p.) reduced ethanol self-administration in ED rats and physical withdrawal behavior in CIE-ED rats. Postmortem hippocampal tissue analyses demonstrated that 4-FS reduced CA II expression in ED and CIE-ED rats to control levels. In parallel, 4-FS enhanced GABAA receptor expression, reduced ratio of glutamatergic GluN2A/2B receptors and enhanced the expression of Fos, a marker of neuronal activation in the ventral hippocampus in ED rats. These findings suggest that 4-FS enhanced GABAergic transmission and increased activity of neurons of inhibitory phenotypes. Taken together, these findings support the role of CA II in assisting with negative affective behaviors associated with moderate to severe alcohol use disorders (AUD) and that CA II inhibitors are a potential therapeutic target to reduce continued drinking and somatic withdrawal symptoms associated with moderate to severe AUD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protease and Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors, II)
Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 2959 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Substituted Benzene-Sulfonamides and Clinically Licensed Drugs on the Catalytic Activity of CynT2, a Carbonic Anhydrase Crucial for Escherichia coli Life Cycle
by Sonia Del Prete, Viviana De Luca, Silvia Bua, Alessio Nocentini, Vincenzo Carginale, Claudiu T. Supuran and Clemente Capasso
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(11), 4175; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21114175 - 11 Jun 2020
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 2769
Abstract
Proteins are relevant antimicrobial drug targets, and among them, enzymes represent a significant group, since most of them catalyze reactions essential for supporting the central metabolism, or are necessary for the pathogen vitality. Genomic exploration of pathogenic and non-pathogenic microorganisms has revealed genes [...] Read more.
Proteins are relevant antimicrobial drug targets, and among them, enzymes represent a significant group, since most of them catalyze reactions essential for supporting the central metabolism, or are necessary for the pathogen vitality. Genomic exploration of pathogenic and non-pathogenic microorganisms has revealed genes encoding for a superfamily of metalloenzymes, known as carbonic anhydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1). CAs catalyze the physiologically crucial reversible reaction of the carbon dioxide hydration to bicarbonate and protons. Herein, we investigated the sulfonamide inhibition profile of the recombinant β-CA (CynT2) identified in the genome of the Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli. This biocatalyst is indispensable for the growth of the microbe at atmospheric pCO2. Surprisingly, this enzyme has not been investigated for its inhibition with any class of CA inhibitors. Here, we show that CynT2 was strongly inhibited by some substituted benzene-sulfonamides and the clinically used inhibitor sulpiride (KIs in the range of 82–97 nM). This study may be relevant for identifying novel CA inhibitors, as well as for another essential part of the drug discovery pipeline, such as the structure–activity relationship for this class of enzyme inhibitors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protease and Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors, II)
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

17 pages, 3174 KiB  
Article
Pharmacological Inhibition of CA-IX Impairs Tumor Cell Proliferation, Migration and Invasiveness
by Valerio Ciccone, Arianna Filippelli, Andrea Angeli, Claudiu T. Supuran and Lucia Morbidelli
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(8), 2983; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21082983 - 23 Apr 2020
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 3080
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase IX (CA-IX) plays a pivotal role in regulation of pH in tumor milieu catalyzing carbonic acid formation by hydrating CO2. An acidification of tumor microenvironment contributes to tumor progression via multiple processes, including reduced cell-cell adhesion, increased migration and [...] Read more.
Carbonic anhydrase IX (CA-IX) plays a pivotal role in regulation of pH in tumor milieu catalyzing carbonic acid formation by hydrating CO2. An acidification of tumor microenvironment contributes to tumor progression via multiple processes, including reduced cell-cell adhesion, increased migration and matrix invasion. We aimed to assess whether the pharmacological inhibition of CA-IX could impair tumor cell proliferation and invasion. Tumor epithelial cells from breast (MDA-MB-231) and lung (A549) cancer were used to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of sulfonamide CA-IX inhibitors. Two CA-IX enzyme blockers were tested, SLC-0111 (at present in phase Ib clinical trial) and AA-06-05. In these cells, the drugs inhibited cell proliferation, migration and invasion through shifting of the mesenchymal phenotype toward an epithelial one and by impairing matrix metalloprotease-2 (MMP-2) activity. The antitumor activity was elicited via apoptosis pathway activation. An upregulation of p53 was observed, which in turn regulated the activation of caspase-3. Inhibition of proteolytic activity was accompanied by upregulation of the endogenous tissue inhibitor TIMP-2. Collectively, these data confirm the potential use of CA-IX inhibitors, and in particular SLC-0111 and AA-06-05, as agents to be further developed, alone or in combination with other conventional anticancer drugs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protease and Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors, II)
Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 1833 KiB  
Article
Aryl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-1-carboxamide Derivatives Bearing a Sulfonamide Moiety Show Single-digit Nanomolar-to-Subnanomolar Inhibition Constants against the Tumor-associated Human Carbonic Anhydrases IX and XII
by Priya Hargunani, Nikhil Tadge, Mariangela Ceruso, Janis Leitans, Andris Kazaks, Kaspars Tars, Paola Gratteri, Claudiu T. Supuran, Alessio Nocentini and Mrunmayee P. Toraskar
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(7), 2621; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21072621 - 09 Apr 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2419
Abstract
A series of new 3-phenyl-5-aryl-N-(4-sulfamoylphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-1-carboxamide derivatives was designed here, synthesized, and studied for carbonic anhydrase (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1) inhibitory activity against the human (h) isozymes I, II, and VII (cytosolic, off-target isoforms), and IX and XII (anticancer drug targets). [...] Read more.
A series of new 3-phenyl-5-aryl-N-(4-sulfamoylphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-1-carboxamide derivatives was designed here, synthesized, and studied for carbonic anhydrase (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1) inhibitory activity against the human (h) isozymes I, II, and VII (cytosolic, off-target isoforms), and IX and XII (anticancer drug targets). Generally, CA I was not effectively inhibited, whereas effective inhibitors were identified against both CAs II (KIs in the range of 5.2–233 nM) and VII (KIs in the range of 2.3–350 nM). Nonetheless, CAs IX and XII were the most susceptible isoforms to this class of inhibitors. In particular, compounds bearing an unsubstituted phenyl ring at the pyrazoline 3 position showed 1.3–1.5 nM KIs against CA IX. In contrast, a subset of derivatives having a 4-halo-phenyl at the same position of the aromatic scaffold even reached subnanomolar KIs against CA XII (0.62–0.99 nM). Docking studies with CA IX and XII were used to shed light on the derivative binding mode driving the preferential inhibition of the tumor-associated CAs. The identified potent and selective CA IX/XII inhibitors are of interest as leads for the development of new anticancer strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protease and Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors, II)
Show Figures

Figure 1

8 pages, 431 KiB  
Article
Sulfonamide Inhibition Studies of an α-Carbonic Anhydrase from Schistosoma mansoni, a Platyhelminth Parasite Responsible for Schistosomiasis
by Andrea Angeli, Mariana Pinteala, Stelian S. Maier, Bogdan C. Simionescu, Akram A. Da’dara, Patrick J. Skelly and Claudiu T. Supuran
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(5), 1842; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21051842 - 07 Mar 2020
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 2636
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a debilitating infection provoked by parasitic flatworms called schistosomes. The species Schistosoma mansoni is endemic in Africa, where it causes intestinal schistosomiasis. Recently, an α-carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) was cloned and characterized from this organism and designated as SmCA. The [...] Read more.
Schistosomiasis is a debilitating infection provoked by parasitic flatworms called schistosomes. The species Schistosoma mansoni is endemic in Africa, where it causes intestinal schistosomiasis. Recently, an α-carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) was cloned and characterized from this organism and designated as SmCA. The protein is expressed in the tegument (skin) of S. mansoni at the host–parasite interface. Recombinant SmCA possesses high catalytic activity in the CO2 hydration reaction, similar to that of human CA isoform II with a kcat of 1.2 × 106 s−1 and a kcat/KM of 1.3 × 108 M−1·s−1. It has been found that schistosomes whose SmCA gene is suppressed using RNA interference are unable to establish a robust infection in mice, suggesting that the chemicals that inhibit SmCA function should have the same debilitating effect on the parasites. In this study, a collection of aromatic/heterocyclic sulfonamides were investigated as possible SmCA inhibitors. Several sulfonamides inhibited SmCA with medium to weak potency (KI values of 737.2 nM−9.25 μM), whereas some heterocyclic compounds inhibited the enzyme with KI values in the range of 124−325 nM. The α-CA from S. mansoni, SmCA, is proposed as a new anti-schistosomiasis drug target. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protease and Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors, II)
Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 1203 KiB  
Article
Activation Effects of Carnosine- and Histidine-Containing Dipeptides on Human Carbonic Anhydrases: A Comprehensive Study
by Giulio Vistoli, Giancarlo Aldini, Laura Fumagalli, Clelia Dallanoce, Andrea Angeli and Claudiu T. Supuran
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(5), 1761; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21051761 - 04 Mar 2020
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3108
Abstract
l-Carnosine (β-Ala-l-His) and several other histidine-containing peptides, including two N-methylated forms on the imidazole ring (l-anserine and l-balenine), two derivatives modified on the carboxyl function (carcinine and l-carnosinamide), two analogues differing in the length of the [...] Read more.
l-Carnosine (β-Ala-l-His) and several other histidine-containing peptides, including two N-methylated forms on the imidazole ring (l-anserine and l-balenine), two derivatives modified on the carboxyl function (carcinine and l-carnosinamide), two analogues differing in the length of the N-terminal residue (l-homocarnosine and Gly-l-His) and the N-acetyl derivatives, were investigated as activators of four isoforms of the metalloenzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1). The four human isoforms hCA I, II, VA and IX were activated in the low to high micromolar range, with a rather complex structure activity relationship. A performed computational study allowed us to rationalize these results and to propose a binding mode of these activators within the enzyme active site. Similarly to other CA activators, the here studied peptides could find relevant pharmacological applications such as in the management of CA deficiencies, for therapy memory and enhancing cognition or for artificial tissues engineering. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protease and Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors, II)
Show Figures

Figure 1

8 pages, 705 KiB  
Communication
Personalized Treatment Response Assessment for Rare Childhood Tumors Using Microcalorimetry–Exemplified by Use of Carbonic Anhydrase IX and Aquaporin 1 Inhibitors
by Stephanie J. Gros, Stefan G. Holland-Cunz, Claudiu T. Supuran and Olivier Braissant
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20(20), 4984; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20204984 - 09 Oct 2019
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2982
Abstract
We present a novel approach to a personalized therapeutic concept for solid tumors. We illustrate this on a rare childhood tumor for which only a generalized treatment concept exists using carbonic anhydrase IX and aquaporin 1 inhibitors. The use of microcalorimetry as a [...] Read more.
We present a novel approach to a personalized therapeutic concept for solid tumors. We illustrate this on a rare childhood tumor for which only a generalized treatment concept exists using carbonic anhydrase IX and aquaporin 1 inhibitors. The use of microcalorimetry as a refined in vitro method for evaluation of drug susceptibility in organotypic slice culture has not previously been established. Rapid microcalorimetric drug response assessment can refine a general treatment concept when it is applied in cases in which tumors do not respond to conventional chemo-radiation treatment. For solid tumors, which do not respond to classical treatment, and especially for rare tumors without an established protocol rapid microcalorimetric drug response testing presents an elegant novel approach to test alternative therapeutic approaches. While improved treatment concepts have led to improved outcome over the past decades, the prognosis of high risk disease is still poor and rethinking of clinical trial design is necessary. A small patient population combined with the necessity to assess experimental therapies for rare solid tumors rather at the time of diagnosis than in relapsed or refractory patients provides great challenges. The possibility to rapidly compare established protocols with innovative therapeutics presents an elegant novel approach to refine and personalize treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protease and Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors, II)
Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 1707 KiB  
Article
Indole-Based Hydrazones Containing A Sulfonamide Moiety as Selective Inhibitors of Tumor-Associated Human Carbonic Anhydrase Isoforms IX and XII
by Kübra Demir-Yazıcı, Silvia Bua, Nurgül Mutlu Akgüneş, Atilla Akdemir, Claudiu T. Supuran and Özlen Güzel-Akdemir
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20(9), 2354; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20092354 - 12 May 2019
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 3538
Abstract
Novel sulfonamidoindole-based hydrazones with a 2-(hydrazinocarbonyl)-3-phenyl-1H-indole-5-sulfonamide scaffold were synthesized and tested in enzyme inhibition assays against the tumor-associated carbonic anhydrase isoforms, hCA IX and XII, and the off-targets, hCA I and II. The compounds showed selectivity against hCA IX and XII [...] Read more.
Novel sulfonamidoindole-based hydrazones with a 2-(hydrazinocarbonyl)-3-phenyl-1H-indole-5-sulfonamide scaffold were synthesized and tested in enzyme inhibition assays against the tumor-associated carbonic anhydrase isoforms, hCA IX and XII, and the off-targets, hCA I and II. The compounds showed selectivity against hCA IX and XII over hCA I and II. Six compounds showed KI values lower than 10 nM against hCA IX or XII. Molecular modeling studies were performed to suggest binding interactions between the ligand and the hCA active sites. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protease and Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors, II)
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

14 pages, 1892 KiB  
Article
Novel 8-Substituted Coumarins That Selectively Inhibit Human Carbonic Anhydrase IX and XII
by Kerem Buran, Silvia Bua, Giulio Poli, F. Esra Önen Bayram, Tiziano Tuccinardi and Claudiu T. Supuran
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20(5), 1208; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20051208 - 10 Mar 2019
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 3409
Abstract
A novel series of 8-substituted coumarin-based compounds, characterized by the presence of alkylpiperazine and arylpiperazine chains, were synthesized and tested for their inhibitory activity against four human carbonic anhydrase (hCA) isoforms. All compounds displayed nanomolar potency against the cancer-related hCA [...] Read more.
A novel series of 8-substituted coumarin-based compounds, characterized by the presence of alkylpiperazine and arylpiperazine chains, were synthesized and tested for their inhibitory activity against four human carbonic anhydrase (hCA) isoforms. All compounds displayed nanomolar potency against the cancer-related hCA IX and hCA XII; moreover, they were shown to be devoid of any inhibitory activity toward the cytosolic hCA I and hCA II up to 10 µM concentration in the assay system. Therefore, the synthesized coumarin ligands demonstrated to be potent and selective hCA IX/XII inhibitors, and were shown to be as potent as the reference inhibitor acetazolamide against hCA XII, with single-digit nanomolar Ki values. Molecular modeling studies provided a rationale for explaining the selectivity profile of these non-classic hCA inhibitors and their interactions with the enzymes, according to their specific mechanism of action, thus paving the way for future structure-based lead optimization studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protease and Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors, II)
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

Review

Jump to: Research

12 pages, 1212 KiB  
Review
Preclinical Evaluation of Ureidosulfamate Carbonic Anhydrase IX/XII Inhibitors in the Treatment of Cancers
by Kaye J. Williams and Roben G. Gieling
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20(23), 6080; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20236080 - 02 Dec 2019
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 4073
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are a family of enzymes involved in the pH regulation of metabolically active cells/tissues. Upregulation of the CAIX/XII isoforms is associated with hypoxic tumours and clinically linked with malignant progression, treatment resistance and poor prognosis. The elucidation of the crystal [...] Read more.
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are a family of enzymes involved in the pH regulation of metabolically active cells/tissues. Upregulation of the CAIX/XII isoforms is associated with hypoxic tumours and clinically linked with malignant progression, treatment resistance and poor prognosis. The elucidation of the crystal structure of the catalytic domains of CAIX/XII provided the basis for the generation of CAIX/XII selective inhibitors based on the sulfonamide, sulfamate and coumarins chemical structures. Ureido-substituted benzenesulfonamide CAIX/XII inhibitors have shown significant potential, with U-104 (SLC-0111) currently present in clinical Phase I/II. Ureido-substituted sulfamate CAIX/XII inhibitors have received less attention despite encouraging preclinical test results. In triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), ureidosulfamates revealed a significant antitumour (FC9-398A) and antimetastatic potential (S4). In small cell lung cancer (SCLC), a cancer cell type very sensitive to a dysregulation in CAIX signaling, S4 treatment was particularly effective when combined with cisplatin with no evidence of acquired cisplatin-resistance. These successful anticancer strategies should provide a solid basis for future studies on ureido-substituted sulfamates. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protease and Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors, II)
Show Figures

Figure 1

30 pages, 3980 KiB  
Review
Role of Carbonic Anhydrases and Inhibitors in Acid–Base Physiology: Insights from Mathematical Modeling
by Rossana Occhipinti and Walter F. Boron
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20(15), 3841; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20153841 - 06 Aug 2019
Cited by 49 | Viewed by 12334
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) catalyze a reaction fundamental for life: the bidirectional conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) into bicarbonate (HCO3) and protons (H+). These enzymes impact numerous physiological processes that occur within [...] Read more.
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) catalyze a reaction fundamental for life: the bidirectional conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) into bicarbonate (HCO3) and protons (H+). These enzymes impact numerous physiological processes that occur within and across the many compartments in the body. Within compartments, CAs promote rapid H+ buffering and thus the stability of pH-sensitive processes. Between compartments, CAs promote movements of H+, CO2, HCO3, and related species. This traffic is central to respiration, digestion, and whole-body/cellular pH regulation. Here, we focus on the role of mathematical modeling in understanding how CA enhances buffering as well as gradients that drive fluxes of CO2 and other solutes (facilitated diffusion). We also examine urinary acid secretion and the carriage of CO2 by the respiratory system. We propose that the broad physiological impact of CAs stem from three fundamental actions: promoting H+ buffering, enhancing H+ exchange between buffer systems, and facilitating diffusion. Mathematical modeling can be a powerful tool for: (1) clarifying the complex interdependencies among reaction, diffusion, and protein-mediated components of physiological processes; (2) formulating hypotheses and making predictions to be tested in wet-lab experiments; and (3) inferring data that are impossible to measure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protease and Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors, II)
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

Back to TopTop