Forests

Research

32 pages, 8559 KiB

Open AccessArticle

MultiProduct Optimization of Cedrelinga cateniformis (Ducke) Ducke in Different Plantation Systems in the Peruvian Amazon

by Juan Rodrigo Baselly-Villanueva, Andrés Fernández-Sandoval, Evelin Judith Salazar-Hinostroza, Gloria Patricia Cárdenas-Rengifo, Ronald Puerta, Tony Steven Chuquizuta Trigoso, Yennifer Lisbeth Rufasto-Peralta, Geomar Vallejos-Torres, Gianmarco Goycochea Casas, Carlos Alberto Araújo Junior, Gerónimo Quiñónez-Barraza, Pedro Álvarez-Álvarez and Helio Garcia Leite

Forests 2025, 16(1), 164; https://doi.org/10.3390/f16010164 - 16 Jan 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1352

Abstract

This study addressed multi-product optimization in Cedrelinga cateniformis plantations in the Peruvian Amazon, aiming to maximize volumetric yields of logs and sawn lumber. Data from seven plantations of different ages and types, established on degraded land, were analyzed by using ten stem profile [...] Read more.

This study addressed multi-product optimization in Cedrelinga cateniformis plantations in the Peruvian Amazon, aiming to maximize volumetric yields of logs and sawn lumber. Data from seven plantations of different ages and types, established on degraded land, were analyzed by using ten stem profile models to predict taper and optimize wood use. In addition, the structure of each plantation was evaluated using diameter distributions and height–diameter ratios; log and sawn timber production was optimized using SigmaE 2.0 software. The Garay model proved most effective, providing high predictive accuracy (adjusted R² values up to 0.963) and biological realism. Marked differences in volumetric yield were observed between plantations: older and more widely spaced plantations produced higher timber volumes. Logs of optimal length (1.83–3.05 m) and larger dimension wood (e.g., 25.40 × 5.08 cm) were identified as key contributors to maximizing volumetric yields. The highest yields were observed in mature plantations, in which the total log volume reached 508.1 m³ha⁻¹ and the sawn lumber volume 333.6 m³ha⁻¹. The findings demonstrate the power of data-driven decision-making in the timber industry. By combining precise modeling and optimization techniques, we developed a framework that enables sawmill operators to maximize log and lumber yields. The insights gained from this research can be used to improve operational efficiency and reduce waste, ultimately leading to increased profitability. These practices promote support for smallholders and the forestry industry while contributing to the long-term development of the Peruvian Amazon. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Technology and Solutions for Wood Processing)

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19 pages, 21832 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Automatic Wood Species Classification and Pith Detection in Log CT Images

by Ondrej Vacek, Tomáš Gergeľ, Tomáš Bucha, Radovan Gracovský and Miloš Gejdoš

Forests 2024, 15(12), 2207; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15122207 - 15 Dec 2024

Viewed by 932

Abstract

This article focuses on the need for digitalization in the forestry and timber sector using information from CT scans of logs. The National Forest Centre (Slovak Republic) operates a unique 3D CT scanner for wooden logs at the Stráž Biotechnology Park. This real-time [...] Read more.

This article focuses on the need for digitalization in the forestry and timber sector using information from CT scans of logs. The National Forest Centre (Slovak Republic) operates a unique 3D CT scanner for wooden logs at the Stráž Biotechnology Park. This real-time scanner generates a 3D model of a log, displaying the wood’s internal features/defects. To optimize log-cutting plans effectively, it is necessary to automatically detect and classify these features and defects in real time, leveraging computer vision principles. Artificial intelligence, specifically neural networks, addresses this need by enabling solutions for tasks of this nature. Building a highly efficient neural network for detecting wood features and defects requires creating a database of log scans and training the network on these data. This is a time-intensive process, as it involves manually marking internal features and defects on hundreds of CT scans of various wood types. A functional neural network for detecting internal wood defects represents a significant advancement in sector digitalization, paving the way for further automation and robotization in wood processing. For the forestry sector to remain competitive, efficiently process raw materials, and improve product quality, the effective application of CT scanning technology is essential. This technological innovation aligns the sector more closely with leaders in other fields, such as the automotive, engineering, and metalworking industries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Technology and Solutions for Wood Processing)

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13 pages, 4639 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bending Properties of Finger-Jointed Bamboo Scrimber Composite Beams

by Chengjian Huang, Yongjie Bao, Neng Li and Yi Shu

Forests 2024, 15(12), 2116; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15122116 - 29 Nov 2024

Viewed by 607

Abstract

The finger-joint technique is an effective and economical method for producing bamboo scrimber composites for structural engineering and construction applications. This study investigates the failure modes and mechanical strength of finger-jointed bamboo scrimber specimens and composite beams loaded parallel and perpendicular to the [...] Read more.

The finger-joint technique is an effective and economical method for producing bamboo scrimber composites for structural engineering and construction applications. This study investigates the failure modes and mechanical strength of finger-jointed bamboo scrimber specimens and composite beams loaded parallel and perpendicular to the finger profile orientation. Results indicate that the primary failure mode in finger-jointed bamboo scrimber specimens is damage to the finger-joint area. In V-type composite beams, primary failure was observed as the separation of laminated boards and finger joints, while in H-type beams, large cracks formed and expanded alongside finger joint damage. No statistically significant difference was observed in the modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR) between the two types of finger-jointed bamboo scrimber. However, the MOR of the finger-jointed bamboo scrimber specimens decreased significantly, by more than 50% compared to the control, while the MOE increased. The ultimate load capacity and displacement of the V-type beams were higher. Under bending, the V-type beams demonstrated elastic deformation, whereas the H-type beams exhibited initial elastic deformation followed by elasto-plastic deformation. Strain distribution along the height of both beam types remained linear, consistent with the plane-section assumption. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Technology and Solutions for Wood Processing)

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23 pages, 57087 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design of Vibration and Noise Reduction for Ultra-Thin Cemented Carbide Circular Saw Blades in Woodworking Based on Multi-Objective Optimization

by Na Jia, Lei Guo, Ruisen Wang and Jiuqing Liu

Forests 2024, 15(9), 1554; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15091554 - 3 Sep 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1639

Abstract

Cemented carbide circular saw blades are widely used for wood cutting, but they often suffer from vibration and noise issues. This study presents a multi-objective optimization method that integrates ANSYS and MATLAB to optimize the design of noise reduction slots in circular saw [...] Read more.

Cemented carbide circular saw blades are widely used for wood cutting, but they often suffer from vibration and noise issues. This study presents a multi-objective optimization method that integrates ANSYS and MATLAB to optimize the design of noise reduction slots in circular saw blades. A mathematical model was developed to correlate the emitted sound power with the overall vibration intensity. A multi-objective optimization model was then formulated to map the slot shape parameters to the deformation, equivalent stress, and vibration intensity during sawing. The ABAQUS thermal–mechanical coupling analysis was used to determine the sawing force and temperature field. The NSGA-II algorithm was applied on the ANSYS–MATLAB platform to iteratively compute slot shape parameters and conduct optimization searches for a globally optimal solution. Circular saw blades were fabricated based on the optimization results, and experimental results showed a significant reduction in sawing noise by 2.4 dB to 3.0 dB on average. The noise reduction effect within the specified frequency range closely agreed with the simulation results, validating the method’s efficiency. This study provides a feasible and cost-effective solution to the multi-objective optimization design problem of noise reduction slots for circular saw blades. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Technology and Solutions for Wood Processing)

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12 pages, 3274 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Milling Methods on Cutting Performance of Wood–Plastic Composites Based on Principal Component Analysis

by Yunqi Zhu, Dietrich Buck, Jun Guan, Meiqi Song, Qi Tang, Xiaolei Guo and Zhaolong Zhu

Forests 2024, 15(9), 1516; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15091516 - 29 Aug 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1054

Abstract

In the industrial machining of wood–plastic composites, optimization of cutting parameters is key to improving workpiece machinability. To explore the influence of different milling methods of straight-tooth milling, helical milling, and tapered milling on the machinability of wood–plastic composite, a milling experiment was [...] Read more.

In the industrial machining of wood–plastic composites, optimization of cutting parameters is key to improving workpiece machinability. To explore the influence of different milling methods of straight-tooth milling, helical milling, and tapered milling on the machinability of wood–plastic composite, a milling experiment was performed. Cutting force, cutting temperature, and surface roughness were selected as evaluative factors. Based on experimental results, principal component analysis was used to analyze the significance of each factor’s contribution and to assess different milling methods of wood–plastic composite for different needs. By calculating the total score from principal component analysis, the optimized cutting mode was determined to be straight-tooth milling, with feed per tooth of 0.2 mm and cutting depth of 0.5 mm. Milling methods in order of decreasing cutting force were helical milling > straight-tooth milling > tapered milling. Milling methods in order of decreasing cutting temperature were helical milling > tapered milling > straight-tooth milling. In terms of the tradeoff between surface quality and processing efficiency, tapered milling is suitable for finishing, considering the machining quality, while helical milling is suitable for roughing, considering the machining efficiency. One of the contributions of this study is to link three separate milling study systems (straight-tooth milling, helical milling, and tapered milling) into one system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Technology and Solutions for Wood Processing)

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20 pages, 1502 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physico-Mechanical and Energy Properties of Pine (Pinus sylvestris) and Beech (Fagus sylvatica) Wood from Railroad Ties

by Monika Aniszewska, Arkadiusz Gendek, Barbora Tamelová, Jan Malaťák, Jan Velebil, Jozef Krilek, Iveta Čabalová, Ireneusz Mikłaszewicz, Witold Zychowicz, Michał Drożdżek and Andrzej Mazurek

Forests 2024, 15(3), 485; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15030485 - 5 Mar 2024

Viewed by 1779

Abstract

The objective of the present work was to determine the physico-mechanical and energy properties of pine (Pinus sylvestris) and beech (Fagus sylvatica) wood from railroad ties. The ties were divided into internal and external parts as well as into [...] Read more.

The objective of the present work was to determine the physico-mechanical and energy properties of pine (Pinus sylvestris) and beech (Fagus sylvatica) wood from railroad ties. The ties were divided into internal and external parts as well as into parts impregnated and unimpregnated with creosote oil. The effects of creosote impregnation on wood hardness, compressive strength parallel to the grain, static bending strength, and calorific value were studied. The obtained results show that the parameters of the analyzed samples meet the standard requirements (EN 338) for construction wood (compressive and bending strength class: C50—pine; D70—beech). Depending on the particular property being studied, both pine and beech samples belong to the highest or one of the highest wood quality classes. Creosote oil considerably increased wood density (by 9% for beech and 19% for pine) but did not affect its hardness. Creosote impregnation significantly improved the compressive strength parallel to the grain of both wood species (beech:

σ_{c} = 51.99 M P a

(IN);

σ_{c} = 57.78 M P a

(OUT); pine:

σ_{c} = 36.56 M P a

(IN);

σ_{c} = 42.45 M P a

(OUT)); in the case of static bending strength, its value was increased for beech wood (

σ_{g} = 106.13 M P a

(IN);

σ_{g} = 113.18 M P a

(OUT)) and reduced for pine wood (

σ_{g} = 66.34 M P a

(IN);

σ_{g} = 82.62 M P a

(OUT)). The oil contained in wood from ties significantly elevated its calorific value (by 25% for beech and 10% for pine). Unfortunately, the presence of creosote oil currently prevents wood from railroad ties from being reused as the oil is deemed hazardous and carcinogenic. However, if it were possible to isolate the unimpregnated parts of railroad ties, they could be reapplied for construction or other uses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Technology and Solutions for Wood Processing)

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18 pages, 5027 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Surface Roughness of Beech Wood after Sanding with an Eccentric and Belt Sander

by Lukáš Adamčík, Ladislav Dzurenda, Adrián Banski and Richard Kminiak

Forests 2024, 15(1), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15010045 - 25 Dec 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1591

Abstract

The presented paper deals with a mutual comparison of the roughness of the sanded radial surface after an eccentric and a belt sander. The beech wood (Fagus sylvatica L.) was sanded with an eccentric sander ETS 125 REQ-PLUS and a belt sander [...] Read more.

The presented paper deals with a mutual comparison of the roughness of the sanded radial surface after an eccentric and a belt sander. The beech wood (Fagus sylvatica L.) was sanded with an eccentric sander ETS 125 REQ-PLUS and a belt sander BS-75 E-set from Festool with the grit sizes P40, P60, P80, P100, P120 and P150. The evaluation of the roughness parameters Ra, Rp, Rv, Rz, and Rt was carried out using a digital microscope with a 2.5 mm L-filter and an 8 μm S-filter under the conditions of the technical standard STN EN ISO 21920. The measured results were supported using microscopic analysis of the surface topography especially for surfaces with very high roughness. The experiment shows a lower surface roughness of beech wood sanded with an eccentric sander. The sander created a surface with smaller grooves, removed more protruding fibers and created a more homogeneous surface suitable for subsequent surface treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Technology and Solutions for Wood Processing)

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20 pages, 8433 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Tannic Acid on the Corrosion Behavior of W18Cr4V in a Simulated Wood Environment and Its Inhibition Mechanism

by Na Jia, Chunxin Wang, Chunpu Zhang and Jiuqing Liu

Forests 2023, 14(9), 1781; https://doi.org/10.3390/f14091781 - 31 Aug 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1835

Abstract

This study explores the effect of tannic acid on the corrosion of woodworking tool material W18Cr4V in a simulated wood environment. The weight loss method, potentiodynamic polarization, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were used to study the corrosion and the corrosion inhibition process of [...] Read more.

This study explores the effect of tannic acid on the corrosion of woodworking tool material W18Cr4V in a simulated wood environment. The weight loss method, potentiodynamic polarization, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were used to study the corrosion and the corrosion inhibition process of W18Cr4V in an environment of acetic acid solution with different concentrations of tannic acid. The results show that after continuous immersion for 20 h, low concentrations (1 wt% and 3 wt%) of tannic acid promoted the corrosion of W18Cr4V, while high concentrations (5 wt% and above) of tannic acid had a significant anti-corrosion effect, with a corrosion inhibition efficiency of about 64% for 10 wt% tannic acid. Scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to further verify and elucidate the inhibition mechanism. It was found that tannic acid can form a dense and effective corrosion inhibition film composed of iron–tannin complexes on the surface of W18Cr4V. This study not only provides a new perspective on understanding the corrosion effect of tannic acid on woodworking tools but also offers new insights for developing effective bio-corrosion protection strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Technology and Solutions for Wood Processing)

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