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A special issue of Forests (ISSN 1999-4907). This special issue belongs to the section "Wood Science and Forest Products".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 August 2023) | Viewed by 12488

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Youming Dong

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Guest Editor

College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
Interests: wood; wood polymer composites; wood modification; bamboo; bamboo composites; dimensinal stability
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Yutao Yan

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang Agricultural & Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China
Interests: wood; wood composites; bio-based materials; wood modification; bamboo glulam
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Wood is a renewable and versatile material that is widely used in different applications. With the increasing environmental and health concerns, the development and application of wood-based materials have attracted increasing attention. Tremendous efforts have been made to prepare high-quality wood with enhanced physical and mechanical properties by chemical modification, impregnation, and surface modification. In addition, multifunctionalized wood materials have been fabricated to obtain unique structures and components; these materials exhibit potential in energy storage, sensors, optics, and water treatment. Innovative approaches and applications are being developed. This Special Issue, entitled “Advances in Preparation and Modification of Wood-Based Materials”, invites researchers to share ideas and methods on the preparation of high-quality and functional wood-based materials.

Potential topics include, but are not limited to:

Wood physics;
Wood modification;
Wood polymer composites;
Surface modification;
Functional wood materials;
Wood adhesives;
Wood panels;
Bamboo materials.

Dr. Youming Dong
Dr. Yutao Yan
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Forests is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

wood
wood modification
wood-based materials
composites
functionalization

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

12 pages, 4103 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Gluing Properties of Thick Bamboo-Wood-Oriented Strand Boards

by Bajin Yang, Xu Guo, Wu Chen, Xingyu Wang, Guanben Du and Chunlei Dong

Forests 2023, 14(10), 2094; https://doi.org/10.3390/f14102094 - 19 Oct 2023

Viewed by 1582

Abstract

This study investigated the effects of adhesive resination and bamboo strand content on the physical and mechanical properties of thick Bamboo-Wood-oriented strand board (BWOSB), such as the air dry density (ADD), internal bond strength (IB), water absorption thickness swelling (TS), modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE), and gluing properties. The raw materials used included large strands prepared from Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata), bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis), and modified isocyanate resin (PMDI). In this study, BWOSB specimens with different adhesive resination and bamboo strand content were fabricated, and their physical–mechanical properties were examined. It was found that the physical and mechanical properties of BWOSB with 8% PMDI resination were better than those with 5%, and their gluing damage was mostly in the form of the tearing of the raised vascular bundles of bamboo strands and the wood-breaking damage of wood strands. With the increase in the proportion of bamboo strands, the internal bonding strength and the short-span shear strength of BWOSB showed a tendency to decrease at first and then increase. The swelling rate of the water absorption thickness showed a tendency to decrease, and the other properties of BWOSB did not show a clear correlation with the change in the proportion of bamboo strands. The unique gluing interface between the bamboo and wood strands, which either used the “keyway” type of gluing effect or the “nail” type of gluing effect, determined the gluing performance of BWOSB, and the proportion of bamboo and wood strands influenced the gluing interface and gluing type of BWOSB, which ultimately affected the gluing performance of BWOSBs. The proportion of bamboo and wood strands also affected the gluing properties of BWOSBs by influencing the gluing interface and gluing type. This study provides a reference for the development of the production process of thick BWOSB and its application in the field of heavy load construction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Preparation and Modification of Wood-Based Materials)

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14 pages, 2664 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Properties of Plywood Made of Thermally Treated Veneers Bonded with Castor Oil-Based Polyurethane Adhesive

by Danilo Soares Galdino, Maria Fernanda Felippe Silva, Felipe Nascimento Arroyo, Elidiane Cipriano Rangel, José Cláudio Caraschi, Herisson Ferreira dos Santos, Ludmila de Freitas, André Luis Christoforo and Cristiane Inácio de Campos

Forests 2023, 14(8), 1635; https://doi.org/10.3390/f14081635 - 14 Aug 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1943

Abstract

Wood industries use thermal and thermomechanical treatments as ecological approaches to increase the durability of wood products, avoiding the need for chemical additives. In this regard, the aim of this study was to compare the physical and mechanical properties of plywood made from veneers treated at different temperatures using thermal and thermomechanical processes, with untreated panels serving as a control. The treatment process involved Pinus taeda veneers submitted to treatment in a hot press at 1.0 MPa in a laboratory oven at temperatures of 160 °C, 180 °C, and 200 °C for 30 min. For bonding the veneers, a vegetable-based polyurethane resin derived from castor oil with a grammage of 395 g/m² was used, applying pressing conditions at 90 °C, 0.6 MPa, and 10 min. Our results indicate that temperature significantly influences plywood properties, playing a key role in the choice of equipment for the treatment process. Regardless of the method employed, the treatment resulted in an improvement in the hydrophobicity of the veneers due to the decrease in hemicellulose content. Notably, the reduction in strength and stiffness caused by the loss of cell wall polymers was not statistically significant. The treatment was successful in softening the wood material, reducing roughness, and increasing wettability. Despite a minimum of 20% reduction in glue line tension, the samples still surpassed the 1 MPa mark, showing satisfactory results. This demonstrates the feasibility of adjusting treatment variables to ensure the proper use of this adhesive. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Preparation and Modification of Wood-Based Materials)

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11 pages, 16288 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hybrid Wood Composites with Improved Mechanical Strength and Fire Retardance Due to a Delignification–Mineralization–Densification Strategy

by Xiaorong Liu, Xinyu Fang, Chen Sun, Tao Zhang, Kaili Wang and Youming Dong

Forests 2023, 14(8), 1567; https://doi.org/10.3390/f14081567 - 31 Jul 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1520

Abstract

The shortage of wood resources and the policy of logging restrictions have hindered the development of the wood industry. The development of fast-growing wood can effectively solve the problem of wood shortages and the discrepancy between supply and demand; however, the softness and poor strength of fast-growing wood make it difficult to use directly and restrict its applications. Meanwhile, the inflammability of wood is also a crucial hindrance to its application. In this work, hybrid wood composites with high strength and excellent fire retardance were developed by using a combined strategy of “delignification–mineralization–densification”. Delignification promoted the deposition of minerals inside the wood, and the mineralization process was able to significantly increase the fire retardance performance of the hybrid wood. The densification treatment made the wood and minerals closely packed, which was conducive to the improvement of the strength and fire retardance performance of the hybrid wood. The resulting hybrid wood composites showed enhanced mechanical strength (the tensile strength, flexural strength, and compressive strength were 180.6 MPa, 159.8 MPa, and 86.5 MPa, respectively) and outstanding fire retardance, and this strategy provided a feasible pathway towards the high-value application of fast-growing wood. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Preparation and Modification of Wood-Based Materials)

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15 pages, 7297 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Impregnation Methods and Curing Conditions on the Physical and Multiscale Mechanical Properties of Furfurylated Bamboo

by Wanju Li, Qingsong Bai, Guijun Xie, Yongjian Cao and Jie Gao

Forests 2023, 14(5), 970; https://doi.org/10.3390/f14050970 - 8 May 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1936

Abstract

Furfurylation is an effective and green method for wood or bamboo modification that can significantly improve its physical and mechanical properties and the resistance against biological deterioration and the attack of subterranean termites. To elucidate the effect of furfurylation on the physical and multiscale mechanical properties of bamboo, the conditions of the furfurylation process were modified to cause an independent variation of the physical and multiscale mechanical properties in differently-treated bamboo samples. This was achieved by impregnating bamboo samples with solutions containing 15%, 30%, 50%, or 70% furfuryl alcohol (FA) by either of the two impregnation processes, vacuum pressure (V-P) and soaking (S) impregnation, while applying different curing conditions (wet- or dry-curing). The physical properties we measured included the absorption rate, weight percent gain (WPG), swelling efficiency (SE), and anti-swelling efficiency (ASE); the macro-mechanical properties involved the modulus of rupture (MOR), the modulus of elasticity (MOE), parallel-to-grain compressive strength (CS), and tensile strength (TS); the micro-mechanical properties included the tensile strength of bamboo’s vascular bundle and hardness and the indentation modulus of bamboo’s fiber cell walls. Finally, the correlation between the different physical and mechanical properties of the modified bamboo samples was analyzed. The results indicate that V-P impregnation made bamboo more permissible for the penetration of FA, while wet-curing was more conducive to ensuring a high curing rate. The dimensional stability of the bamboo samples treated with a high FA concentration through V-P impregnation and of those furfurylated by the S-Wet process using either medium or high FA concentrations was significantly increased. However, the dimensional stability of the bamboo samples modified with either low or medium FA concentrations decreased in both dry and wet curing. In terms of mechanical strength, furfurylation had little effect on the macro- and micro-mechanical properties of bamboo and was slightly improved in comparison to untreated samples. The results also showed a positive correlation between the macro- and micro-mechanical strength of the modified bamboo samples and a significant negative correlation between the mechanical strength and ASE. In soaking impregnation, the WPG and ASE were positively correlated, while the WPG and CS were negatively correlated. Interestingly, the correlation between the mechanical properties and ASE was not significant. Finally, both V-P-Wet and S-Wet approaches can be recommended for bamboo furfurylation, the former being time-saving and having a high curing rate in FA resin while significantly improving the moisture absorption and mechanical strength of bamboo. The advantage of the latter process is simplicity, a high utilization rate of FA, and a significant improvement in the dimensional stability of bamboo. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Preparation and Modification of Wood-Based Materials)

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15 pages, 4859 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Flame Resistance and Bonding Performance of Plywood Fabricated by Guanidine Phosphate-Impregnated Veneers

by Yutao Yan, Jinhui Wang, Zhou Shen, Haiming Bi and Baoqing Shentu

Forests 2023, 14(4), 741; https://doi.org/10.3390/f14040741 - 4 Apr 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2659

Abstract

In this study, fire-retardant plywood was fabricated using a simple guanidine phosphate (GP) impregnation treatment of the veneers, and the influence of the treatment on the flame resistance and bonding strength of the plywood was fully investigated. The results showed that GP modification could effectively endow the plywood with excellent fire resistance and smoke-suppression effect. When 10% GP solution was applied, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of the impregnated wood was up to 37%, which was almost twice of unmodified plywood. The heat-release rate (HRR) and total smoke production (TSP) were also greatly decreased from the pristine 94.14 MJ/m² and 0.77 m² to that of modified 43.94 MJ/m² and 0.08 m², respectively. The excellent fireproof performance was mainly due to the thermal decomposition of GP to phosphoric acid and guanidine during combustion, which could promote the catalytic carbonization of wood and release of incombustible CO₂ and NH₃ to dilute and decrease the combustible gases, thus collectively preventing the wood form burning. However, the guanidine phosphate modification could seriously damage the bond performance of plywood, especially the UF resin adhesive-bonded plywood. When 10% guanidine phosphate was applied, the dry and wet bonding strength of the UF resin adhesive-bonded plywood were decreased to only 0.7 MPa and 0.12 MPa, respectively, which may be due to the blocking effect of GP in wood pores and the hygroscopic and soluble properties of GP itself in water, thus decreasing the effective bonding between wood veneers. What’s worse, the poor water resistance of the UF resin adhesive was also adverse to the bonding strength of plywood. Surprisingly, the PF resin adhesive was proved to be suitable for gluing the GP-modified wood without obviously decreasing the bonding strength, which could be used to prepare plywood with both high bonding strength and flame resistance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Preparation and Modification of Wood-Based Materials)

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15 pages, 3894 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Even Samples from the Same Waterlogged Wood Are Hygroscopically and Chemically Different by Simultaneous DVS and 2D COS-IR Spectroscopy

by Liuyang Han, Xiangna Han, Guoqing Liang, Xingling Tian, Fang Ma, Suqin Sun, Yafang Yin, Guanglan Xi and Hong Guo

Forests 2023, 14(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/f14010015 - 22 Dec 2022

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2182

Abstract

Waterlogged archaeological wood samples may degrade during long-term immersion in microbial-activity environments, which causes its biodegradation. Simultaneous dynamic vapor sorption (SDVS) and two-dimensional correlation infrared (2D COS-IR) spectroscopy reveal the degradation inhomogeneity of waterlogged fir wood from the Shengbeiyu shipwreck. The waterlogged and reference wood exhibit type II sorption isotherms. The equilibrium moisture contents of waterlogged archaeological fir wood from a decay region (WFD) were 22.5% higher than those of waterlogged archaeological fir wood from a sound region (WFS). WFD exhibits a higher measurable sorption hysteresis than WFS, implying greater variation in the surface moisture content in the WFD region compared to the WFS region, which may compromise the dimensional stability of the shipwreck. 2D COS-IR spectra confirmed the inhomogeneous degradation of the waterlogged wood via numerous mechanisms. The efficacy of SDVS and 2D COS-IR spectroscopy in the evaluation of the degradation state of waterlogged wood was demonstrated. This study verifies the existence of hygroscopic and chemical differences between visually similar samples from the same shipwreck. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Preparation and Modification of Wood-Based Materials)

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